Rough Wooing

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The "Rough Wooing" revolved around the underage Scottish Queen Maria Stuart

The Rough Wooing was a war between England and Scotland and lasted from December 1543 to March 1551. After its break with Rome , England tried again to conquer Scotland, partly to destroy the Auld Alliance and around to prevent Scotland from serving as a springboard for future invasions of England by the French . The English King Henry VIII declared war to force the Scots to consent to a marriage between his son Edward and the young Maria Stuart , so that a new alliance between Scots and English was formed. Edward VI, who was crowned king in 1547, continued the war until a change in circumstances made it superfluous in 1550. It was the last major conflict between England and Scotland before the Union of the Crowns in 1603, with the possible exception of the English intervention at the Siege of Leith in 1560. The Rough Wooing was one of the Anglo-Scottish Wars of the 16th century.

Origin of name

In Scotland the conflict was called the “Eight Years War” or “Nine Years War”. The idea of ​​war as "Wooing" (Eng .: advertising) was popularized many years later by Sir Walter Scott and the term "Rough Wooing" appeared in various history books from the 1850s.

The name appears to have been derived from a well-known remark attributed to George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly , by Patrick Abercromby in his edition of Jean de Beauqué's War History : “We didn't like the type of advertising and we couldn't meet condescend to be bullied in love ”or, as historian William Patten reported,“ I do not like this advertisement ”. Historian William Ferguson contrasted this witty nickname and the ferocity and devastation of war:

English policy was simply to pulverize Scotland, either surrender or crush it, and Hertford's attacks were nothing like the Nazis' total war, the ' Blitzkrieg '; Terror regime, extermination of all adversaries, the support of collaborators, etc. "

Recently, Marcus Merriman called his book "The Rough Wooings" to emphasize the division of the conflict into two or three different phases.

From the Battle of Solway Moss to the Battle of Ancrum Moor

In 1542 a Scottish army was defeated at the Battle of Solway Moss and the Scottish King James V died soon after. His daughter Maria Stuart remained behind as a teenage queen in the care of her mother Marie de Guise . The English marriage for Mary, proposed in the '' Treaty of Greenwich '', was accepted subject to conditions by the Scottish Parliament under the leadership of Regent Arran . But because of a strong internal faction advocating an alliance with France and maintaining the Catholic denomination in Scotland, Regent Arran took the time to move the marriage forward. Twenty years later, the English diplomat Ralph Sadler reported on Adam Otterburn's words to him about the Scottish opinion on this marriage:

“Our people don't want it. And even if the governor and some nobles have decided, I know that few or none of them [really] want it; and our common people don't like it at all. I pray that you will allow me to ask this: If your guy were a girl and your girl was a guy, would you take this matter with the same seriousness? (...) And I also assure you that our nation will never agree to an Englishman becoming King of Scotland. And so the entire nobility of the empire will stand together and even the common people, and the stones in the street will stand up and rebel against it. "

Facsimile of a contemporary sketch showing the deployment of Herford's troops before they burned down Edinburgh in May 1544 .
Buildings in Edinburgh's old town preserved to this day

In Scotland the civil war arose from the opposition between the regent and the Douglas faction in the east and the Earl of Lennox in the west in Glasgow . With this internal background, the Scots then faced the anger of King Henry VIII when the Scottish Parliament rejected the Treaty of Greenwich in December 1543. Five days later, on December 20th, war was declared in Edinburgh by an English envoy, Henry Ray , the Berwick Pursuivant . King Henry had released a number of Scottish nobles who had been captured at the Battle of Solway Moss for a mission in the hopes that they could build consensus on marriage. In March 1544, he sent his Richmond Herald to the Scottish Privy Council to request their return.

Major hostilities began with the attack on Edinburgh on May 3, 1544 under the leadership of the Earl of Hertford and Viscount Lisle . Hertford had instructions to burn Edinburgh to the ground and Henry's proclamation of March 24, 1544 blamed Cardinal Beaton's "strange lure" of Regent Arran. Hertford had also considered stationing an English garrison in Leith , but the Privy Council had not approved the plan. Henry VIII had also asked him to destroy St Andrews , but Hertford pointed out the extra walking distance that could have created trouble. After the pillage of St Mynettes on the north bank of the Forth and the capture of fishing boats as landing craft, the English army landed in Granton and then captured Leith. Hertford parliamented with Adam Otterburn , who was Provost of Edinburgh, but he was instructed not to finalize the negotiations. The following day troops entered the city through Edinburgh's Canongate and infected it. Edinburgh Castle was defended by cannon fire that dominated the Royal Mile . Hertford decided not to besiege the city, but to burn it down carefully. According to a contemporary English report, all the houses within the suburbs and city walls were burned down, including Holyroodhouse and the abbey . The English ships in Leith were loaded with looted goods and sailed back together with the captured ships Unicorn and Salamander . The army retreated overland to England, burning towns and villages along the way. Soon after the English troops landed, Regent Arran released the Earl of Angus and George Douglas of Pittendreich , who were imprisoned at Blackness Castle . Even if they had supported the English marriage, Arran now needed the support of the Douglas family against the English invasion. After this attack, the Englishmen Sir William Eure and Ralph Eure carried out some raids across the border at Berwick-upon-Tweed , burning down houses and buying the loyalty of Scots who then became "Assured Men".

Against these raids, the Scots won the Battle of Ancrum Moor in February 1545 . Scotland was included on June 6, 1546 in the Treaty of Camp (also Treaty of Ardres ), which ended the Italian War 1542-1546 . This made for 18 months of peace between England and Scotland. But in May 1546, Lords of Fife had murdered Francophile Cardinal Beaton at St Andrews Castle . These Protestant lords became known as the "Castilians" and garrisoned the castle against Regent Arran, for which they hoped for military support from England.

From the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh to Peace

The English kept a fort that they had established in Langholm on the Scottish-English border. Regent Arran, who could not win it back through diplomatic negotiations, finally had it forcibly destroyed on July 17, 1547 after an unsuccessful attack in June. At the same time a French naval force took St Andrews Castle from the "Castillians". On July 24th, Arran ordered that seven beacons should be prepared to warn of a feared British attack from the sea. The first should be at St Abb's Head , the second at Dowhill at Fast Castle , the third at Doun Law at Spott , the fourth at North Berwick Law , the fifth at Traprain Law , the sixth at Arthur's Seat or Edinburgh Castle and the seventh at Binning's Craig at Linlithgow . The keepers of these beacons were ordered to hold horsemen to bring the news of the invasion to the nearest beacon if it came in during the day. Orders were given to the towns of Lothian, the border region and the Forth Valley to ensure that all men between 16 and 60 years of age who lived there were ready to respond to the signal.

An English invasion then suppressed all internal disputes in September 1547 when the English won a major battle in the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh near Musselburgh and militarily occupied most of southern Scotland. Haddington was taken, as was Broughty Castle near Dundee . From April 5, 1548, Sir Robert Bowes had a fort built in Lauder . The increasing support from France included a. in the posting of military engineers such as Migliorino Ubaldini , who stepped up Edinburgh Castle and Dunbar Castle . Under the command of Baron Gray of Wilton , Musselburgh was burned by the English on June 9, 1548, and Dunbar on June 12. On June 16, 10,000 French troops arrived at Leith and besieged Haddington with artillery.

Mary Stuart was brought to safety and betrothed to the Dauphin of France in August 1548 and Piero Strozzi began to fortify Leith with 300 Scottish workers. Strozzi had been shot in the leg in Haddington and was carried around in a chair by four people to supervise the work. By May 1549, the English army at the border consisted of 3,200 soldiers, 1,700 of them German and 500 Spanish and Italian mercenaries. But with the growing military and financial aid from France that Paul de Thermes brought, the Scots were able to maintain their resistance. André de Montalembert, sieur d'Essé , took Inchkeith on June 19, 1549 .

Treaty of Boulogne

The English abandoned Haddington on September 19, 1549. The hostilities ended with Scotland being included in the Treaty of Boulogne, signed mainly between France and England on March 24, 1550. Peace was declared in England on Saturday March 29th, 1550; a week earlier the Privy Council had sent orders to the English commanders not to move cannons that were being abandoned to the Scots. There were agreements on the repatriation of prisoners and the dismantling of border fortifications. As part of the contract, six French and English hostages were due to be exchanged on April 7th. On the French side, these were: Marie de Guise's brother, the Marquis de Mayenne ; Louis Trémoille ; Jean de Boubon, Comte de Enghien ; Francis de Montmorency ; Jean d'Annebault, son of the Admiral of France and Francis du Vendôme , who were sent to London. On the English side these were: Henry Brandon ; Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford ; George Talbot ; John Bourchier, 5th Baron FitzWarren ; Henry FitzAlan and Henry Stanley . The hostages at both courts were well held and most had returned by August 1550. In France, King Henry II organized a solemn entry into Rouen on October 1, 1550 . Marie de Guise and Maria Stuart attended. There were banners there depicting the French victories in Scotland, and a herald would recite:

“Voila Dondy, Edimpton, Portugray,
Où Termes prist & Essé le degrè,
Pour devenir chevalier de ton ordre.
Sire, voyez ceste Ysle de Chevaulx,
Voyez aussy le fort chasteau de Fargues,
O quants assaulx, escarmouches & cargues,
Voila aussi le fort pres de Donglass,
Et plus deca ou est assis ce bourg,
Est le chasteau conquis de Rossebourg. "


Here are Dundee , Haddington , Broughty Craig,
Where were de Thermes with d'Essé,
Knights of Your Order .
Sire, see Inchkeith ,
see the strong Fast Castle
too , so much attack, skirmish and trouble,
see the fort at Dunglass ,
and beyond that the side where the settlement is
the captured castle is Roxburgh .

Separate peace negotiations between Scotland and the Holy Roman Empire were required, mainly to resolve trade and piracy disputes. Forty in August 1550 took Regent Arran's main trading towns of Scotland with a control to an embassy at Charles V to finance. This contract was signed on May 1, 1551 by Thomas, Master of Erskine , in Antwerp . The Treaty of Norham in 1551 officially ended the war and the English military withdrew from Scotland. In October 1551 Marie de Guise herself was welcomed in England and she traveled from Portsmouth to London to meet with King Edward VI. hold true.

Treaty of Norham

The peace, made at Norham Castle and in the church on June 10, 1551 , was made by Thomas Erskine, Master of Erkine , Lord Maxwell , Sir Robert Carnegy of Kinnaird and Robert Reid , Bishop of Orkney , with Louis de Gelais , envoy of the French King Henry II., negotiated. The English delegation included Sir Robert Bowes , Sir Leonard Beckwith , Sir Thomas Chaloner and Richard Sampson , Bishops of Lichfield and Coventry . The agreements included that the English give up their possessions in Scotland, the original borderline between Scotland and England should apply again, Edrington and the fishing rights on the Tweed reverted to Scotland and all prisoners, pawns and hostages were exchanged. Edward VI. ratified the treaty on June 30 and Marie de Guise on August 14, 1551.

Propaganda war

Sir John Luttrell, English commander at Inchcolm and Broughty Castle

The British objective of a unit between Scotland and England had fluctuating support in some circles of the Scottish population. These Scots may not have liked the French dominance of Scottish affairs, or they saw the alliance with England as a promotion of the Protestant affair. A number of books and pamphlets have been published in England as propaganda to reinforce these feelings. These emphasized three aspects of the conflict: protracted disputes over the rights of the English crown in Scotland, the supposed injustice of the Scottish rejection of the Greenwich Treaty and the advantages of the Protestant denomination. The English commander of Broughty Castle, Andrew Dudley , hoped to be able to distribute Bibles in English that were not freely available in Scotland. Scotland countered the English propaganda with the Complaynt of Scotlande , which was probably printed in France in 1549. Another text that Ane Resonyng of William Lamb , was not printed.

The first of these books was written before the Battle of Solway Moss. It was about A Declaration, conteyning the iust causes and consyderations, of this present warre with the Scottis, wherein alsoo appereth the trewe & right title, that the kings most royall maiesty hath to the soveraynitie of Scotlande (dt .: A declaration, which contains the just cases and reflections on the present war with the Scots, in which also appears the true and correct title which the royal majesty of the king holds as sovereign of Scotland). A diary of Hartford's raid on Edinburgh in 1544 was printed under the title The Late expedicion of the Earl of Hertford into Scotland (Engl .: The Earl of Hertford's last expedition to Scotland). A post by a Scotsman in England, John Elder , went unpublished. It was intended as a foreword to a detailed description and map of Scotland. Elder claimed that the northern lords of Scotland, "redheads" of Irish descent, were loyal to King Henry VIII and loathed the French culture that would have been imposed on them by Cardinal Beaton and the Scottish court.

Somerset began a new round in 1547, shortly before the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, with the publication of James Henrisoun's essay An Exhortacion to the Scottes to conforme themselfes to the honorable, Expedient & godly Union betweene the two realmes of Englande & Scotland. (German: A warning to the Scots to submit to the honorable travel agent & the divine unity between the two realms of England & Scotland). This was followed by Somerset's printed Proclamation of September 4, 1547 and the Epistle or Exhortation (Eng .: Epistle or Admonition) of February 1548. The Battle of Pinkie Cleugh was written by William Patten in The Expedition into Scotland of the most worthy Prince, Edward Duke of Somerset (German: The expedition to Scotland of the dear Prince Edward, Duke of Somerset) described. A Welshman , Nicholas Bodrugan , added his Epitome of the title of the kynges majestie of Englande , which looks back on Geoffrey of Monmouth, to back up the English claim and Scottish fears to confirm that the civil law of England was stricter than the law of Scotland. David Lindsay's poem The Tragedy of the Cardinal was published in London along with the George Wishart obituary with a foreword by Robert Burrant calling for religious reforms. In October 1548 Sir John Mason and other employees received £ 20 for their archival search of the "Records of the Affairs of Scotland" for these tracts.

Lord Methven understood the effect of English propaganda and in June 1548 raised the concern of Marie de Guise about it. The Protestant Lords of Fife, who killed David Beaton and held the regent's son, James Hamilton , hostage at St Andrew's Castle, played for English support. In East Lothian , three friends of the Protestant minister George Wishart , John Cockburn of Ormiston , Ninian Cockburn and Alexander Crichton of Brunstane , England gave assistance. Lord Gray and the Master of Ruthven negotiated with the English just as readily.

More Scots were urged to subscribe to war bonds, to be paid by the English and to become "Assured Men". A model loan for security was placed at St Andrews Castle by a Scotsman, Henry Balnaves , in December 1546. This happened mainly in the war zones on the border and around English garrisons. After the war ended, many Scots were charged with securing and collaborating; 192 Dundee citizens were acquitted in 1553 and the entire city of Dumfries received a pardon. In July 1549 the security system was abandoned because of English losses in France. James Henrisoun then asked the English gentlemen "whether it would be better to conquer hearts without great expense, or burn them down and build forts at high cost, which Scotland will never conquer".

At the end of the war, the French celebrated their successful intervention with festivals such as the entry into Rouen. The details of these events were published in illustrated festival books. In England some English military commanders had their portraits painted to show their military bravery. B. John Luttrell , James Wilford or Thomas Wyndham and a (no longer preserved) picture in memory of Edward Shelley , who died in the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, was made. Exploits during the siege of Haddington later celebrated by the Elizabethan writer Ulpian Fulwell in 1575.

Individual references and comments

  1. ↑ James Maitland: A Narrative of the Minority of Mary Queen of Scots . Ipswich 1842.
  2. ^ Walter Scott: Tales of a Grandfather . 1866. p. 103, (chap. 29).
  3. ↑ Example: A Review of Teulet's France & Scotland in North British Review . Issue 24. (February 1856). P. 167.
  4. ↑ Jean de Beaugué: History of the campaigns in Scotland . 1707. LII. by Robert Gordon: History of the House of Sutherland . according to Crawford: Lives and Characters of the Officers of State . 1726, p. 84 footnote.
  5. ^ William Ferguson: Scotland's Relations with England, A Survey to 1707 . John Donald, Edinburgh 1977. p. 61.
  6. ↑ Marcus Merriman: The Rough Wooings, Mary Queen of Scots . Tuckwell, 2000. ISBN 1-86232-090-X . Pp. 6-10.
  7. ^ Raymond Campbell Paterson: My Wound is Deep: A Historiy of the Later Anglo-Scottish Wars, 1380-1560 . John Donald Publishers, Edinburgh 1997. ISBN 0-85976-465-6 . Pp. 166-168.
  8. ↑ Arthur Clifford (editor): Sadler State Papers . Volume 2. Edinburgh 1809. pp. 559-560. (Shortened and modernized). Quoted in: David M. Head: Henry VIII's Scottish Policy in Scottish Historical Review . Issue 61. No. 171 (April 1982). P. 23.
  9. ↑ Marcus Merriman: The Rough Wooings, Mary Queen of Scots . Tuckwell, 2000. ISBN 1-86232-090-X . P. 137.
  10. ↑ Maidment, J .: Analecta Scotica: Collections Illustrative of the Civil, Ecclesiastical, and Literary History of Scotland . TG Stevenson. Pp. 88-90. 1834. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
  11. ↑ Marcus Merriman: The Rough Wooings, Mary Queen of Scots . Tuckwell, 2000. ISBN 1-86232-090-X . P. 145.
  12. ^ Letters & Papers of Henry VIII . Volume 19. Part 1. 1903. No. 319, 348, 389.
  13. ^ The Late Expedition in Scotland, 1544 . London 1544. Reprinted in Tudor Tracts . London 1903. 41, 44. Joseph Stevenson (Editor): The History of Mary Stewart by Claude Nau, Edinburgh . 1883. pp. 318, 338-339.
  14. ^ Richard Grafton: A Chronicle at Large, 1569 . Volume 2. London 1809. pp. 490-491: Expedition into Scotland . 1544.
  15. ^ David Laing (editor): The Works of John Knox . Volume 1. Bannatyne Society, 1846. p. 120.
  16. ^ Raymond Campbell Paterson: My Wound is Deep: A Historiy of the Later Anglo-Scottish Wars, 1380-1560 . John Donald Publishers, Edinburgh 1997. ISBN 0-85976-465-6 . Pp. 182-184.
  17. ↑ Marcus Merriman: The Rough Wooings, Mary Queen of Scots . Tuckwell, 2000. ISBN 1-86232-090-X . Pp. 163, 195-201.
  18. ↑ Elizabeth Bonnar: The recovery of St. Andrews Castle in 1547, French diplomacy in the British Isles in English Historical Review . June 1996. pp. 578-598.
  19. ↑ Marcus Merriman: The Rough Wooings, Mary Queen of Scots . Tuckwell, 2000. ISBN 1-86232-090-X . Pp. 221-229.
  20. ^ John Hill Burton (editor): Register of the Privy Council of Scotland . Volume 1. 1877. pp. 73-75.
  21. ^ Raymond Campbell Paterson: My Wound is Deep: A Historiy of the Later Anglo-Scottish Wars, 1380-1560 . John Donald Publishers, Edinburgh 1997. ISBN 0-85976-465-6 . Pp. 195-198.
  22. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland . Volume 1. 1898. pp. 106, 108.
  23. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland . Volume 1. 1898. pp. 118, 119, 122, 132-133. Gray to Somerset .
  24. ^ Rosalind K. Marshall: Queen of Scots . Mercat, 2000. p. 27.
  25. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland . Volume 1. 1898. p. 158. Clinton to Gray .
  26. ^ HMC: Rutland . Volume 1. 1888. pp. 36-37.
  27. ↑ John Roche Dasent (Editor): Acts of the Privy Council . Volume 2. Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London 1890. pp. 416, 421.
  28. ^ WK Jordan: Chronicle and Papers of Edward VI . London 1966. pp. 21-22, 45.
  29. ↑ Jordan and others gave the first name Mayennes with Francis instead of Claude .
  30. ^ Acts of the Privy Council . Volume 2. 1890. pp. 420-421.
  31. ^ Festival Books of the British Library: C'est la Deduction du Sumpteaux Spectacles, ... Rouen (1551) ., 8.
  32. ↑ Marcus Merriman: The Rough Wooings, Mary Queen of Scots . Tuckwell, 2000. ISBN 1-86232-090-X . Pp. 34-36. (Quote from Deduction . Rouen 1551.)
  33. ^ Extracts from the Burgh Records of Edinburgh, 1528–1557 . 1871. p. 149: Ledger of Andrew Halyburton . 1867. S. lxxxv-lxxxvi. (Quote from a copy of the contract from the Edinburgh City Archives.)
  34. ^ Raymond Campbell Paterson: My Wound is Deep: A Historiy of the Later Anglo-Scottish Wars, 1380-1560 . John Donald Publishers, Edinburgh 1997. ISBN 0-85976-465-6 . Pp. 202-204.
  35. ^ WK Jordan (1966). Pp. 89-94: CSP Foreign Edward VI. 1861. pp. 190-191.
  36. ↑ CSP Foreign Edward VI. 1861. p. 87.
  37. ^ Thomas Rhymer (editor): Foedera . Volume 15, 1704. pp. 263-273.
  38. ↑ Pamela E. Ritchie: Mary of Guise, 1548-1560 . Tuckwell, 2002. pp. 57-60.
  39. ^ John Elder: A Proposal for uniting Scotland and England in Bannatyne Miscellany . Issue 1 (1827). Pp. 1-18.
  40. ↑ Elder later became Lord Darnley's tutor .
  41. ↑ Marcus Merriman: The Rough Wooings, Mary Queen of Scots . Tuckwell, 2000. ISBN 1-86232-090-X . Pp. 265-291.
  42. ↑ These English pamphlets were reprinted in the EETS edition of the Complaynt of Scotlande 1872.
  43. ↑ The Tragical Death of David, Beaton, Bishoppe of Sainct Andrewes in Scotland: whereunto is joyned the martyrdom of Maister George Wyseharte . John Day & William Seres, London 1548.
  44. ↑ John Roche Dasent (Editor): Acts of the Privy Council . Volume 2. Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London 1890. p. 225.
  45. ↑ Annie I. Cameron (editor): The Scottish Correspondence of Mary of Lorraine . SHS 1927. pp. 240-243.
  46. ^ Henry VIII - December 1546, 6-10 | Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 21 Part 2 (pp. 259-269) . British History Online. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
  47. ↑ Marcus Merriman: The Rough Wooings, Mary Queen of Scots . Tuckwell, 2000. ISBN 1-86232-090-X . P. 364.
  48. ↑ Marcus Merriman: The Rough Wooings, Mary Queen of Scots . Tuckwell, 2000. ISBN 1-86232-090-X . P. 342.
  49. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland . Volume 1. 1898, p. 180. No. 357.
  50. ^ Lionel Cust: The Painter HE in 2nd Annual Volume of the Walpole Society , Oxford 1913.

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Primary literature

Secondary literature

  • James Balfour Paul: Edinburgh in 1544 and Hertford's Invasion in Scottish Historical Review . Volume 8. 1911.
  • Elizabeth Bonnar: The recovery of St. Andrews Castle in 1547, French diplomacy in the British Isles in English Historical Review . June 1996. pp. 578-598.
  • ML Bush: The Government Policy of Protector Somerset . 1975.
  • G. Donaldson: Scotland: James V to James VII . 1965.
  • J. Ferguson: 1547: The Rough Wooing in Blackwood's Magazine . Issue 258, 1947.
  • John Rigby Hale: Tudor Fortifications, 1485-1558 in Renaissance War Studies . Hambledon 1983. pp. 63-98.
  • DM Head: Henry VIII's Scottish Policy: a Reassessment in Scottish Historical Review . Issue 61. 1981–1982.
  • JD Mackie: Henry VIII and Scotland in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society . 4th series. Issue 29. 1947.
  • Marcus Merriman: The Assured Scots: Scottish Collaboration with England during the Rough Wooing in Scottish Historical Review . Issue 47, 1968.
  • Marcus Merriman: War and Propaganda during the Rough Wooing in International Review of Scottish Studies . Issue 10. 1980.
  • Marcus Merriman, J. Summerson: The History of King's Works . Part 8. Volume 4. Part IV. Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London 1982.
  • Marcus Merriman: The Rough Wooings, Mary Queen of Scots, 1542–1551. Tuckwell, 2000. ISBN 1-86232-090-X
  • Raymond Campbell Paterson: My Wound is Deep: A History of the Later Anglo-Scottish Wars, 1380-1560 . John Donalds Publishers, Edinburgh 1997. ISBN 0-85976-465-6 .
  • AF Pollard: The Protector Somerset and Scotland in English Historical Review . Issue 13. 1898.
  • Pamela E. Ritchie: Mary of Guise in Scotland 1548-1560 . Tuckwell, 2002. ISBN 1-86232-184-1 .