List of the Bishops of Orkney

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The names and order of the early bishops of Orkney are subject to great uncertainty. There are several sources with different names:

  1. "Biskupatal" (list of bishops) by Björn from Skarðsá from around 1350 or earlier, printed in the Diplomatarium Islandicum . He writes that he took it from a book that was written before the great plague in 1350.
  2. In the Orkneyinga saga , bishops of Orkney are also mentioned, who partly agree with the "Biskupatal".
  3. Þormóður Torfason reports in his work Orcades seu rerum Orcadensium historiae . Copenhagen 1697 in the "Historiae Orcadensis liber II" (De primis insularum episcopis ...) also by bishops.
  4. The information provided by Adam von Bremen in the "Bishop's History of the Hamburg Church" differs from this, but it also does not give any dates or reliable order.
  5. English chronicles testify that in addition to the Archbishop of Hamburg , the Archbishop of York also appointed bishops for Orkney, who apparently served at the same time, possibly supported by rival Jarlen .

Orkney was originally part of the English episcopate . But Adam von Bremen reports that an embassy had come to him from Orkney and asked for missionaries and a bishop. Thereupon he consecrated Thorulf on behalf of Pope. This news fits that after the Orkneyinga saga Jarl Þorfinnr went on a trip to Rome and after his return to Birsey (Byrgisherað) had a large episcopal church built. The Jarl had a tense relationship with Jarl Sigurd of Northumberland and submitted to the Norwegian King . So he had cause to withdraw from the English Church. The bishops of Scotland appear to have opposed this. Maurer cites English sources in vol. 2, p. 618, footnote 182, according to which the Scottish episcopate ordained bishops for Orkney around 1084. During the time of the Norwegian King Olav Kyrre , the Norwegian royal power was not present in Orkney. Except for Thorulf, the first bishops do not seem to have left any profound traces, as they are ignored in the Scandinavian bishops' lists. These usually begin with Wilhelm I.

After 1382, the Western Schism (1378-1417) led to the fact that bishops for Orkney were consecrated side by side by both the Pope in Rome and the Antipope in Avignon , because Norway supported the Pope in Rome, Scotland the Pope in Avignon.

The bishops

The following people were bishops of Orkney :

  • around 1035 Henrik I (first chaplain to King Canute II , then mission bishop sent from England; later bishop of Lund )
  • 1072 Thorulf (by Adalbert von Bremen ) later became Bishop of Viken (area around the Oslofjord) in Norway.
  • around 1081 Raudolfur (Roðúlfr), consecrated by Archbishop Thomas of York while Thorulf was still in office and is therefore not considered lawful.
  • (Rodserning) only mentioned in "Biskupatal", nowhere else.
  • 1055 Johann I.
  • 1043 × 1072 Adalbert (sent to Orkney as bishop by Adalbert von Bremen, then went to Norway.)
  • 1100 × 1108 Roger, consecrated by Archbishop Girardus of York (1100–1108) as Raudolfur's successor. At the same time as Wilhelm I.
  • 1109 × 1114–1129 × 1151 Radulf, consecrated by Archbishop Thomas II of York (1109–1114). At the same time as Wilhelm I.
  • 1102–1168 Wilhelm I the Old. With him, the Hamburg-Norwegian Church has prevailed. This happened on the occasion of the establishment of the Archdiocese of Nidaros by Cardinal Breakspear .
  • 1168–1188 Wilhelm II.
  • 1188–1222 Bjarni Kolbeinsson Skald (poet of the Jómsvíkingadrápa )
  • 1223–1246 Gottfried (Jofreyrr)
  • 1247–1269 Henrik (also "Hervi" or "Herui", probably due to a transcription error). He is called in the sources "canons of Orkney". This is the first written mention of a cathedral chapter in Orkney. He was born out of wedlock and needed a dispensation from the Pope.
  • 1270-1284 Peter
  • 1286–1309 Dolgfinnr, consecrated by Bishop Andres of Oslo (1267–1287)
  • 1310–? William III. For over 15 years he embezzled the Peterspfennig amounting to 53 weight marks sterling. The date of his death is unknown.
  • 1369–1383 Wilhelm IV.
  • around 1382-1394 Johann II. von Pentlar (afterwards Bishop of Greenland)
  • 1383-1391 Robert Sinclair (counter-bishop of antipope Clement VII in Avignon, then bishop of Dunkeld)
  • 1394 Heinrich II. ( Appointed by Boniface IX. In Rome. Before that, Bishop of Greenland, exchanges the bishopric with John II.)
  • 1396–1397 × 1418 John Pak of Colchester (Johannes Anglus)
  • 1398 × 1407–1414 Alexander de Vaus ( Elect , counterbishop by the antipope Benedict XIII in Avignon, then 1419–1428 Bishop of Caithness )
  • 1415–1419 William Stephani (Stephenson) (opposing bishop by the Pope in Avignon, then Bishop of Dunblane )
  • 1418-1661 Thomas de Tulloch of Martin V appointed.
  • 1461-1477 William de Tulloch. In 1477 he was transferred to Moray .
  • 1477-1503 × 1506 Andrew Pictoris
  • 1503 × 1506-1524 × 1525 Edward Stewart
  • 1524-1526 John Benston
  • 1526-1541 Robert Maxwell
  • 1541–1558 Robert Reid
  • 1559-1593 Adam Bothwell

Bishops of the Church of Scotland

  • 1605–1615 James Law (then Archbishop of Glasgow )
  • 1615–1638 George Graham (previously Bishop of Dunblane)
  • 1639 Robert Barron (Elect)
  • 1638–1661 bishopric abolished
  • 1662–1663 Thomas Sydserf (previously Bishop of Galloway and Brechin)
  • 1664–1676 Andrew Honeyman
  • 1677–1688 Murdoch MacKenzie (previously Bishop of Moray)
  • 1688 Andrew Bruce (previously Bishop of Dunkeld)

literature

  • Adam of Bremen : Bishop history of the Hamburg church. In: Werner Trillmich , Rudolf Buchner (ed.): Sources of the 9th and 11th centuries on the history of Hamburg's history and the empire. = Fontes saeculorum noni et undecimi historiam ecclesiae Hammaburgensis necnon imperii illustrantes (= selected sources on German history in the Middle Ages. 11). 5th revised edition. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1978, ISBN 3-534-00602-X , pp. 137-499.
  • John Dowden: The Bishops of Scotland. Being notes on the lives of all the bishops, under each of the sees, prior to the reformation. Edited by J. Maitland Thomson. James MacLehose and Sons, Glasgow 1912, pp. 252-270 .
  • Rudolph Keyser: Den norske Kirkes history under catholicisms. 2 volumes. Tønsberg, Christiania 1856-1858.
  • Konrad Maurer : The conversion of the Norwegian tribe to Christianity. Described in its historical course by sources. 2 volumes. Kaiser, Munich 1855–1856 (reprint: Zeller, Osnabrück 1965).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Diplomatarium Islandicum. Volume 3: 1269-1415. Möller, Kaupmannahöfn 1896, pp. 45-53
  2. ↑ a b c Maurer: The conversion of the Norwegian tribe to Christianity. Volume 2. 1856, p. 619 .
  3. ^ C. Weeke: Henrik, –0. 1060- . In: Carl Frederik Bricka (Ed.): Dansk biografisk Lexikon. Tillige omfattende Norge for Tidsrummet 1537-1814. 1st edition. tape 7 : I. Hansen – Holmsted . Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag, Copenhagen 1893, p. 364 (Danish, runeberg.org ).
  4. ↑ Adam von Bremen p. 431 = III, 77 and p. 485 = IV, 35.
  5. ↑ Maurer: The conversion of the Norwegian tribe to Christianity. Volume 2. 1856, p. 618 .
  6. ↑ Used in the "Biskupatal" (list of bishops) in Diplomatarium Islandicum. Volume 3: 1269-1415. Möller, Kaupmannahöfn 1896, p. 50 named as the first bishop. Rudolph Keyser: Den norske Kirkes history under catholicisms. Volume 1. 1856, p. 158 . Adam von Bremen p. 485 = IV, 36 reports that before Torulf "English and Scottish bishops" led the parishes. Maurer names the consecration in 1081: The conversion of the Norwegian tribe to Christianity. Volume 2. 1856, p. 618 .
  7. ↑ Adam von Bremen p. 431 = III, 77.
  8. ↑ Adam von Bremen p. 431 = III, 77 and fn. 328.
  9. ↑ Maurer: The conversion of the Norwegian tribe to Christianity. Volume 2. 1856, p. 624 and "Biskupatal".
  10. ^ Annales islandici for the year 1222.
  11. ^ Diplomatarium Norvegicum. Volume 1. Malling, Kristiania 1847, No. 42
  12. ^ Keyser: Den norske Kirkes Historie under Katholicismen. Volume 2. 1858, p. 210 .
  13. ↑ He is the last bishop mentioned in "Biskupatal". Date of death there 1383.
  14. ^ Diplomatarium Norvegicum. Volume 17. Malling, Kristiania 1902, No. 180 .