Inverness
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Inverness Scottish Gaelic Inbhir Nis |
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| Coordinates | 57 ° 29 ′ N , 4 ° 13 ′ W | ||
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| Residents | 48,201 2011 census | ||
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| Post town | INVERNESS | ||
| ZIP code section | IV1, IV2, IV3, IV5, IV13, IV63 | ||
| prefix | 01463 | ||
| Part of the country | Scotland | ||
| Council area | Highland | ||
| British Parliament | Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey | ||
| Scottish Parliament | Inverness and Nairn | ||
Inverness [ ˌɪnvərˈnɛs ] ( Gaelic : Inbhir Nis [ iɲɪɾʲˈniʃ ] "mouth of the Ness") is the capital of the Scottish administrative district Highland and since December 2000 has been the only city in the district to have the status of a "City". The city lies at the confluence of the River Ness and the Moray Firth . It is the northernmost "city" in the United Kingdom.
Since there is no generally applicable definition of the city limits, the information on the population fluctuates between a good 40,000 and over 65,000 inhabitants. The 2011 census determined a population of 48,201.
The place and its surroundings are steeped in history. Macbeth ruled the castle of Inverness in the 11th century , although not as cruelly as William Shakespeare portrayed. In place of his castle, there has been a representative castle on the hill since the 19th century . By the Great Glen and by Loch Ness leading Caledonian Canal (Caledonian Canal) runs diagonally through Inverness-shire and has been in the city's eastern entrance.
A few kilometers to the east is the battlefield of Culloden , where the last battle of the Jacobites against the British government troops in 1746 ended with a devastating defeat of the Jacobites. The Clava Cairns are nearby .
history
Traces of prehistory can be found in the Clava Cairn by Culdoich .
Inverness was one of the main castles of the Picts and was visited in 565 by Columban of Iona , who had the goal of proselytizing Brother I, the Pict king. Brude I ruled from the fortress on the hill Craig Phadrig (168 m), 2.4 km west of today's city center.
A church with a small monastery complex had already been founded on St Michael's Mount by early Celtic monks. This hill is close to the river and is now the location of the Old High Church .
The castle over the city of Inverness was built by King Malcolm III. ( Máel Coluim mac Donnchada , * 1030, † 1093), eldest son of Duncan I ( Donnchad mac Crináin , * 1001, † 1040). The reign of King Duncan I was shaped by the conflict with his cousin Macbeth ( Mac Bethad mac Findlàich , * 1005, † 1057), the exact circumstances of which are not known. All that is known is that Duncan I was killed by Macbeth in the battle near Elgin . In the portrayal of William Shakespeare , Macbeth had Duncan I killed in Inverness Castle and Malcolm III. is said to have avenged his father's death by destroying the castle in order to create a new complex at this point.
Inverness's strategic location has led to much conflict in the region. Allegedly there was a battle between King Malcolm III in the early 11th century. and Thorfinn from Norway at Blar Nam Feinne, in the southwest of the city.
The city of Inverness has repeatedly by residents of the Hebrides attacked, especially in the 15th century by the MacDonald - Clan . In 1187, Donald Bane led the enemy islanders in the Battle of Torvean against the men of Inverness Castle, led by Duncan Mackintosh. Both were killed in the battle, Donald Bane is said to have been buried in a large pile of stones near the river. An elaborately crafted silver chain was found in the area in 1968.
Other battles against the MacDonald Clan are documented in 1340 (Battle of Blairnacoi on Drumderfit Hill), 1411 and 1427 (Donald of Islay and James I besieged the city). In 1554 the Munro Clan defeated the Mackintosh Clan in the Battle of Clachnaharry, west of the city. The MacDonald Clan and their allies stormed Inverness Castle in 1491.
In 1562 the Queen of Scotland Mary Stuart (* 1542, † 1587) was denied entry to the city by the English governor in the Huntly uprising. The clans Munro and Fraser then took the castle for them. The house she lived in was on Bridge Street and it was demolished in the 1970s. Since 1986, the Marymass Market has been held annually on the first Saturday after August 15th to commemorate Queen Maria I.
Four fairs have been held in Inverness since the 11th century, one of which was Legavrik. William I the Lion (* 1143, † 1214 at Stirling Castle ) granted Inverness four charter, including the right to build Inverness Castle and to fortify the city.
Alexander II (1214–1249) founded a Dominican monastery in 1233, of which only a pillar and a weathered knight's portrait survived in a secluded cemetery near the city center.
Under Oliver Cromwell (* 1599, † 1658) a citadel was built on the northern city limits, which could accommodate over 1000 people. With the exception of part of the city wall, the complex was torn down during the restoration except for a bell tower. In 1715 the Jacobites occupied the royal fortress and used it as barracks until 1746, in 1727 Fort George was built.
Not far from Inverness is Culloden Moor , the site of the Battle of Culloden in 1746 that ended the Jacobite Rising of 1745.
On September 7, 1921, the first British Cabinet meeting outside London took place in the Inverness Townhouse, as British Prime Minister David Lloyd George was on vacation in Gairloch and called an extraordinary meeting to discuss the situation in Ireland. The Inverness Formula was the basis of the Anglo-Irish Treaty .
economy
Most of the traditional industries, such as whiskey distillation, have been replaced by high-tech companies.
The operation of the Inverness Distillery , founded in 1807, later Millburn Distillery , was discontinued in 1985 due to a lack of expansion opportunities and sales difficulties during the whiskey crisis . In 1988 the distillery was torn down, the remaining objects are currently only used as a restaurant and as a small bottling plant.
The Glen Albyn Distillery , Inverness, was closed in 1983 and demolished 1988th The Glen Mhor Distillery , Inverness, was shut down in 1983 and demolished 1986th
During these years, Inverness Medical Innovations developed rapidly . The company, which today as Alere Inc. trades , produced exclusively in Inverness blood sugar test kits ( glucometers ) and reported 2009 annual sales of 2.28 billion US dollars.
The Highlands & Islands Enterprise Plan (HIE) funded the Center for Health and Science to attract additional companies in the medical technology and medical device industries.
The Scottish Natural Heritage is an agency responsible for the preservation of Scotland's natural heritage. The head office was relocated from Edinburgh to Inverness in 2003/2004 and provides a large number of jobs in the region.
language
Scottish Gaelic appears on the majority of road signs around Inverness and a significant number of people speak the language. Bun sgoil Ghàidhlig Inbhir Nis was opened in August 2007 as a native-speaking primary school , it is to be expanded in order to be able to accept more students in the next few years.
The organization Bord na Gàidhlig , responsible for supporting and promoting the use of Scottish Gaelic, maintains its main office in Inverness.
Traffic and accessibility
Inverness city center is located on the east bank of the river and is connected to the west side of the city by three road bridges (Ness Bridge, Friars Bridge and Black Bridge, also known as Waterloo Bridge) and the Greig Street Bridge as a pedestrian bridge. The traditional city center is a triangle bounded by High Street, Church Street and Academy Street and within which Union Street and Queensgate run as cross streets parallel to High Street. Between Union Street and Queensgate is the Victorian Market , which contains a large number of small shops. From the 1970s, the Eastgate Shopping Center was built on the east side of the High Street and construction was completed in 2003 after a substantial expansion.
Inverness train station , designed as a terminus , is almost directly opposite the Academy. There are rail links on the Highland Main Line to Perth, Edinburgh, Glasgow and London. The Far North Line leads to Thurso and Wick on the north coast, the Kyle of Lochalsh Line to the eponymous town Kyle of Lochalsh on the west coast. Additional trains operate on the route via Elgin and Keith to Aberdeen. With two exceptions, all trains are operated by Abellio ScotRail . The London North Eastern Railway company operates the Highland Chieftain , a daily pair of high-speed trains between Inverness and London. The Caledonian Sleeper night train operated by Serco , which runs six times a week, also goes to London .
The airport Inverness Airport Dalcross is located 15 km east of the town and offers flights to London, Manchester, Edinburgh, Belfast and to the islands north and west of Scotland. Local controversy arose when British Airways wanted to sell land slots at London Heathrow for the three daily flights to and from Inverness as part of the planned and later failed use by American Airlines. Flybe flies from Inverness to Gatwick , Stornoway , Manchester, Belfast, Birmingham and Amsterdam. Highland Airways operates routes to Stornoway and Benbecula. Loganair has daily connections to Stornoway, Kirkwall and Sumburgh . KLM Royal Dutch Airlines offers flights to Amsterdam . The low-cost airline EasyJet flies to London Gatwick and Geneva , among others .
Inverness is the central hub in the Highlands road network. It is on Scotland's most important north-south connection, the A9 , which runs from the Central Belt via Perth to Thurso and Scrabster on the Scottish north coast. The A82 connects Inverness to Glasgow via Fort William , the A96 leads to Aberdeen via Elgin . There are plans to convert the A96 into a four-lane road between Inverness and Nairn .
From Inverness bus station, Megabus , National Express Holding and Scottish CityLink offer long-distance bus connections to Aberdeen, Edinburgh, London and Fort William, among others. The Stagecoach Group operates a city bus network with lines to Inverness Airport or Loch Ness .
politics
Inverness was an autonomous Royal Burgh and county seat for the county of Inverness (also known as Inverness Shire) until 1975 , when the municipal and county Burgh system was abolished. Under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 , a two-tier local government, the Islands Council , was created. The Royal Burgh was defined as the urban area of Inverness and included as one of the eight boroughs in the Highland region .
Another development occurred in 1996 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1994 , with which individual districts were dissolved and the region was merged into a unified municipal area: the Highland Council was created. The region is made up of eight counties, including Inverness. The Highland Council's original administrative divisions were abolished in 2007 in favor of three new administrative divisions. The council has defined large parts of the areas of Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey as Inverness city management area .
Parliamentary representation
There are two parliamentary constituencies for Inverness:
- The constituency of Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey to the House of Commons . This has been represented by Drew Hendry ( SNP ) since 2015 .
- The Inverness and Nairn constituency for the Scottish Parliament , represented by Fergus Ewing (SNP) since 2011 .
Buildings
- Inverness Castle: The castle was built in 1835 on the site of the previous medieval building. A court is housed there today. The first fortress on this site was built in the 12th century and the current Victorian castle was built in 1836. Here the troops of Charles Edward Stuart destroyed the old building in 1746 while fighting for the rule of the Stuarts. Today it is largely used as an administration building and in summer you can slip into the role of a soldier from the Battle of Culloden at the Castle Garricon Encounter . A little east of the current castle , Macbeth is said to have murdered King Duncan in his castle in the 12th century, but the same claim is also made for Cawdor Castle , a few kilometers east of Inverness.
- Inverness St. Andrew's Cathedral: The cathedral of the Scottish Episcopal Church and seat of the Diocese of Moray, Ross and Caithness is dedicated to the Scottish patron saint St. Andrew. The church was built on the banks of the Ness by Alexander Ross in the neo-Gothic style between 1866 and 1869. It was the first new cathedral built after the Reformation (in the Gothic style). The baptismal font was modeled by the famous Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen and the Tsar of Russia donated five golden icons .
- Old High Church: The oldest church on Mount St. Michael's by the Riverside . The church tower dates from the Middle Ages, making it the oldest surviving building in Inverness. The church belongs to the ward of the Church of Scotland .
- Inverness College is the hub for the University of the Highlands and Islands and offers one of the most diverse curricula in Scotland with around 8,500 students.
- Porterfield Prison (officially HMP Inverness) provides the courts of the Highlands, Western Isles, Orkney Isles and Moray with safe custody for all remand and short-term adult inmates, both male and female.
- Abertarff House is the oldest secular building, erected in 1592 by the Lovat family as a town palace on Church Street with a notable outside staircase. The National Trust of Scotland has had its main office for the Highlands there since 1966, with a small shop attached.
Sports
Inverness is home to the soccer club Inverness Caledonian Thistle , which has played in the Scottish Championship since 2017 with a short break .
In 1999 Inverness was the central venue for the World Orienteering Championships . The 2015 World Championships took place in the Inverness area .
sons and daughters of the town
- Robert Lyon (1789 – after 1863), British settler in Australia
- David Lewis Macpherson (1818-1896), Canadian politician
- William E. Smith (1824-1883), American politician
- James H. MacDonald (1832-1889), American politician
- John Mackay (1839-1914), Australian explorer
- Jane Elizabeth Waterston (1843–1932), Scottish medical doctor and educator
- Murdoch Macdonald (1866–1957), Scottish hydraulic engineer
- George Cornet (1877–1952), Scottish water polo player
- William Stewart Roddie (1878–1961), British officer
- Josephine Tey (1896–1952), Scottish writer
- Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin (1927-2006), Scottish politician
- Elspet Jean Gray, Baroness Rix (1929-2013), British actress
- Derry Irvine, Baron Irvine of Lairg (born 1940), Scottish politician
- Ann Coffey (* 1946), Scottish politician
- Eleanor Scott (* 1951), Scottish politician
- David Stewart (born 1956), Scottish politician
- Elaine Thomson (* 1957), Scottish politician
- Mr Egg ( Matthew Egbert Wand , * 1959), Scottish musician
- Kevin MacDonald (* 1960), Scottish football player and coach
- Sue Black (* 1961), Scottish anthropologist and anatomist
- Kenneth Macintosh (* 1962), Scottish politician
- Mark Sieczkarek (* 1962), Scottish dancer and choreographer
- Ali Smith (born 1962), Scottish writer
- Drew Hendry (born 1964), Scottish politician
- Murdo Fraser (* 1965), Scottish politician
- Tavish Scott (born 1966), Scottish politician
- Erik Thomson (* 1967), Australian actor
- Yvette Cooper (* 1969), British politician
- Stephen Crabb (* 1973), Scottish politician
- Douglas Walker (* 1973), Scottish athlete
- Jonni Fulcher (* 1974), Scottish pool and snooker player
- James Dryburgh (* 1975), Swedish curler
- Ewan MacDonald (* 1975), Scottish curler
- Lorne Balfe (* 1976), Scottish film composer
- Patrick Grady (* 1980), Scottish politician
- Fraser Cartmell (* 1982), Scottish triathlete
- Don Cowie (born 1983), Scottish football player
- Suzanne Grant (* 1984), Scottish soccer player
- Alan Sinclair (born 1985), Scottish rower
- Alan Clyne (* 1986), Scottish squash player
- Gary Cornish (* 1987), Scottish boxer
- Karen Gillan (born 1987), Scottish actress
- Stuart Armstrong (born 1992), Scottish football player
- Greg Lobban (* 1992), Scottish squash player
- Liam Polworth (born 1994), Scottish football player
- Ryan Christie (born 1995), Scottish football player
- Xavier Darcy (* 1995), British-French musician
- Cameron Mackay (* 1996), Scottish football player
- Isabelle Wallace (* 1996), Australian tennis player
- John Docherty (born 1997), Scottish boxer
Twin cities
Inverness has partnerships with three cities:
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Augsburg , Germany -
La Baule-Escoublac , France -
Saint-Valery-en-Caux , France
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Information from the Scottish Parliament
- ↑ 2011 census
- ↑ Craig Phadrig, Inverness , Walk in Scotland, Visitscotland
- ↑ Inverness churches ( Memento of the original from June 29, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ SHAKESPEARE, William, Macbeth. Retrieved March 13, 2010 (English).
- ↑ Entry on Blar nam Feinne in Canmore, the database of Historic Environment Scotland (English)
- ↑ Entry on Torvaine in Canmore, the database of Historic Environment Scotland (English)
- ↑ Entry on Battle Monument in Canmore, the database of Historic Environment Scotland (English)
- ↑ David Perry: Inverness: an hiatorical and archeological review . Pric Soc Antiq Scot, 129, 1998, pp. 831-857, esp. Pp. 836, 846 ( online copy, there pp. 6, 16 ( memento of the original from August 9, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. )
- ^ History of the Millburn Distillery, accessed June 30, 2010
- ↑ Inverness Medical Innovations ( Memento of the original dated February 8, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. accessed on June 30, 2010
- ↑ Inverness Medical Innovations shares and sales, accessed June 30, 2010
- ↑ Inverness accessed March 6, 2010
- ↑ Gaelic Primary School ( Memento of the original of July 8, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. accessed on March 6, 2010
- ↑ Bord na Gàidhlig ( Memento of the original dated February 11, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. accessed on March 6, 2010
- ↑ Inverness Shops ( Memento of the original of July 23, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. accessed on September 16, 2012
- ↑ About Stagecoach North Scotland | Stagecoach. In: www.stagecoachbus.com. Retrieved January 13, 2017 .
- ^ Drew Hendry on House of Commons pages , accessed March 3, 2020
- ^ Fergus Ewing on the Scottish Parliament pages , accessed March 3, 2020
- ↑ BAEDEKER Alliance Guide, Scotland, MAIRDUMONT, Ostfildern, 9th edition, 2009, ISBN 978-3-8297-1068-8
- ^ Charles Douglas: Capital Ideas - Charles Douglas takes us round this noble Highland city . Scotland Magazine, Issue 60, December 2011
- ↑ Movie Database accessed on April 3, 2011
- ↑ Inverness Town Twinning Committee ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
