Marie de Guise

Marie de Guise (around 1537)

Marie de Guise (also called Marie von Lothringen-Guise ; English Mary of Guise ; born November 22, 1515 in Bar-le-Duc , Lorraine ; † June 11, 1560 in Edinburgh Castle ) came from the powerful French noble family of Guise and was as second wife of the widowed James V Queen of Scotland from 1538 to 1542 . A good decade after Jacob's death, she took over the reign of Scotland for her underage daughter Maria Stuart from 1554 until her death , which had been for over a decadeJames Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran , was involved in fierce battles against insurgent Protestant nobles in the last two years of her life.

youth

Marie de Guise was the eldest of twelve children of Claude de Lorraine , Count and since 1528 Duke of Guise , and his wife Antoinette de Bourbon . Her brothers included Duke Franz von Guise, Cardinal Karl von Lorraine and Duke Claude von Aumale.

By the time of Marie's youth, the Renaissance era had arrived in France, King Francis I was a patron of the arts and literature and his court was a cultural center, which greatly influenced the French nobles. When Marie's paternal grandmother, Philippa von Geldern , withdrew to the Poor Clare Monastery of Pont-à-Mousson in December 1519 , Marie's parents moved to their former residence, the Joinville Castle. Marie, who was particularly under the influence of her mother in her early childhood, came to her grandmother's monastery for further education. In the age of the Renaissance it became increasingly common in aristocratic circles to give not only their sons but also their daughters a well-founded education, which also included a moral and religious education.

In 1529 Marie moved to Nancy for a year at the court of her uncle, Duke Antoine of Lorraine, and his wife Renée de Bourbon-Montpensier . There she learned the finer rules of court etiquette. In March 1531, the 15-year-old, physically tall princess, who had gray eyes and reddish brown hair, was introduced to the French royal court by her uncle. At the beginning of May 1531 she was present at the coronation of Francis I's second wife, the Habsburg Eleonore , and was in the wake of the new queen when she entered Paris . Marie now became Eleonore's lady-in-waiting and enjoyed the favor of the king.

First marriage

On August 4, 1534, 18-year-old Marie de Guise, who received a dowry of 80,000 pounds from her father, married her first husband, the 24-year-old Duke Louis II d'Orléans-Longueville , in the chapel of the Louvre Palace. Numerous personalities from the court attended this festive event. The celebrations that followed dragged on for more than two weeks. The couple's very happy marriage resulted in two sons:

• François (October 30, 1535 - September 22, 1551), Duke of Longueville
• Louis (August 4, 1537 - December 1537)

Marie was very committed to the concerns of the tenants of her husband's lands. On January 1, 1537, she was present at the wedding of her future second husband, James V of Scotland, to Madeleine , a daughter of the French king, in Paris. On June 9, 1537, Marie's first husband died in Rouen . The young widow kept the last letter from her deceased husband - now in the Scottish National Library - mentioning his illness for life. About eight weeks after his death, on August 4th, she had her second son, Louis, who died before the end of 1537.

Marriage to James V of Scotland

Marie de Guise with her second husband Jakob V.

Jacob V of Scotland lost his wife Madeleine on July 7, 1537 and was very interested in a new French alliance in order to strengthen the Auld Alliance directed against England . He is said to have felt very drawn to Marie de Guise on his previous visit to France on the occasion of his wedding to Madeleine. In any case, she learned in August 1537 from the French king that her marriage to Jacob V was in the room. For the Scottish side, the future Cardinal David Beaton took a leading part in the marriage negotiations. Marie reacted in shock; she did not wish to leave her family and land and to manage the Longueville inheritance for her underage son François. To prevent the planned Scottish-French marriage alliance, King Henry VIII of England, widowed for the third time since the end of October 1537, also applied for Marie's hand, but in view of Henry's behavior towards his former wives, she did not want to know about a marriage relationship with him.

King Francis I preferred Marie's marriage to Scotland anyway and expressly ordered her not to oppose this any longer. Marie complied, but was dismayed that the French king had prepared a marriage contract for her, according to which a considerable part of the trousseau fixed for her of 150,000 pounds would be raised from the estate of her deceased husband, i.e. from the inheritance of her son François would. She was finally able to get her father to pay 80,000 pounds of the dowry and the French king the remaining 70,000 pounds, according to the marriage contract sealed in March 1538. If she survived her second husband, she was to receive the Falkland Palace , Stirling Castle , Dingwall Castle and Threave Castle, as well as the income from the associated counties and lordships, for lifelong use .

After Pope Paul III granted the dispensation necessary because of her blood relationship with her bridegroom . Marie married on May 9, 1538 in Châteaudun by procuration with Jacob V, who was represented by the Scottish nobleman and politician Robert, 4th Lord Maxwell . As a result, Marie had to leave two-year-old François in the care of her mother when, accompanied by her father, her sister Louise and a French retinue , she crossed from Le Havre to Scotland on a fleet sent by James V , where she joined on June 16, 1538 Balcomie landed in Fife . The morning after next, her personal wedding to James V, led by David Beaton, took place in St Andrews Cathedral . The 40-day festivities that followed included tournaments, archery competitions and hunting trips. Jacob's mother Margaret Tudor wrote to her brother Henry VIII in July that her daughter-in-law was very attentive to her. Marie's relatives and French servants left again in August, and she herself made her solemn entry into Edinburgh on November 16, 1538 .

Queen of Scotland

In the next few years Marie de Guise familiarized herself with her new country. Although she was homesick at first, she tried to fulfill her new role as queen as tactfully as possible. She asked her mother to send French stonemasons to work on Falkland Palace and Stirling Castle, as well as Lorraine miners to excavate valuable deposits from Crawfordmuir . She also employed the French painter Pierre Quesnel to beautify her palaces .

The most urgent task for Marie was to bring an heir to the throne into the world. Only when it was foreseeable that she would give birth to her husband, her coronation as Queen of Scotland took place on February 22, 1540 in Holyrood Abbey in Edinburgh. The royal goldsmith John Mosman had made a new crown for Jacob V , which the king wore when his wife was coronated. This ceremony was accompanied, among other things, by 30 gun salutes from the David's Tower of Edinburgh Castle , as well as fireworks. Three months after her coronation, the birth of Marie's first son by Jacob V followed, whereupon the couple had another son and daughter:

• James (22 May 1540 - late April 1541), Duke of Rothesay
• Robert (April 24, 1541 - late April 1541), Duke of Albany
• Maria Stuart (December 8, 1542 - February 8, 1587), Queen of Scotland and France

Unlike in the case of her eldest son François, Marie was not allowed to raise her son James herself. However, her two sons of Jacob V lived only briefly; after James first died at the age of just under a year in late April 1541, his younger brother Robert, who was only a few days old, suffered the same fate just a few hours later. Both toddlers found their final resting place in Holyrood Abbey. The royal parents were deeply shaken by these accidents and their relationship was strained for months. Jacob V kept a mistress residing in Tantallon Castle .

The next year, James V led war against the English king to assert Scottish independence. On November 24, 1542, however, a Scottish army lost the battle of Solway Moss against Henry VIII. The desperate Jacob V learned of the birth of his daughter Maria Stuart on December 8, 1542 in Linlithgow , but died six days later in Only 30 years old which made the baby Queen of Scotland. Jacob's wife Marie had now become a widow for the second time and from then on wore black mourning robes for life. According to the marriage contract, she would have been free to return to her home country, but she did not make use of this right to protect the interests of her young daughter.

War with England ( Rough Wooing )

Henry VIII now tried to achieve an anti-French alliance with Scotland; Ultimately, however, he wanted to annex his northern neighbor. Marie de Guise did not find enough support from the Scottish barons to be able to become regent. Instead, it came from James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran , the next in line of succession to Maria Stuart, and Cardinal David Beaton into a power struggle to take over the reign emerged from the former as the winner: Arran was on January 3, 1543 by appointed the nobles of the country to regent the minor queen. Shortly thereafter, Beaton was arrested.

Initially, Arran pursued an English-friendly policy, while Beaton pursued a pro-French course and was the head of the Scottish Catholics. Marie de Guise, who was practically in Arran's custody at Linlithgow, had sided with the Cardinal and persuaded Arran's bitter rival, Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox , to return to Scotland to return to Scotland to weaken the regent. On March 12, 1543, the Scottish Parliament decided, among other things, that Mary Stuart - as requested by Henry VIII - should become the wife of the English heir to the throne Edward , a declaration of intent that was also concluded between England and Scotland on July 1, 1543 Treaty of Greenwich was incorporated. Military pressure from Lennox and Beaton, who has now been released, forced Arran to agree to the move of Marie de Guise and her little daughter from Linlithgow to the securely fortified Stirling Castle that same month.

Arran moved away from his pro-English course and allied himself with his former adversary Cardinal Beaton, whereupon the little Queen Maria Stuart was crowned on September 9, 1543. Marie de Guise was now placed at the head of a newly created, 16-member Regency Council to oversee Arran's actions. On September 19, she appointed the English envoy Ralph Sadler to appear before this body to discuss Anglo-Scottish relations with him. However, the French ambassador Jacques de la Brosse , who arrived on October 6, submitted the offer of a new alliance with his country, combined with help against the plans of Henry VIII. In fact, the Scottish Parliament terminated the treaties with England in December 1543 and took the Auld Alliance with it France up again.

Henry VIII now wanted to force Maria Stuart to marry his son Edward, which resulted in a military conflict between England and Scotland that lasted until 1550. This was later referred to as Rough Wooing (ie " rough courtship "). As the first major hostile action, an English invading army under the command of Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford burned down on May 7, 1544 Edinburgh. Although Arran was held responsible for this defeat, he and Beaton were able to prevent a transfer of the reign to Marie de Guise and continue to hold office.

After further incursions into Scotland, a strong English army suffered a crushing defeat against Arran on February 27, 1545 in the battle of Ancrum Moor . The next year Henry VIII sought to have Cardinal Beaton eliminated, who was then also murdered by young nobles on May 29, 1546. One of Marie's followers, George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly , succeeded Beaton as Lord Chancellor of Scotland . Despite the death of Henry VIII on January 28, 1547, the Scottish-English conflict continued and Edward Seymour, who had meanwhile been raised to Lord Protector and Duke of Somerset , inflicted a heavy defeat at Pinkie Cleugh on Arran's army on September 10, 1547 . The English then occupied large parts of southern Scotland and advanced to Stirling Castle to force the extradition of Maria Stuart. However, on the orders of her mother, this was brought to safety at Inchmahome Priory Monastery on an island in the Lake of Menteith .

Marie de Guise accepted the proposal made by the French King Henry II through his ambassador Henri Cleutin , Herr von Oysel, to promise her daughter, the Dauphin, who later became Francis II , as a wife for the provision of significant French military aid against the English . At her instigation, the nobles who had gathered in Stirling on February 8, 1548, also accepted this plan and decided to move Maria Stuart's place of residence to France, where the girl had the prospect of greater security. Meanwhile the fighting with England flared up again. In June, the French nobleman and military officer André de Montalembert , Seigneur d'Essé, brought 6,000 soldiers to Scotland who, at the insistence of Maries de Guise, together with Scottish units Arran, besieged the city ​​of Haddington , which is now East Lothian, which the British had conquered . Marie personally attended the fighting that occurred. The final confirmation of their negotiated Franco-Scottish marriage alliance came on July 7th with the signing of the Haddington Treaty. On July 9, several of Marie's entourage were killed in their immediate vicinity by English fire from Haddington; the shocked but uninjured queen widow herself passed out. The siege of the city remained unsuccessful for the time being.

In August 1548, Maria Stuart was sent to France with Arran. Marie de Guise wanted to sail with her daughter from Dumbarton to Whithorn for a pilgrimage there, but instead returned for a council meeting in Edinburgh. In a letter to her father and uncle, she complained that she was suffering from gout or sciatica and the behavior of the French, who lived almost worse than the English. The latter withdrew from Haddington in September 1549 to the satisfaction of Mary. At Christmas 1549, at a conference scheduled at Stirling Castle, Marie managed to have more French cannons delivered for the siege of Broughty Castle (a historic castle near Dundee ). In February 1550 she watched the successful attack on Broughty Castle, this time wisely from a convenient vantage point across the River Tay . Peace was finally made between England and France in the Treaty of Boulogne (March 24, 1550), and Scotland was also included in this treaty.

Stay in France and England

Marie de Guise, whose father Claude de Lorraine died on April 12, 1550 at the age of 53, was now planning to visit her native France. On behalf of the French king, Leone Strozzi picked up Marie de Guise with a squadron from Scotland. She sailed with a retinue of many Scottish nobles on September 6, 1550 from Leith and arrived on September 19 in the northern French port city of Dieppe . On September 25, she was honored by the King in Rouen and attended a celebration of the last Franco-Scottish victories in the last war. Then she traveled to Paris.

In France, Marie de Guise not only saw her daughter Maria Stuart again, but also her son from her first marriage, François, for the first time in twelve years. She spent the winter of 1550/51 at the French court in Blois and tried to persuade King Henry II to support her in the planned takeover of the reign of Scotland and also to give her financial help. According to the English ambassador, John Mason , Marie exercised too much influence at Heinrich's court.

In April 1551, Marie de Guise was shaken when she learned of a conspiracy to poison her daughter. She spent the summer with Henry II and came to Tours , Angers and Nantes ; then she traveled to Brittany . She then went to join her widowed mother in Joinville. When she set out for Dieppe to return to Scotland from there, she was accompanied by her son François, who, to her sadness, died on September 22nd in Amiens at the age of almost 16 years.

After spending a year in France, Marie left this country again when she left Dieppe in mid-October 1551. She first sailed to England and was driven by a storm to Portsmouth , where she landed and spent the first night in Southwick Priory . She went to London , stopped at Hampton Court Palace and dined on November 4th with King Edward VI. at the Palace of Westminster . Princess Elisabeth was present at the visit of Maries de Guise, while Princess Maria refused to come. From Edward VI. Marie de Guise received a diamond ring formerly belonging to the last wife of Henry VIII, Catherine Parr . She then traveled north to Scotland, where she arrived in late November 1551 and was greeted by some Scottish barons at Berwick. In the next two years, however, despite their now strengthened position, they could not yet achieve that the Earl of Arran, who was raised to Duke of Châtelherault by Henry II in 1548, resigned the reign in their favor.

First years of reign in Scotland

Finally, the now Duke of Châtelherault reluctantly resigned from his post as regent in return for various concessions such as the promise of financial support and the assurance that he would be the next heir to the throne in the event of Maria Stuart's childless death. On April 12, 1554, Parliament gave Marie de Guise the reign, the exercise of which was to prove to be a difficult task for her. At Easter, 11-year-old Maria Stuart sent her mother congratulations from Meudon Castle , where she was staying with her grandmother and her uncle, Cardinal Karl von Lorraine.

Initially, the regent pursued a rather conciliatory, balancing-out political course, but tried to strengthen her power at the expense of the Scottish barons. She replaced Châtelherault's men with her own confidants and often consulted her two brothers, who were very influential in France, Cardinal Charles of Lorraine and Duke Franz von Guise. In doing so she tried to coordinate her policy with that of her brothers. Henri Cleutin continued to work as King Henry II's ambassador during Marie's reign and occasionally visited her Privy Council. To the displeasure of the Scottish aristocracy, who were keen to maintain the independence of their country, Marie entrusted many French to high public offices. So Yves de Rubay became the royal keeper of the seal and thus effectively took the place of the Lord Chancellor George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly, who had fallen out of favor with Marie shortly after she took over the reign, while Bartholomew de Villemore, for example, now controlled the state finances.

In July 1554 Marie went to Jedburgh and made this town the seat of a traveling court for two weeks ; she hoped to settle a long-standing feud between the Scottish clans Scott and Kerr . In 1555 she took part in parliamentary sessions where laws reforming the administration of justice and regulating trade were passed. The next year she visited Inverness and Aberdeen, among others, during a trip .

Marie found herself treated negatively by the members of the parliament, which was convened at the beginning of 1557, and confronted with the charge that her daughter's marriage to the Dauphin had still not been concluded. The regent herself was extremely interested in her daughter's early marriage to the heir to the French throne, but could only contribute little to its realization. After Philip II of Spain persuaded his wife Maria I of England to enter the war against France in June 1557, Marie de Guise ordered a Scottish army to invade England in autumn 1557, although she had previously promised Maria Tudor an unbreakable friendship. The Scottish soldiers returned home, however, without having carried out their mission. When, due to the increasing influence of the Guise family in France, the wedding of Maria Stuart to the Dauphin finally took place on April 24, 1558, the young Scottish Queen had also signed secret clauses of her marriage contract, according to which Scotland would be given to France in the event of her childless death should fall.

Clashes with the Protestants

In the last two years of her life, the Catholic Marie de Guise had to deal with the increasing power of the Protestants , which conflict repeatedly led to acts of war between the two warring camps. On December 3, 1557, the Protestant Scottish nobles had formed a first alliance as Lords of the Congregation . To a certain extent, the Scottish regent had also tolerated the growing number of Protestant preachers, who could not expect English support during the reign of Catholic Mary I. But when the Tudor queen died on November 17th, 1558, her Protestant half-sister Elizabeth I became the new English ruler. On the other hand, Maria Stuart, as the great-granddaughter of Henry VII, also claimed the English crown, since Elizabeth I was an illegitimate daughter of Henry VIII and a heretic. To enforce this claim, the French King Henry II, who hoped to annex England and Scotland, and after his death (July 10, 1559) Maria Stuart's husband Francis II, had to ensure that Scotland remained firmly Catholic-minded French sphere of influence. Because of the threat to her rulership, Elizabeth I for her part secretly interfered in the inner-Scottish religious disputes on the part of the Protestants from 1559.

Marie de Guise might already have taken a less tolerant line towards the Protestants after her daughter's marriage to the Dauphin, and in doing so won the support of her previous opponents, the Duke of Châtelherault and his half-brother John Hamilton . The latter was Archbishop of St. Andrews , renewed the old strictness against the Protestants and had the apostate priest Walter Milne burned on April 28, 1558 as a deterrent .

In the winter of 1558/59 the Protestants demanded from the regent in several petitions, among other things, the right to freedom of assembly and the holding of church services in the national language and the repeal of the laws against heresy. On January 1, 1559, an anonymous appeal ( Beggars' Summons ) was published by them , in which Catholic priests were threatened with eviction because their property belonged to the poor. Marie now wanted to outlaw the Protestant clergy and ordered them to appear before her in Stirling on May 10th. However, there were riots beforehand. The eloquent Scottish reformer John Knox returned from France to his homeland and preached on May 4th in Perth against mass and worship of images, whereupon a fanatical crowd destroyed the images and altars in the local churches.

The regent and Châtelherault marched with an army to Perth, but had to negotiate given the superiority of their opponents. An agreement was reached on May 29, 1559 between the parties to the dispute; but since Marie stationed a garrison in Perth, among other things, new fighting flared up. Due to the great strength of the enemy forces, Marie's generals Châtelherault and Henri Cleutin avoided a battle at Cupar in Fife on June 13 and reached a new, short-term agreement. Marie retired to Dunbar Castle for her protection while the Protestants took Stirling and, on June 29, Edinburgh. Châtelherault and Henri Cleutin marched against Edinburgh, negotiated with some Lords of the Congregation and both sides signed an armistice on July 23, the terms of which included a withdrawal of Protestant troops from Edinburgh, the recognition of the authority of Maries de Guise and Maria Stuart by the Lords and provided mutual religious tolerance until January 10, 1560. The regent could now move back into Edinburgh.

Despite the understanding achieved between the regent and the Protestant nobles, new tensions soon arose. With the accession to the throne of the only 15-year-old Franz II on July 10, 1559, the Maries brothers gained almost unlimited influence in France. They promised to send their youngest brother, the Marquis René II. D'Elbeuf , with a large army to Scotland to support their sister as soon as possible, and in the meantime they have sent De la Brosse and the Bishop of Amiens, Nicolas de Pellevé, as their ambassadors . On the other hand, Elizabeth I was interested in a weakening of the power of the Catholic Church and the Guise family in Scotland and was in secret contact with the Lords of the Congregation . However, along with Kings Henry II and Philip II, the English ruler was one of the signatories of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (April 1559), which sealed the peace treaty between England and France and between Spain and France. Therefore Elizabeth I avoided openly helping the rebellious Scottish Protestants in order not to risk an early French military intervention in their northern neighbor. Instead, she pursued a cautiously confusing policy, only financially supported the rebel barons in great secrecy and incited them to further resistance against the regent, while officially denying any assistance she had personally prescribed for the congregation - for example on the occasion of an early August 1559 The complaint lodged by Maries de Guise, who had her spies, over Elizabeth's alleged agitation in Scotland.

With the help of the English secret service, the Protestant son of Châtelherault, James Hamilton, 3rd Earl of Arran , who is on the European continent, escaped persecution by the French. The young Arran reached Scotland safely with English support at the beginning of September 1559, whereupon his father Châtelherault immediately left Marie de Guise and joined the Lords of the Congregation . The regent, who was already in very poor health and suffering from a great lack of money, had Leith fortified and moved there for security reasons when the Protestant nobles occupied Edinburgh on October 18th. The latter withdrew the reign of Marie, who was under the protection of French soldiers in Leith, on October 21, transferred this to a 13-member Regency Council under the leadership of Châtelherault and besieged Leith. However, Elizabeth I continued to grant the Lords only financial help and James Hepburn, loyal to Marie , 4th Earl of Bothwell intercepted a considerable sum of money sent by the English Queen of the Congregation on October 31, which made it even more difficult for Elizabeth to preserve outward appearances of their alleged non-interference in Scotland. The rebellious nobles could not conquer Leith and had to evacuate Edinburgh on November 6, 1559, where the regent then went again. Marie was able to recover a little from a drastic deterioration in health that soon followed.

Last months and death

The recent failures of the Scottish Protestants led England to more direct intervention. Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, was to march into Scotland with a land army of several thousand men, and William Winter was to sail with a fleet in the Firth of Forth, stopping all aid to the regent and fighting French ships. Winter carried out his commission successfully in January 1560 and explained to envoy Maries de Guise that he had acted without the knowledge of Elizabeth I, which claim, however, was not believed by the regent. A French reinforcement fleet for Marie that was broken up at the same time under the command of the Marquis d'Elbeuf, however, got caught in a storm and had to turn back.

From the following negotiations between Elizabeth I and the Scottish Protestants, John Knox was excluded mainly because of his 1558 published anti-women's book The first blast of the trumpet against the monstruous regiment of women ; this treatise made him unacceptable to the English monarch, although he had written primarily against the rule of Catholic regents like Marie de Guise. In the Treaty of Berwick, concluded on February 27, 1560 , the Lords of the Congregation and the Duke of Norfolk, representing Elizabeth I, agreed on the terms under which the English would help their allies to drive the French troops out of Scotland. William Gray, 13th Baron Gray de Wilton, took part in the siege of Leith with English forces from the beginning of April. John Erskine, 17th Earl of Mar , gave shelter to the sick Marie de Guise in Edinburgh Castle , the siege of which the English Queen refrained from.

Jean de Monluc , Bishop of Valence, had traveled to the British Isles in March 1560 on behalf of the Guise Brothers to mediate the Scottish conflict, but was delayed for a long time by the Duke of Norfolk. On April 22nd, he was finally able to speak to Marie de Guise, who, in his opinion, was undaunted despite her illness and arguments with the Protestants. On May 7, the Scottish and English troops besieging Leith suffered a loss-making defeat in an attack on the fortress. But Marie's conversations with English ambassadors were fruitless and her letters with perseverance to Henri Cleutin were intercepted.

At the end of May 1560, Marie became seriously ill. On June 8th she had a touching conversation with the Lords of the Congregation and asked them to maintain their old friendship with France and to arrange for the withdrawal of the English and French troops from Scotland. Then she made her simple will. She died of dropsy in Edinburgh Castle about half an hour after midnight on June 11, 1560 at the age of 44 . Less than a month later, the Treaty of Edinburgh of July 6, 1560, according to which all foreign troops were to leave Scotland, ended the fighting over Leith. Ultimately, Marie had tried in vain to get her daughter into a Catholic, Pro-French Scotland; rather, this country was on the way to becoming a Protestant and Pro-English nation.

Marie's body, initially resting in a lead coffin in Edinburgh Castle, was to be transferred to France, although permission was only given in March 1561. Her burial finally took place in July 1561 in the Abbey of Saint-Pierre-les-Dames in Reims , where her sister Renée was abbess. The marble tomb erected for Marie with a life-size bronze statue of her was destroyed during the French Revolution .

Marie de Guise in the film

• In the film Elizabeth , the role of Marie de Guise is played by the French actress Fanny Ardant , although the film does not stick to the historical facts regarding her death.
• In the US series Reign (2013-2017) the role of Marie de Guise is played by Amy Brenneman .

See also

• Family tree of the Kings of Scotland

literature

• Elisa A. Litvin: Mary of Guise . In: Anne Commire (Ed.): Women in World History . Vol. 10 (2001), pp. 538-542.
• Rosalind K. Marshall: Mary of Guise . In: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB). Vol. 36 (2004), pp. 71-77.
• James Tait: Mary of Guise . In: Dictionary of National Biography (DNB). Vol. 36 (1893), pp. 391-397.

Web links

Commons : Marie de Guise  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Marie de Guise in the World History Database ( Memento from May 16, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
• Undiscovered Scotland (English)
• Marie de Lorraine on thepeerage.com , accessed July 26, 2015.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Rosalind K. Marshall (ODNB, vol. 36, p. 71) gives November 20, 1515 as Marie's date of birth.
2. ^ Elisa A. Litvin, Women in World History , Vol. 10, pp. 538f .; Rosalind K. Marshall, ODNB, vol. 36, p. 71.
3. ^ Elisa A. Litvin: Women in World History. Vol. 10, p. 539; Rosalind K. Marshall, ODNB, vol. 36, p. 71.
4. ↑ Rosalind K. Marshall, ODNB, Vol. 36, pp. 71f .; James Tait, DNB, Vol. 36, p. 391.
5. ↑ Rosalind K. Marshall, ODNB, Vol. 36, pp. 72f .; James Tait, DNB, Vol. 36, pp. 391f.
6. ↑ Rosalind K. Marshall, ODNB, Vol. 36, pp. 73f .; James Tait, DNB, Vol. 36, pp. 392f.
7. ↑ Rosalind K. Marshall, ODNB, Vol. 36, p. 74; James Tait, DNB, Vol. 36, pp. 393f.
8. ↑ Rosalind K. Marshall, ODNB, Vol. 36, p. 75; James Tait, DNB, Vol. 36, p. 394.
9. ↑ Rosalind K. Marshall, ODNB, Vol. 36, pp. 75f .; James Tait, DNB, Vol. 36, pp. 394f.
10. ↑ Herbert Nette : Elisabeth I. , Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1982, 4th edition 1996, ISBN 3-499-50311-5 , p. 45.
11. ↑ Rosalind K. Marshall, ODNB, Vol. 36, p. 76; James Tait, DNB, Vol. 36, p. 395.
12. ^ John Ernest Neale: Elisabeth I. German translation Diederichs, 4th edition Munich 1996, ISBN 3-424-01226-2 , pp. 105 and 108f.
13. ↑ Rosalind K. Marshall, ODNB, Vol. 36, p. 76; James Tait, DNB, Vol. 36, p. 396.

predecessor	Office	successor
Madeleine of France	Queen Consort of Scotland 1538–1542	Francis II of France