Jacob V.
.jpg)
James V (English James V;. * 10. April 1512 in Linlithgow Palace , † 14. December 1542 in the Falkland Palace ) was from 1513 until his death King of Scots (English. King of Scots ). He was born the third son of Jacob IV and his wife Margaret Tudor and was the only descendant of this connection who did not die in childhood. His first wife, Madeleine of France , died just months after the wedding. With his second wife Marie de Guise he had two sons who, however, died in early childhood, and a daughter, Maria Stuart , who was to inherit his throne. His decision to bring Scotland to the French papal camp led to war against his uncle Henry VIII , King of England. Jacob V died shortly after a crushing defeat by the Scots in the Battle of Solway Moss .
Regency
Jacob was only 17 months old when he succeeded his father as Jacob V on the throne. The coronation took place on September 21, 1513 in Stirling Castle . During his childhood the country was ruled by regents: first by his mother Margaret Tudor, sister of Henry VIII, until she married Archibald Douglas the following year , then by John Stewart , who was third in line to the throne after Jacob and his younger brother Alexander was standing.
Archibald Douglas took over the reign in 1525 and practically held his stepson Jacob like a prisoner in order to enforce his own claims to power at Edinburgh Castle . However, his mother, who had meanwhile divorced Archibald Douglas, helped him to escape and to take over the rule in 1528.
Reign
Jacob's first measure as king was the disempowerment of Archibald Douglas, who then fled to England. He suppressed a rebel uprising on the southern border and had bloody clashes with the powerful MacDonald clan who ruled the Outer Hebrides . He increased his income through rigorous control over the royal estates. He gave lucrative benefices to his illegitimate sons , putting substantial Church funds into his own pockets. He used a large part of his fortune for extensions to Stirling Castle , Falkland Palace , Linlithgow Palace and Holyrood Palace .
In Jacob's V reign, Henry VIII turned away from the Roman Catholic Church and founded the Church of England . Rome saw in Scotland an important ally against the English heretics, and England sought Scotland as an ally against Rome. Henry VIII therefore offered his daughter Mary (later Maria I “the Catholic” or “Bloody Mary”) to the young Jacob V as his wife. Jacob rejected this and all other English proposals and instead decided to renew the Auld Alliance and bring Scotland to the French-papal camp. In addition to his search for a rich dowry , this was one of the reasons for his marriages to two French women.
Jacob was considered vengeful, greedy and ruthless. His merciless crackdown on uncomfortable subordinates and his distrust divided the nation. The king did not tolerate heresy, and numerous prominent proponents of the Reformation were executed during his reign . The most famous was Patrick Hamilton , who was burned at the stake in St Andrews in 1528 .
On January 1, 1537, in the Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral, he married Madeleine of France , the daughter of the French King Francis I. However, she died childless in July of the same year. Soon after, James married Marie de Guise as his second wife. The wedding took place on May 18, 1538, also in the Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral. The De Guise family represented one of the most powerful and influential royal houses in France and even Europe. Marie de Guise gave birth to two sons, both of whom died early.
At first, Jacob skillfully played the same card as his uncle Henry VIII against the Pope. He gratefully accepted a very extensive financial package in the form of spiritual taxes and used it wisely by setting up the College of Justiciary in Edinburgh in 1532 instead of embarking on the crusade that had actually been promised .
After his mother's death in 1541, Jacob saw no reason to maintain peace with England. The conflict ended on November 24, 1542 with the Battle of Solway Moss. Without French support, and considering the size of the English armed forces, it was an utterly ludicrous campaign in which the Scottish army was crushed. A few days after this battle, Jacob was lying in the Falkland Palace , with a heart condition, full of grief over the defeat and shaken by fever. Then he received the news that the queen had not given birth to the male heir to the throne, but a girl. He was so disappointed and upset about it that he died shortly afterwards, on December 14, 1542. He was buried in Holyrood Abbey in Edinburgh .
On his deathbed he reportedly said: "With a woman ascended the Stuarts and with a woman they will perish." This was an allusion to the Stuart dynasty that of Marjorie Bruce , daughter of Robert I had been justified. His only legitimate child, Maria Stuart , who was just six days old , succeeded him. The Stuart house remained, however, as she later married Lord Darnley , a distant relative. Jacob probably thought that Mary would either remain childless and thereby die out with her, or that she would marry a foreign heir to the throne who would incorporate Scotland into his own country.
family
In his first marriage he married Madeleine of France , who however died childless. In his second marriage he then married Marie de Guise , with whom he had two sons and a daughter:
- James (22 May 1540 - April 1541), Duke of Rothesay
- Arthur (* / † April 1541), Duke of Rothesay
- Maria Stuart (December 8, 1542 - February 8, 1587), Queen of Scotland and France
He was also the father of several children born out of wedlock:
- Robert († 1581), Prior of Whithorn
- Margaret
from the connection with Elizabeth (approx. 1520–1564), daughter of John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox
- Adam († 1600), Prior of Charterhouse, ⚭ Janet Ruthven
from the connection with Christine Barclay
- James († 1581)
from the connection with Elizabeth, daughter of John Bethune, 2nd of Creich
- Jean († 1587/1588), ⚭ 1553 to 1573 with Archibald Campbell, 5th Earl of Argyll
from association with Elizabeth Shaw
- James (1529–1558), Abbot of Kelso and Melrose
from the relationship with Margaret Erskine , daughter of John Erskine, 5th Lord Erskine
- James (1531 - 23 January 1570), Earl of Moray, regent during the reign of Mary Queen of Scots and James VI.
from the relationship with Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John Carmichael
- John (1531-1563), Prior of Coldinghame, 1st Lord Darnley
from the connection with Euphemia, daughter of Alexander Elphinstone, 1st Lord Elphinstone
- Robert (1533–1591), 1st Earl of Orkney 1581
See also
Web links
- James V Stewart, King of Scotland, on thepeerage.com , accessed July 21, 2015.
| predecessor | Office | Successor |
|---|---|---|
| Jacob IV |
King of Scotland 1513–1542 |
Maria I. |
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Jacob V. |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | King of Scotland |
| DATE OF BIRTH | April 10, 1512 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Linlithgow Palace |
| DATE OF DEATH | December 14, 1542 |
| Place of death | Falkland Palace |