Beit Hadar

Beit Hadar ( בֵּית הָדָר Bejt Hadar , German 'citrus house' )
	; 1946 view westward over the Tel Aviv freight yard and the Rechov ha-Rakkevet to the Beit Hadar
Data
place	Tel Aviv
architect	Carl Rubin
Builder	חֶבְרַת בֵּית הָדָר בָּעָ"מ Chevrat Bejt Hadar BaʿA "M
Architectural style	International style
Construction year	1935/1936
Coordinates	32 ° 3 '47.8 " N , 34 ° 46' 43.2" E Coordinates: 32 ° 3 '47.8 " N , 34 ° 46' 43.2" E
	Beit Hadar
	Tel ; Aviv- ; Jaffa
	Tel ; Aviv- ; Jaffa

The Beit Hadar (also Bejt; Hebrew בֵּית הָדָר Beit Hadar , German , Citrus House ' ; English Citrus House ) is an office and commercial building in Tel Aviv , in the Israeli district of the same name . The architect of the building was Carl Rubin . The Beit Hadar is the first office and commercial building in Tel Aviv that was created entirely as a steel frame structure. At the same time it was the first large building of its kind in Palestine . The construction is one of the finest examples of an international style office building in Israel and a landmark of the city. As a protected monument, the Beit Hadar is part of the UNESCO World Heritage White City .

The Beit Hadar is characterized by clear cubic forms, a five-storey semicircular central building forms the eye-catcher on the pointed property and is flanked to the adjacent streets by rectangular side wings of four floors. "The fact that Carl Rubin doing resorted to the geometric shapes square and half cylinder, and the arrangement of windows let his secret love for Erich Mendelsohn's architecture in Germany recognized." This raises early as 1935 the journal Ha-Binjan ba-Mizrach ha-Qarōv (הַבִּנְיָן בַּמִּזְרָח הַקָּרוֹב 'Construction in the Middle East' ). Heller plaster and horizontal ribbon windows of Beit Hadar are typical for the building based to the Bauhaus .

location

The Beit Hadar stands on the tapered corner of the Derech Menachem Begin (דֶּרֶךְ מְנַחֵם בֵּגִין 'Menachem-Begin-Weg' ), there with the no. 19, with the Rechov ha-Rakkevet (there no. 22;רְחוֹב הָרַכֶּבֶת 'Straße der Bahn' ) and a cul-de-sac that opens up the inner courtyard. This property is located in Ramat ha-Sharon , a district in District 5, which includes Lev Tel Aviv and northern Jaffa's old suburbs and belongs to the Mitte district. The property is located on a busy intersection.

Ramat ha-Sharon (area outlined with a purple line with the number 6940) : Beit Hadar under the trajectory can be recognized by his house numbers 19 and 22, a little to the right of the red number 131, map from 1958

At that time the property was less than 80 meters from the city limits, but logistically very central. At Rechov ha-Rakkevet to the north opposite was the Tel Aviv Süd station , which Palestine Railways set up in 1920 when they switched the Jaffa – Jerusalem line from narrow to standard gauge. In the mid-1930s, the area was rapidly changing to become an important transport hub in the country.In May 1942 , the central Tel Aviv bus station, built by Werner Wittkower and Nachum Zelkind, opened 650 meters further south .

Beit Hadar , in front of the south entrance: lamp with Derech Petach Tiquah 19 printed on it, the new street name as a stop under the no- stopping sign , 2014

The road on the southeast side of Beit Hadar is the historical route from Jaffa , which crosses the railway here and leads northeast through the extensive citrus plantations via Petach Tiqwah to Nablus , today the road 481 (כְּבִישׁ 481 אַרְצִי Kvīsch 481 Artzī ).

In the urban area, this old country road has been called Derech Begin since 2001 , before that it was called Derech Petach Tiquah (דֶּרֶךְ פֶּתַח תִּקְוָה 'Petach-Tikwa-Weg' ) and even earlier Derech Shchem (דֶּרֶךְ שְׁכֶם ' Shechem Way' ; English Nablus Road ), after the destination. Accordingly, the construction site was the perfect transshipment point for incoming deliveries from plantations by truck or transport to Jerusalem by train. The railway company Rakkevet Yisrael closed the railway line in this section in 1970 and relocated the south station along the route by two and a half kilometers to the southeast.

history

In the mid-1930s, several associations of citrus growers united (פַּרְדְּסָנִים Pardəssanīm ) to the Pardes Syndicat (פַּרְדֵּס סִינְדִּיקָט בָּעָ"מ 'Syndikat Citrus Plantation GmbH' ), whose partners owned around 80% of the Palestinian citrus plantations. The Pardes thus not only represented important employers, but also an important economic sector that was at the zenith of its development. The Pardes Syndicat decided to set up an innovative and elegant agency that would offer members and employees hospitality and working conditions that had never before been seen in the country.

The Pardes acquired the 2.2 metric dunam property, transferred it to the newly established real estate company Chevrat Beit Hadar and sold minority stakes in it to other investors in order to realize the expensive and ambitious construction of its modern headquarters. Mordechai Qirjati (מֹרְדְּכַי קִרְיָתִי), Surveyor, citrus planter in the Saron and brother of the Bauhaus student and architect Schmu'el Mesteczkin, took care of the surveying of the property.

In 1934, Chevrat Beit Hadar invited the four architects Carl Rubin, Richard Kauffmann (Rubin's boss in Jerusalem at the end of the 1920s), Dov Kuczynski and Josef Neufeld (once Rubin's fellow student in Vienna) to a limited competition for the construction contract. The candidates developed their designs in 1934 and then in 1935 the jury selected and gave Carl Rubin (1899–1955) preference over Kauffmann, Kuczynski and Neufeld.

Then Rubin took over the construction management, who after his time in 1931/1932 as an employee in the architecture office Erich Mendelsohns in Berlin had settled as an independent architect in Tel Aviv and attracted the attention of clients and the public with his first buildings. The steel frame was built by Hamalchim (הַמַלְחִים). Parallel to the construction of the office building, Rubin, who is well connected in the city, was also involved in converting the home of Zina and Meir Dizengoff , Tel Aviv's mayor, for use by the Tel Aviv Art Museum , which was inaugurated on February 23, 1936. On February 28, 1936, the Beit Hadar was handed over.

A platform of the south station with a view of Beit Hadar , 1944

The main user was the Pardes Syndicat , which in addition to lobbying also practically tried to get citrus exports (חֶבְרַת "פַּרְדֵּס" לְיִצּוּא פְּרִי הָדָר Chevrat 'Pardes' lə-Jizzū Prī Hadar , German 'Pardes Society for Citrus Fruit Export ' ). The aim was to promote the marketing and export of citrus fruits (the main importer was Britain), as well as to set minimum prices and standards for the packaging and transport of this fruit. The meeting room of the Pardes in the semi-cylindrical center wing was used for meetings and conferences of the planters and was also rented to other organizers. The Pardes also held meetings with other companies or interest groups in this room, such as the Council for Citrus Marketing or the Histadrut.

The tenants included the representative of the pharmaceutical company Bayer AG in the north wing , a Ford and Lincoln dealer resided in the prestigious shop window that was transparent through the large, semi-cylindrical building, and the Dfus Schocham printing company in the south wing . Other tenants of the first hour were a branch of the Palestinian Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (Department of Agriculture and Fisheries), the veterinary services for the district Lydda and a restaurant. Paul Wolpert and his wife, b. Bloch, previously co-owner of Wolpert & Bendix Tuche (Berlin, Molkenmarkt 9/10) opened and ran the Beit Hadar restaurant , the same name as the house, daughter Gerda Porter (1920–2003) was a helping family member in the workforce. During the day the restaurant was the establishment and in the evening it was a bar with a band and well attended by British soldiers after duty.

In order to be able to move their security forces to combat increasing acts of violence in the Holy Land , British mandate authorities set up a network of secured traffic axes in 1940, one of which is the Jaffa-Nablus highway, with highway 481 also including the Jabotinsky axis (for its Israeli section) (צִיר זַ'בּוֹטִינְסְקִי Zīr Ʒabōṭīnsqī ) called, the term axis lives on. British guards were set up at intervals of one to five kilometers along the safe axes. In 1940, the Beit Hadar and a neighboring house were confiscated and assigned to a liaison office of the Palestine Police . Owners and tenants had to vacate the houses and shops, with the exception of the Beit Hadar restaurant , but it remained without Wolperts, but in British hands and served the many British officials and soldiers as a restaurant and in the evenings as a pastime. Some locals responded to the evictions in the city's vibrant business center with open hostility towards the Beit Hadar and its crew.

Airborne Division soldier on duty while Tel Avivis urge people to buy bread after a curfew has been lifted, August 3, 1946

In view of the terror of anti-British underground organizations , the building was secured by barbed wire from the beginning of 1946. Because many murders of British finally put their facilities and homes in specially protected areas together (from locals as Bevingrad or in the case of Tel Aviv as Metzudat Tel Aviv (Citadel), of British as Wingard called), the area around Beit Hadar was Due to its strategic location, it is itself a safety zone, including the headquarters of a parachute battalion of the 6th Airborne Division and in the assembly hall the military tribunal for the Lydda district.

On April 23, 1946, the Irgun (EtZe "L) carried out a diversion attack at the customs office at the South Station, which tied the British forces from Beit Hadar , while Irgunists led by Dov Béla Grüner (דֹּב גְּרוּנֶר Dov Grūner ; 1912–1947) led the bloody main blow to the robbery of weapons against the Tegart Fort by the police in Ramat Gan , two police posts further northeast on the security axis of the highway to Nablus. An Irgunist was killed at the customs office by a hand grenade that he misfired.

North wing of Beit Hadar (left) and neighboring house Beit Westinghouse on Rechov ha-Rakkevet , 2014

In February 1947, the mandate authorities also confiscated the row of houses Rechov Miqueh Yisrael No. 13 to 23 and the Beit Westinghouse in Rechov ha-Rakkevet 20 for government offices and soldiers' apartments , which meant that the previous 500 residents and users had to vacate these buildings within 36 hours. On Feb. 26, 1947 shot Lech "I (the fighters for Israel's freedom) to Beit Hadar .

On March 8, 1947 Lech "I attacked in a coordinated action at the same time the security zone around the Beit Hadar , as well as the neighboring items that Located north-east police station Sarona ( Derech Begin corner Sderot Shaul ha-Melech ) and the southwestern Criminal Investigation Department in Beit Michakashvili in Jaffa's German-American Quarter ( Derech Ejlat 14). While reinforcements from neighboring posts, which were also attacked, could not come to the rescue, LeCh "I attacked the security zone around Beit Hadar with mortars and automatic weapons, while others took them with them Armored vehicles positioned sideways in surrounding streets obstructed escape routes into the Mount Hope and Sarona neighborhoods . The LeCh "I killed twelve people, including five local Jewish people, and injured 14 other people.

British soldiers search for illegal weapons in the cellar of Beit Hadar , June 1947

In response to the bombardment, British forces ceaselessly and indiscriminately opened counterfire. They killed four uninvolved passers-by, injured a dozen other people and shot tens of windows in the area, hitting bullets triggered fires in houses and businesses in the area, and hits in the nearby transformer resulted in a power outage in Tel Aviv. The attack was repulsed after two hours. Many bullet holes can still be seen in the backyards of Rechov Tjomkin and Nachmani .

This senseless killing by illegal Zionist underground organizations aroused great criticism from the Jewish public, which is why legal Zionist institutions urged the Haganah to stop the terror. Following the execution of the death sentences against the Irgunists Gruner, Mordechaī Alqachī (מֹרְדְּכַי אַלְקַחִי; 1925–1947), Jechiel Dresner (יְחִיאֵל דֹּב דְּרֵזְנֶר; 1922–1947) and Eliʿeser Kaschani (אֱלִיעֶזֶר קַשָׁאנִי; 1923–1947) on April 16, 1947 in Akkon prison , the Irgun was already planning the next attempt to weaken the security and pride of the mandate power. For camouflage, an Irgunist opened a potato trade in the Beit Raphaeli warehouse ( Derech Begin on the corner of Rechov ha-Schfelah ) across from Beit Hadar, and other Irgunists dug a tunnel out of its storage cellar in order to blow up the Beit Hadar with explosives brought underground, similar to how during the attack on the King David Hotel in Jerusalem. The Haganah now tapped the telecommunications in Beit Hadar and overheard calls classified as secret.

Plaque in memory of Se'ev Werber in front of Beit Hadar, 2016

The Sherut Jediʿot (שֵׁרוּת יְדִיעוֹת Haganah 's 'information service' ) became aware of the suspicious potato trade. On June 18, 1947, a special department of the Haganah entered the unfinished tunnel via the warehouse and left a written request to the Irgun to abandon the project. When the demand remained unanswered, the Haganah regained access the next day, with their 19-year-old comrade Se'ev Werber perishing while opening the tunnel flap in the Irgun booby trap. The public outrage over this terrorist death was shown by tens of thousands of advertisers for the Nachalat Jitzchaq cemetery (נַחֲלַת יִצְחָק) gave a final escort in Givʿatajim . The poet Nathan Alterman sang the murdered man with the poem in Hebrew לֹא אֶלָּחֵם בְּאַחַי Lo ellachem bə-Achī , German 'You shall not fight your brother' . Memorial plaques on Beit Hadar and Beit Raphaeli opposite, which the city of Tel Aviv-Jaffa had installed, commemorate these tragic events.

View west to the Beit Hadar with Rechov ha-Rakkevet ...

... from the trunk road to Nablus at the level crossing to the Südbahnhof with a covered platform and tracks, before 1946

... from about the same point into the cul-de-sac to the courtyard on the left of Beit Hadar and Rechov ha-Rakkevet on the right, 2014

In the course of their gradual withdrawal from Palestine, the mandate authorities cleared the security zone at Beit Hadar at the beginning of November 1947 and returned it to its owners. When the State of Israel was founded in 1948, Beit Hadar housed various institutions for the security and defense industry as well as a tax office, namely the tax assessment office 5 , which only moved away in 2006.

The Institute for Labor Productivity and Production, opened in 1951 as part of the social partnership between employers, Histadrut and the government (הַמָּכוֹן לְפִרְיוֹן הָעֲבוֹדָה וְהַיִּצּוּר ha-Machōn lə-Firjon ha-ʿAvōdah wə-ha-Jizzūr ) first moved into rooms in the south wing and then moved in October 1954 to the north wing of Beit Hadar at Rechov ha-Rakkevet 22. The government sold the institute, which was in the 1980s Years 89% from the proceeds of its services and the rest from the state budget, in 1998 to the Pilat company and subsequently it moved out.

A lack of competition in the Israeli citrus sector favored the retention of outdated cultivation and processing methods, as a result of which citrus exports fell, which damaged the industry and the Pardes so much that he could not help but cash in his majority stake in Chevrat Beit Hadar . At the end of 1963 the Haifan company KaFrIs opened (קַפְרִישׁEmperor - to Frazer Israel) in basement of their motor show under license in Haifa assembled passenger cars of the type Contessa 900 of Hino Motors to market. Today a motorcycle dealer offers vehicles for sale here.

2014 view to the east through Rechov ha-Rakkevet with v. r. n. l. Beit Westinghouse , Beit Hadar (west wing), Beit Ammot Bittuach , with round mock balconies a homage to the previous one, and the tall Migdal Levinstein , 2014

The Beit Hadar still serves as an office building today, but its facade is very neglected and sooty. The appearance of the exterior and interior of the building, with its once immaculately light facade, is today clouded by air conditioning systems and cables over plaster. Repairs to the facade, v. a. the windows, have been made randomly over the years, resulting in many different shapes and qualities of furnishings. The usage units in Beit Hadar are now owned individually by different owners who, however, have no plan for the maintenance of the building, which is protected as a monument.

The Court of Appeal on the Law Regarding Entry into Israel for Foreigners and Immigrants (בֵּית הַדִּין לְעֲרָרִים לְפִי חוֹק הַכְּנִיסָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל Bejt ha-Dīn lə-ʿArarīm lə-fī Chōq ha-Knīssah lə-Jisra'el ) is the only public institution remaining in the house today. In all other rooms there are offices of private companies and the self-employed, including the landscape architects Tsurnamal & Turner, the architects Amir Kolker, Ofer Kolker and Randy Epstein and the hardware dealer Plonter.

Tel Aviv's chief urban planner Israel Gudowitsch (יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵאִיר גוּדוֹבִיץ ', Russian Гудович , English Goodovitch ), retired in March 2000, provided the plans for a structural homage to the Beit Hadar , namely the Beit Ammōt Biṭṭūʿach (בֵּית אַמּוֹת בִּטּוּחַ 'Ammot Insurance House' ; also Migdalei Aviv ), which was built in 1993–1995 diagonally opposite. On the north-west corner of the three-part building, Gudowitsch has attached protruding round facade elements, he calls them balconies, which reflect the circular shape of the central wing of Beit Hadar .

Beit Hadar with staggered structures that follow the crooked course of the Rechov ha-Rakkevet , 2012

Building description

The Beit Hadar is divided into five structures, the semi-cylindrical central building and cuboid side wings. The south wing forms one, the north wing three cuboids, which follow the longer property boundary along the arched course of the Rechov ha-Rakkevet , each protruding a bit, i.e. the building line forms a zigzag line with right angles. The side wings are not symmetrical, just like the plot is irregular. A cul-de-sac extends along the shorter southern boundary of the property and forms the access to the ramp down into the inner courtyard.

The semicircular central wing is one storey higher than the side wing, so that its shape and height differ from the other structures and emphasize the street corner to Derech Begin and Rechov ha-Rakkevet . Initially the semi-cylindrical structure had four upper floors, the side wings three upper floors, in the 1950s the entire building was increased by one floor, which - according to the architect and designer Michael Jacobson (מִיכָאֵל יַעֲקוֹבְּסוֹן Micha'el Jaʿaqōbssōn ) - lost the perfect proportions that Rubin had given him. As a steel frame structure, the Beit Hadar does not need any load-bearing walls inside, so that the room layouts can be changed. The steel construction also allows the 100-person assembly room on two floors on the third and fourth floors, the hall also includes a bar and a reading room.

The continuous shop windows on the ground floor are shaded by a protruding sun visor (brise-soleil) - as is typical in sunny Israel - which also follows the zigzag of the building line and at the same time clearly separates the shop area on the ground floor like a cornice from the upper office floors. Light plaster and horizontal ribbon windows characterize the Beit Hadar as an example of building based on the Bauhaus. The ribbon windows divide the building mass into slim horizontal strips, thus visually dissolving their massiveness, especially when it is dark, the glow from the illuminated interior accentuates this effect.

Ribbon of windows in the floor in front of the round of the shop window, which channels daylight into the cellar, memorial stone for Se'ev Werber in the foreground, 2014

There are vertical window strips facing the inner courtyard alone, one in each of the two stairwells, in order to ventilate them and to illuminate them with incident daylight. Walls and floors in entrances and stairwells are made of natural stones and mosaics from the companyמצרפיהclad or paved. Dignified doors from the time of construction have largely been preserved, the elegant elevator installed when the building was built was later replaced by an elevator without any design requirements.

The Beit Hadar has a cellar and the inner courtyard is raised to the level of the cellar so that the cellar can be accessed directly. From the cul-de-sac on the south side of Beit Hadar there is access via a ramp down to the inner courtyard. The basement of the semi-cylindrical central building illuminates daylight, which comes in through a glazed light path that is opened later along the round facade.

bibliography

Hadassah Aghion: Tel Aviv: Bauhaus & eclectic styles ['Tel Aviv: esprit Bauhaus et éclectisme', Paris: Marcus and Guysen, 2009, ISBN 978-2-7131-0284-4 ; Engl.] Lisa Maronese (transl.), Paris: Marcus, 2018, ISBN 978-2-7131-0348-3 .
Sabine Brandes, “Construction for the Bauhaus Tel Aviv: Germany is funding the redevelopment of the White City with 2.8 million euros”, in: Jüdische Allgemeine , May 21, 2015, p. 5.
Ori Dvir (אוֹרִי דְּבִיר; 1931–2011), נְקֻדַּת חֵן תֵּל־אָבִיב – יָפוֹ , Tel Aviv-Jaffo:מוֹדָן, new, updated edition, 1991 ^{Greg. Cal.} / 5752 ^{Jew. Cal. (9.9.1991–27.9.1992)}
David Kroyanker (דָּוִד קְרוֹיָאנְקֶר), יְרוּשְׁלִים - מַבָּט אַרְכִיטֶקְטוֹנִי: מַדְרִיךְ טִיּוּלִים בִּשְׁכוּנוֹת וּבָתִּים , Jerusalem:כֶּתֶר, 1996, ISBN 965-07-0570-8 , p. 30.
Miriam Hohfeld: White City Tel Aviv: On the Preservation of Modern Buildings in Israel and Germany. Federal Institute for Building, Urban and Spatial Research (ed.) At the Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning, Troisdorf: Rautenberg, 2015, ISBN 978-3-87994-158-2 .
Michael Jacobson (מִיכָאֵל יַעֲקוֹבְּסוֹן), "סִבּוּב בְּבֵית הָדָר" , In: חַלּוֹן אֲחוֹרִי: אַרְכִיטֶקְטוּרָה וְאִידֵאוֹלוֹגְיָה בְּדִּיסְנִיְלֶנְד מְקוֹמִי , accessed on January 4, 2020
Nir man (נִיר מַן) and Danny Recht (דָּנִי רֶכְט), "בֵּית הָדָר"(Beit Hadar), on: תֵּל אָבִיב 100. הָאֶנְצִיקְלוֹפֶּדְיָה הָעִירוֹנִי( Link to the website ), accessed on January 4, 2020
Nitza Metzger-Szmuk (נִיצָה מֶצְגֶּר-סְמוּק), Bauhaus Tel Aviv Site Plan / תֵּל־אָבִיב מַפַּת הָאֲתָרִים , Boʿaz Ben-Menasche (בֹּעַז בֶּן-מְנַשֶּׁה; Transl.), Tel Aviv-Jaffa:קֶרֶן תֵּל־אָבִיב לְפִתּוּחַ, 1994
Nitza Metzger-Szmuk (נִיצָה מֶצְגֶּר-סְמוּק), בָּתִּים מִן הָחוֹל - אַדְרִיכָלוּת הַסִּגְנוֹן הַבֵּינְלְאֻמִּי בְּתֵּל־אָבִיב: 1931–1948 , Tel Aviv-Jaffa:קֶרֶן תֵּל־אָבִיב לְפִתּוּחַ, 1994, ISBN 965-05-0724-8 .
Edina Meyer-Maril (עֱדִינָה מֵאִיר – מָרִיל), The International Style Architecture in Tel Aviv 1930–1939 ,רָשׁוּת הַדֹּאַר / הַשֵּׁרוּת הַבּוּלַאי (Ed.), Tel Aviv-Jaffo: הַשֵּׁרוּת הַבּוּלַאי, 1994 ^{Greg. Cal.} / 5754 ^{Jew. Cal. (5.9.1994–16.9.1993)}
Joachim Schlör , Tel Aviv - From Dream to City: Journey Through Culture and History , Frankfurt am Main: Insel, 1999, (= Insel Taschenbuch; Volume 2514), ISBN 978-3-458-34214-4 .
Myra Warhaftig , you laid the foundation stone - the life and work of German-speaking architects in Palestine 1918–1948 , Berlin: Wasmuth, 1996, ISBN 978-3-8030-0171-9 .

Web links

Commons : Beit Hadar - collection of images, videos and audio files

"סִבּוּב בְּבֵית הָדָר"(Sibbuv bə-Veit Hadar, ie tour of Beit Hadar) , on: חַלּוֹן אֲחוֹרִי: אַרְכִיטֶקְטוּרָה וְאִידֵאוֹלוֹגְיָה בְּדִּיסְנִיְלֶנְד מְקוֹמִי by Michael Jacobson (מִיכָאֵל יַעֲקוֹבְּסוֹן), including pictures of the interior
"בֵּית הָדָר"(Beit Hadar) , on:תֵּל אָבִיב 100. הָאֶנְצִיקְלוֹפֶּדְיָה הָעִירוֹנִי by Nir Mann (נִיר מַן) and Danny Recht (דָּנִי רֶכְט)

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Edina Meyer-Maril (עֱדִינָה מֵאִיר – מָרִיל), The International Style Architecture in Tel Aviv 1930–1939 ,רָשׁוּת הַדֹּאַר / הַשֵּׁרוּת הַבּוּלַאי (Ed.), Tel Aviv-Jaffo: הַשֵּׁרוּת הַבּוּלַאי, 1994 / תשנ"ד, P. 2.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Myra Warhaftig, you laid the foundation stone - the life and work of German-speaking architects in Palestine 1918–1948 , Berlin: Wasmuth, 1996, ISBN 978-3-8030-0171-9 , p. 108.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Nir Mann (נִיר מַן) and Danny Recht (דָּנִי רֶכְט), "בֵּית הָדָר"(Beit Hadar), on: תֵּל אָבִיב 100. הָאֶנְצִיקְלוֹפֶּדְיָה הָעִירוֹנִי, accessed January 4, 2020.
^ ^A ^b Hadassah Aghion, Tel Aviv: Bauhaus & eclectic styles ['Tel Aviv: esprit Bauhaus et éclectisme', Paris: Marcus and Guysen, 2009, ISBN 978-2-7131-0284-4 ; Engl.] Lisa Maronese (transl.), Paris: Marcus, 2018, ISBN 978-2-7131-0348-3 , p. 32.
↑ Michael Jacobson (מִיכָאֵל יַעֲקוֹבְּסוֹן), "סִבּוּב בְּבֵית הָדָר“(Introduction), January 1, 2019 , on: חַלּוֹן אֲחוֹרִי: אַרְכִיטֶקְטוּרָה וְאִידֵאוֹלוֹגְיָה בְּדִּיסְנִיְלֶנְד מְקוֹמִי , accessed January 4, 2020.
↑ הַבִּנְיָן בַּמִּזְרָח הַקָּרוֹב , Volume 3 (August 1935), p. 8.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^from Michael Jacobson (מִיכָאֵל יַעֲקוֹבְּסוֹן), "סִבּוּב בְּבֵית הָדָר", Chap. 4 'תּוֹלְדֹת', January 1, 2019, in: חַלּוֹן אֲחוֹרִי: אַרְכִיטֶקְטוּרָה וְאִידֵאוֹלוֹגְיָה בְּדִּיסְנִיְלֶנְד מְקוֹמִי , accessed January 4, 2020.
↑ See the entry on this historic country road (הדרך ההיסטורית יפו – שכם) in the Hebrew Wikipedia.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Nitza Metzger-Szmuk (נִיצָה מֶצְגֶּר-סְמוּק), Bauhaus Tel Aviv Site Plan / תֵּל־אָבִיב מַפַּת הָאֲתָרִים , Boʿaz Ben-Menasche (בֹּעַז בֶּן-מְנַשֶּׁה; Transl.), Tel Aviv-Jaffa:קֶרֶן תֵּל־אָבִיב לְפִתּוּחַ, 1994, section 2.
↑ Nitza Metzger-Szmuk (נִיצָה מֶצְגֶּר-סְמוּק), בָּתִּים מִן הָחוֹל - אַדְרִיכָלוּת הַסִּגְנוֹן הַבֵּינְלְאֻמִּי בְּתֵּל־אָבִיב: 1931–1948 , Tel Aviv-Jaffa:קֶרֶן תֵּל־אָבִיב לְפִתּוּחַ, 1994, ISBN 965-05-0724-8 , p. 301.
↑ Nitza Metzger-Szmuk (נִיצָה מֶצְגֶּר-סְמוּק), בָּתִּים מִן הָחוֹל - אַדְרִיכָלוּת הַסִּגְנוֹן הַבֵּינְלְאֻמִּי בְּתֵל־אָבִיב: 1931–1948 , Tel Aviv-Jaffa:קֶרֶן תֵּל־אָבִיב לְפִתּוּחַ, 1994, ISBN 965-05-0724-8 , p. 300.
↑ Joachim Schlör, Tel Aviv - from dream to city: Journey through culture and history , Frankfurt am Main: Insel, 1999, (= Insel Taschenbuch; Volume 2514), ISBN 978-3-458-34214-4 , p. 238.
↑ Joachim Schlör, Tel Aviv - from dream to city: Journey through culture and history , Frankfurt am Main: Insel, 1999, (= Insel Taschenbuch; Volume 2514), ISBN 978-3-458-34214-4 , p. 239.
↑ ^a ^b Joachim Schlör, Tel Aviv - from dream to city: Journey through culture and history , Frankfurt am Main: Insel, 1999, (= Insel Taschenbuch; Volume 2514), ISBN 978-3-458-34214-4 , p. 240.
↑ Cf. "גֵּדֶר תַּיִל“ , In: הַמַּשְׁקִיף , February 10, 1946.
↑ ^a ^b cf. "הַתְקָפָה עַל בֵּית הָדָר - וּבָרָד יְרִיּוֹת נִתַּךְ עַל הָעִיר בְּמֶשֶׁךְ שְׁעָתַיִים: 3 מֵתוּ וּ -12 נִפְצְעוּ בְּלֵיל זַוְעַת דָּמִים בְּתֵּל־אָבִיב“ , In: הַצּוֹפֶה , March 9, 1947.
↑ Cf. "בֵּית הָדָר בְּת'א הֻחְזַר רִשְׁמִית לְבַעֲלָיו“ , In: הַמַּשְׁקִיף , November 4, 1947.
↑ Cf. "מִשְׂרְדֵי הַמָּכוֹן לְפִרְיוֹן הָעֲבוֹדָה וְהַיִּצּוּר“ , In: דָּבָר , October 18, 1954.
↑ Se'ev Klein (זְאֵב קְלַיִן), "חֶבְרַת פִּילַת תִּרְכּוֹשׁ הַמְּדִינָה אֶת הַמָּכוֹן לְפִרְיוֹן הָעֲבוֹדָה“, In: גְּלוֹבְּס , November 1st, 1998.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Michael Jacobson (מִיכָאֵל יַעֲקוֹבְּסוֹן), "סִבּוּב בְּבֵית הָדָר", Chap. 1 'לַמְרוֹת הַכֹּל', January 1, 2019, in: חַלּוֹן אֲחוֹרִי: אַרְכִיטֶקְטוּרָה וְאִידֵאוֹלוֹגְיָה בְּדִּיסְנִיְלֶנְד מְקוֹמִי , accessed January 4, 2020.
↑ ^a ^b Michael Jacobson (מִיכָאֵל יַעֲקוֹבְּסוֹן), "סִבּוּב בְּבֵית הָדָר", Chap. 3 'מֶחֱווֹת', January 1, 2019, in: חַלּוֹן אֲחוֹרִי: אַרְכִיטֶקְטוּרָה וְאִידֵאוֹלוֹגְיָה בְּדִּיסְנִיְלֶנְד מְקוֹמִי , accessed January 4, 2020.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Michael Jacobson (מִיכָאֵל יַעֲקוֹבְּסוֹן), "סִבּוּב בְּבֵית הָדָר", Chap. 2 'הַבִּנְיָן', January 1, 2019, in: חַלּוֹן אֲחוֹרִי: אַרְכִיטֶקְטוּרָה וְאִידֵאוֹלוֹגְיָה בְּדִּיסְנִיְלֶנְד מְקוֹמִי , accessed January 4, 2020.

[Meyer-Maril_1994_p2-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Edina Meyer-Maril (עֱדִינָה מֵאִיר – מָרִיל), The International Style Architecture in Tel Aviv 1930–1939 ,רָשׁוּת הַדֹּאַר / הַשֵּׁרוּת הַבּוּלַאי (Ed.), Tel Aviv-Jaffo: הַשֵּׁרוּת הַבּוּלַאי, 1994 / תשנ"ד, P. 2.

[Warhaftig_1996_p108-2] Myra Warhaftig, you laid the foundation stone - the life and work of German-speaking architects in Palestine 1918–1948 , Berlin: Wasmuth, 1996, ISBN 978-3-8030-0171-9 , p. 108.

[Mann_Recht_בֵּית_הָדָר-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Nir Mann (נִיר מַן) and Danny Recht (דָּנִי רֶכְט), "בֵּית הָדָר"(Beit Hadar), on: תֵּל אָבִיב 100. הָאֶנְצִיקְלוֹפֶּדְיָה הָעִירוֹנִי, accessed January 4, 2020.

[Aghion_2009_p32-4] A ^b Hadassah Aghion, Tel Aviv: Bauhaus & eclectic styles ['Tel Aviv: esprit Bauhaus et éclectisme', Paris: Marcus and Guysen, 2009, ISBN 978-2-7131-0284-4 ; Engl.] Lisa Maronese (transl.), Paris: Marcus, 2018, ISBN 978-2-7131-0348-3 , p. 32.

[Jacobson_2019-5] Michael Jacobson (מִיכָאֵל יַעֲקוֹבְּסוֹן), "סִבּוּב בְּבֵית הָדָר“(Introduction), January 1, 2019 , on: חַלּוֹן אֲחוֹרִי: אַרְכִיטֶקְטוּרָה וְאִידֵאוֹלוֹגְיָה בְּדִּיסְנִיְלֶנְד מְקוֹמִי , accessed January 4, 2020.

[6] הַבִּנְיָן בַּמִּזְרָח הַקָּרוֹב , Volume 3 (August 1935), p. 8.

[Jacobson_2019_Kap4-7] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^from Michael Jacobson (מִיכָאֵל יַעֲקוֹבְּסוֹן), "סִבּוּב בְּבֵית הָדָר", Chap. 4 'תּוֹלְדֹת', January 1, 2019, in: חַלּוֹן אֲחוֹרִי: אַרְכִיטֶקְטוּרָה וְאִידֵאוֹלוֹגְיָה בְּדִּיסְנִיְלֶנְד מְקוֹמִי , accessed January 4, 2020.

[8] See the entry on this historic country road (הדרך ההיסטורית יפו – שכם) in the Hebrew Wikipedia.

[Metzger-Szmuk_1994_p2-9] Nitza Metzger-Szmuk (נִיצָה מֶצְגֶּר-סְמוּק), Bauhaus Tel Aviv Site Plan / תֵּל־אָבִיב מַפַּת הָאֲתָרִים , Boʿaz Ben-Menasche (בֹּעַז בֶּן-מְנַשֶּׁה; Transl.), Tel Aviv-Jaffa:קֶרֶן תֵּל־אָבִיב לְפִתּוּחַ, 1994, section 2.

[Metzger-Szmuk_1994_p301-10] Nitza Metzger-Szmuk (נִיצָה מֶצְגֶּר-סְמוּק), בָּתִּים מִן הָחוֹל - אַדְרִיכָלוּת הַסִּגְנוֹן הַבֵּינְלְאֻמִּי בְּתֵּל־אָבִיב: 1931–1948 , Tel Aviv-Jaffa:קֶרֶן תֵּל־אָבִיב לְפִתּוּחַ, 1994, ISBN 965-05-0724-8 , p. 301.

[Metzger-Szmuk_1994_p300-11] Nitza Metzger-Szmuk (נִיצָה מֶצְגֶּר-סְמוּק), בָּתִּים מִן הָחוֹל - אַדְרִיכָלוּת הַסִּגְנוֹן הַבֵּינְלְאֻמִּי בְּתֵל־אָבִיב: 1931–1948 , Tel Aviv-Jaffa:קֶרֶן תֵּל־אָבִיב לְפִתּוּחַ, 1994, ISBN 965-05-0724-8 , p. 300.

[12] Joachim Schlör, Tel Aviv - from dream to city: Journey through culture and history , Frankfurt am Main: Insel, 1999, (= Insel Taschenbuch; Volume 2514), ISBN 978-3-458-34214-4 , p. 238.

[13] Joachim Schlör, Tel Aviv - from dream to city: Journey through culture and history , Frankfurt am Main: Insel, 1999, (= Insel Taschenbuch; Volume 2514), ISBN 978-3-458-34214-4 , p. 239.

[Schlör_1999_240-14] Joachim Schlör, Tel Aviv - from dream to city: Journey through culture and history , Frankfurt am Main: Insel, 1999, (= Insel Taschenbuch; Volume 2514), ISBN 978-3-458-34214-4 , p. 240.

[15] Cf. "גֵּדֶר תַּיִל“ , In: הַמַּשְׁקִיף , February 10, 1946.

[הַצּוֹפֶה-16] . "הַתְקָפָה עַל בֵּית הָדָר - וּבָרָד יְרִיּוֹת נִתַּךְ עַל הָעִיר בְּמֶשֶׁךְ שְׁעָתַיִים: 3 מֵתוּ וּ -12 נִפְצְעוּ בְּלֵיל זַוְעַת דָּמִים בְּתֵּל־אָבִיב“ , In: הַצּוֹפֶה , March 9, 1947.

[17] Cf. "בֵּית הָדָר בְּת'א הֻחְזַר רִשְׁמִית לְבַעֲלָיו“ , In: הַמַּשְׁקִיף , November 4, 1947.

[18] Cf. "מִשְׂרְדֵי הַמָּכוֹן לְפִרְיוֹן הָעֲבוֹדָה וְהַיִּצּוּר“ , In: דָּבָר , October 18, 1954.

[19] Se'ev Klein (זְאֵב קְלַיִן), "חֶבְרַת פִּילַת תִּרְכּוֹשׁ הַמְּדִינָה אֶת הַמָּכוֹן לְפִרְיוֹן הָעֲבוֹדָה“, In: גְּלוֹבְּס , November 1st, 1998.

[Jacobson_2019_Kap1-20] Michael Jacobson (מִיכָאֵל יַעֲקוֹבְּסוֹן), "סִבּוּב בְּבֵית הָדָר", Chap. 1 'לַמְרוֹת הַכֹּל', January 1, 2019, in: חַלּוֹן אֲחוֹרִי: אַרְכִיטֶקְטוּרָה וְאִידֵאוֹלוֹגְיָה בְּדִּיסְנִיְלֶנְד מְקוֹמִי , accessed January 4, 2020.

[Jacobson_2019_Kap3-21] Michael Jacobson (מִיכָאֵל יַעֲקוֹבְּסוֹן), "סִבּוּב בְּבֵית הָדָר", Chap. 3 'מֶחֱווֹת', January 1, 2019, in: חַלּוֹן אֲחוֹרִי: אַרְכִיטֶקְטוּרָה וְאִידֵאוֹלוֹגְיָה בְּדִּיסְנִיְלֶנְד מְקוֹמִי , accessed January 4, 2020.

[Jacobson_2019_Kap2-22] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Michael Jacobson (מִיכָאֵל יַעֲקוֹבְּסוֹן), "סִבּוּב בְּבֵית הָדָר", Chap. 2 'הַבִּנְיָן', January 1, 2019, in: חַלּוֹן אֲחוֹרִי: אַרְכִיטֶקְטוּרָה וְאִידֵאוֹלוֹגְיָה בְּדִּיסְנִיְלֶנְד מְקוֹמִי , accessed January 4, 2020.