Parliament of Scotland

This article deals with the Pairlament o Scotland , which existed until 1707 , for the Scottish Parliament , which was constituted in 1999, see Scottish Parliament .

Moot Hill in Scone , one of the preferred meeting places of the Parliament of Scotland in the 14th and 15th centuries

Ceremonial entry of the members of the Parliament of Scotland around 1680, drawing from 1720.

Parliament House in Edinburgh , the seat of Parliament from 1639 to Union in 1707.

The Parliament of Scotland ( German : Parliament of Scotland , Scottish : Pairlament o Scotland ), officially Estates of Parliament , was the historic parliament and thus the legislature of the Kingdom of Scotland ( Kinrick o Scotland ).

history

Parliament, like other such institutions, developed in the Middle Ages from the royal council of bishops and earls . A unicameral parliament in Scotland was first mentioned in the first half of the 12th century at a meeting in Edinburgh Castle around 1140 . The first time that a document has been received (which reports on how the contemporary parliament in England is reported in Latin as " colloquium ") was in Kirkliston (now a suburb of Edinburgh ) in 1235 , during the reign of King Alexander II of Scotland , where it already played a political and legal role.

From 1326 representatives of the Royal Burghs ( Burgh Commissioners ) also took part in the parliamentary sessions and from 1437 membership in parliament expanded to include the lower nobility ( gentry ), that is to say to all important landowners (especially lairds or feudal barons ). All parliamentarians met in a single room. They sat down then on from three booths ( Three Estates ) together:

• First estate, the clergy / prelates ( bishops and abbots );
• Second estate, the nobility ( peers and gentry);
• Third estate, the bourgeoisie ( Burgh Commissioners ).

In the course of the Reformation , the parliamentary seats of the first estate were gradually removed. The abbeys were secularized and dissolved from the 16th century and the Catholic bishops were excluded from parliament. As part of the Glorious Revolution , the abolition of the episcopate in the Church of Scotland meant that the last parliamentary seats of the clergy were lost. Many abbeys that had been abolished were converted into secular baronies, which now entitle them to a seat in parliament in the second estate. From 1587, instead of the direct membership of the lower nobility, Shire Commisioners were elected as representatives in parliament by the landowners there (that is, the main owners of the royal fiefs) in each county . These MPs were clearly distinguishable from the peers and are sometimes viewed in the literature as the new “Fourth Estate”, which to a certain extent replaced the discontinued First Estate, so that there were still three stands.

During the personal union between England and Scotland from 1603 to 1707, the king could also appoint a nobleman as Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland , who represented the king in his absence.

Usually the Lord Chancellor of Scotland acted as chairperson , alternatively the Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland . Unlike in England, the office of speaker did not develop in Scotland.

The Parliament of Scotland existed for more than four hundred years until it was repealed in 1707 by the Act of Union 1707 ( German  Association Act ). This merged the kingdoms of Scotland and England into the Kingdom of Great Britain . The Parliament of Scotland was dissolved and the Parliament of England was expanded to include Scottish MPs as the British Parliament was newly constituted.

The Scottish politician John Hamilton, 2nd Lord Belhaven and Stenton (1656–1708) as well as Andrew Fletcher (1655–1716) defended themselves against the unification of parliaments . The speech against the Union ( Speech against the Union ) by Lord Belhaven, which he held against the proposal of the Association in November 1706 was very well received and has been widely published and discussed.

Through the Act of Union 1800 , the Kingdom of Ireland was later merged with the Kingdom of Great Britain to form the United Kingdom , and in 1801 the Parliament of Ireland and the British Parliament were united to form what is now the Parliament of the United Kingdom .

See also

• Category: Member of Parliament of Scotland
• Scottish independence

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Edinburgh Castle at heritage.directory - accessed October 18, 2019
2. ^ History of the Scottish Parliament. Volume 3, p. 33 ( Google Books ).
3. ^ History of the Scottish Parliament. Volume 3, pp. Xiiii.
4. ^ History of the Scottish Parliament. Volume 3, p. 69.
5. ^ Belhaven and Stenton, John Hamilton, 2nd Baron . In: Encyclopædia Britannica . 11th edition. tape 3 : Austria - Bisectrix . London 1910, p. 682 (English, full text [ Wikisource ]).
6. ^ Wikisource: Speech against the Union.
7. ^ Daniel Defoe : History of the Union of Great Britain . Heirs of Anderson, Edinburgh 1709.
8. ^ On the union of England and Scotland. In: Ernest Rhys (Ed.): British historical and political orations from the 12th to the 20th century. ( Everyman's Library . Volume 714) p. 53 ff. ( Archive.org )
9. ↑ George Chalmers (Ed.): The history of the union between England and Scotland, with a collection of original papers relating to. John Stockdale, London 1786, p. 317 ff. ( Archive.org )
10. ^ Ralph McLean: 'Literary Symbols': Language and Style in the 1707 Union Debates . - euppublishing.com
11. ↑ An immediate reply from Daniel Defoe to Belhaven's speech: The vision, a poem. Being an answer to the Lord Beilhaven's speech. By a person of quality. Edinburgh 1706 (reprinted by Benjamin Bragg, London 1706) ( quod.lib.umich.edu ).

literature

• Keith M. Brown (Ed.): The History of the Scottish Parliament. Parliament and Politics in Scotland. ( The Edinburgh History of the Scottish Parliament ). 3 volumes, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2004–2010:
  • Volume 1: Keith M. Brown, Roland J. Tanner: Parliament and politics in Scotland, 1235-1560. Edinburgh 2004, ISBN 0748614850 .
  • Volume 2: Keith M. Brown, Alastair J. Mann: Parliament and politics in Scotland, 1567–1707. Edinburgh 2005, ISBN 0748614958 .
  • Volume 3: Keith M. Brown and Alan R. MacDonald: Parliament in context, 1235-1707. Edinburgh 2010, ISBN 0748614869 .
• Robert Sangster Rait: The Parliaments of Scotland. Glasgow 1924 (Reprint 2017, ISBN 1544714173 ).
• Robert Sangster Rait: The Scottish Parliament before the Union of the Crowns. Blackie & Son, London 1901 ( archive.org ).
• George Barnett Smith: History of the English parliament together with an account of the parliaments of Scotland and Ireland. 2 volumes, Ward Lock Bowden & Co., London 1892.
• The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, 1424-1707 . William Green & Sons, Edinburgh 1908 ( archive.org ).
• Chris Tabraham: Edinburgh Castle. Official Guide. Historic Scotland, Edinburgh 2003, ISBN 1903570336 .

Web links

Wikisource: Acts of the Pre-Union Parliament of Scotland  - Sources and full texts

Commons : Historic parliament of the Kingdom of Scotland  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 ( RPS )
• Julian Goodare: Review. The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 . 1942.
• Ruaridh Nicholl: Why we're still the best of enemies . The Guardian , October 22, 2006.
• AAM Duncan: Reviwe. The Early Parliaments of Scotland . 1996.
• "WORKSHOP FIVE:" Images of Parliament "" (PDF). The Scottish Parliament History Workshop at Stirling University. Archived from the original (PDF) - from the web archive
• Digital copies on the topic of Scotland, Parliament ( archive.org )

Parliament of Scotland (alternative names of the lemma)
Parliament of Scotland; Parliament of Scotland; Scottish Parliament; Parliament o Scotland; Estates o Parliament; Estates o Scotland; the Three Estates; the Scots Parliament; the auld Scots Parliament