Jantar (satellite)
As Jantar ( Russian Янтарь , German Bernstein) is a series of Russian reconnaissance satellite called. The satellites will be launched into low earth orbit under the code name Kosmos .
history
The history of the Jantar series began in 1964 when the construction of an unmanned reconnaissance satellite series was planned in Kuibyshev . It was derived from the Soyuz space capsule and provided for two versions. Jantar-1 ( GRAU index 11F622) for large-scale surveillance and cartography and Jantar-2 (11F623) for high-resolution images. In the meantime, other series such as the extremely high-resolution Jantar-6K (11F650), the high-resolution Jantar-6KS (11F661) and the monitoring satellites Jantar-1KF (11F630) and Jantar-3KF (11F649) were planned, but ultimately never implemented. In some cases, however, these became precursors for other satellites, such as the Jantar-6K, which were further developed to become the Orlets -1 satellite. All should be equipped with return capsules for the exposed films tested on board Soyuz spacecraft. The development of the Jantar-2 took years, since priority was given to the manned spacecraft, but did not stand still and so on July 21, 1967 the development and construction of the Jantar-2K series (11F624, code name Feniks ) was approved. The first flight was initially planned for 1969, but did not take place until May 23, 1974, whereby the satellite was also lost due to an error in the separation of the first and second stage of the launcher . So the first test (of a not fully equipped test copy) only took place at the next start on December 13, 1974, which was successful and landed again on December 25 with the first recordings. The satellite has a high-resolution Schemchug 4 camera system that works in the classic way with film and brings it back to earth with return capsules.
Since in the mid-1970s after the test of the Jantar 2K series satellites it became apparent that they could not meet the requirements for reconnaissance, three variants of a future development were discussed by the relevant Soviet bodies in May 1977. One of them was the Jantar-4K photo reconnaissance satellite ( GRAU index 11F693), which should remain operational for 50% longer than the Jantar-2K series at 45 days. It was developed by the Koslow design office (after Dmitry Koslow ) in Samara on the basis of experience with the Soyuz spaceship and as a further development of the Jantar 2K series satellite bus , with the development being carried out in two steps. The first stage was the Jantar-4K1 version , which was to be launched into space by a Soyuz-U rocket . The following version, Jantar-4K2 (code name Kobalt ) should then be launched with the more powerful Zenit rocket , but this was never used. The satellite has a high-resolution Schemchug-18 camera system that works in the classic way with film and brings it back to earth with return capsules. It can take pictures up to 60 ° outside the vertical and thus depict a larger area. The first test launch took place on April 27, 1979 from Plesetsk with a Soyuz U rocket. After further successful tests, the system was declared operational in 1982 under the code name Octane . From 1984 the projected lifespan of the satellites was increased to over 60 days, from 1996 to 90 and from 1997 to 120 days. From the year 2000, a further developed version called Kobalt-M was used.
In addition to Jantar-4K, the Jantar-1KFT cartography satellite and the Jantar-4KS (GRAU index 11F694, code name Terilen ) satellites equipped with electro-optical systems (instead of conventional film) were put into service. The latter use cameras with a resolution of around 2 m in the optical and infrared range for reconnaissance, which transmitted the images to Earth via the Potok / Lutsch relay satellites . The first test took place in 1979, although the system did not start until December 28, 1982. It was officially put into service in 1985. Even with this variant of the Jantar, the planned version Jantar-4KS2 was never realized and abandoned on June 1, 1983, because with a launch mass of 13 t it would have exceeded the payload capacity of the Zenit rocket planned as a carrier. Instead, a modernized variant Jantar-4KS1M (GRAU-Index 17F117, code name Neman ) was put into service around 1991 , which was able to provide around 50 days longer in data with around 250 days. Based on the Jantar-4KS1M satellites, an earth observation satellite named Resurs-DK1 was launched on August 5, 2006 with the appropriate research equipment .
| series | Other names | GRAY index | First start | last start | number | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jantar-1KFT | Kometa, Siluet | 11F660 | 18th February 1981 | September 2, 2005 | 21st | |
| Jantar-2K | Feniks | 11F624 | May 23, 1974 | June 28, 1983 | 30th | |
| Jantar-4K1 | octane | 11F693 | April 27, 1979 | November 30, 1983 | 12 | |
| Jantar-4K2 | cobalt | 11F695 | August 21, 1981 | February 25, 2002 | 82 | |
| Jantar-4K2M | Cobalt-M | 11F695M | September 24, 2004 | May 6, 2014 | 9 | in action |
| Jantar-4KS1 | Terilen | 11F694 | December 28, 1982 | December 21, 1990 | 15th | |
| Jantar-4KS1M | No, sorry man | 17F117 | July 10, 1991 | May 3, 2000 | 9 |
Technical specifications
The Jantar-2K and -4K satellites have a cone shape with two solar cell arms and weigh about 6.6 tons. They are 6.3 meters long and have a maximum diameter of 2.7 meters. They each consist of an equipment (service module), an instrument module and a camera module that comes back to earth. The exposed film can be transported back to earth during the mission with two small return capsules. The typical orbit of such a satellite was a 171 × 334 km orbit (230 × 280 km or 180 × 270 km for Jantar-4KS) with an inclination of 64.9 ° or later 70.4 ° (when taking off from Baikonur ) or 67.1 to 67.2 ° (when taking off from Plesetsk). The satellites have been built by the Arsenal company in Saint Petersburg since 1984 (after the development and test phase) .
The Jantar-1KFT satellite consists of the service module of the Jantar-2K / 4K satellites, the spherical return system of the Zenit reconnaissance satellites and the solar cell arms of the Resource F2 satellite. It is more like the original Soyuz spacecraft than the Jantar 2K satellites. It is equipped with a film-based camera of the type TK-350 (350 mm focal length, image coverage 200 km × 300 km, 10 m resolution) and a high-resolution camera (KVR-1000, image coverage 40 km × 40 km, 2 m resolution). It is based on the Jantar-1KF design, which had to be redesigned from 1971 (official development contract in May 1976) because the payload of the Soyuz U rocket would not have been sufficient for this design. The height of the railway is about 220 km and the duration of use is 45 days.
All satellites are maneuverable in space thanks to their engines.
Start chronicle
Feniks
- Kosmos (656): False start on May 23, 1974
- Kosmos 697: Launched December 13, 1974
- Kosmos 758: Start on September 5, 1975, due to problems with the Condor attitude control system, the self-destruction system was activated on September 6
- Kosmos 805: Launch on February 20, 1976, first fully equipped satellite with return capsules, but they did not work (the braking parachute of the first did not unfold, the second remained in orbit due to a fault in the brake engine)
- Cosmos 844: Start on July 22nd, 1976, a solar cell sail did not unfold, destroyed by radio command after three days
- Kosmos 905: Launched April 26, 1977, first complete success
- Cosmos 949: launched on September 6, 1977
- Cosmos 1028: Launched on August 5, 1978
- Cosmos 1079: Launched on February 27, 1979
- Cosmos 1121: Started on August 14, 1979
- Cosmos 1144: Launched November 2, 1979
- Kosmos 1152: launched on January 24, 1980
- Kosmos 1208: Launched on August 26, 1980
- Cosmos 1236: Launched December 26, 1980
- Cosmos 1240: Started on January 20, 1981 from Baikonur
- Cosmos 1248: Launched on March 5, 1981
- Kosmos (1261): False start on March 28, 1981 from Baikonur
- Cosmos 1270: Started on May 18, 1981 from Baikonur
- Cosmos 1274: Started June 3, 1981
- Cosmos 1282: Started on July 15, 1981 from Baikonur
- Cosmos 1296: Started on August 13, 1981
- Kosmos 1318: Started on November 3rd, 1981
- Cosmos 1330: Started on December 19, 1981 from Baikonur
- Cosmos 1336: Started on January 30, 1982 from Baikonur
- Cosmos 1350: Started on April 15, 1982 from Baikonur
- Cosmos 1384: Started on June 30, 1982 from Baikonur
- Kosmos 1407: Launched on September 15, 1982
- Kosmos 1439: Started on February 2, 1983
- Cosmos 1454: Started April 22, 1983
- Cosmos 1471: Started June 28, 1983
Octane / cobalt
- Kosmos 1097: First test flight on April 27, 1979, return after 30 days
- Kosmos 1177: Second test flight on April 29, 1980, return after 44 days
- Cosmos 1218: Started on October 30, 1980 from Baikonur
- Cosmos 1298: Started on August 21, 1981
- Cosmos 1347: Started on April 2, 1982
- Kosmos 1377: Started on June 8, 1982
- Kosmos (1379): false start on June 12, 1982
- Cosmos 1399: Launched on August 4, 1982
- Kosmos 1424: Started on December 16, 1982
- Cosmos 1442: Started on February 25, 1983
- Cosmos 1457: Launch on April 26, 1983. The only satellite with an orbit inclination of 70.4 °.
- Kosmos 1466: Started on May 26, 1983
- Cosmos 1489: Started on August 10, 1983
- Cosmos 1496: Started September 7, 1983
- Kosmos 1504: Launched October 14, 1983
- Kosmos 1511: Started November 30, 1983
- Kosmos 1532: Started on January 13, 1984
- Kosmos 1539: Started on February 28, 1984
- Cosmos 1548: Started April 10, 1984
- Kosmos 1558: Started on May 25, 1984
- Cosmos 1576: Started June 26, 1984
- Cosmos 1585: Started July 31, 1984
- Kosmos 1599: Started September 25, 1984
- Kosmos 1611: Started November 21, 1984
- Kosmos 1616: Launched January 9, 1985
- Kosmos 1630: Started on February 27, 1985
- Kosmos 1647: Started on April 19, 1985
- Kosmos 1654: Started on May 23, 1985
- Kosmos 1676: Started on August 16, 1985
- Kosmos 1679: Started on August 29, 1985
- Kosmos 1699: Started on October 25, 1985
- Kosmos 1706: Launched December 11, 1985
- Kosmos 1724: Started January 15, 1986
- Kosmos 1734: Started on February 26, 1986
- Kosmos 1739: Started on April 9, 1986
- Kosmos 1756: Started on June 6, 1986
- Kosmos 1764: Started on July 17, 1986
- Kosmos 1773: Started on August 27, 1986
- Kosmos 1792: Started on November 13, 1986
- Kosmos 1807: Started on December 16, 1986
- Kosmos 1811: Started on January 9, 1987
- Kosmos 1824: Started on February 26, 1987
- Kosmos 1835: Started on April 9, 1987
- Kosmos 1847: Started on May 26, 1987
- Kosmos 1866: Launch on July 9th, 1987, exploded in space on July 26th due to engine failure
- Kosmos 1886: Started on September 17, 1987
- Kosmos 1893: Started on October 22, 1987
- Kosmos 1901: Started December 14, 1987
- Kosmos 1916: Started on February 3, 1988
- Kosmos 1935: Started on March 24, 1988
- Kosmos 1942: Started on May 12, 1988
- Cosmos 1955: Started on June 22, 1988
- Cosmos 1963: Started on August 16, 1988
- Kosmos 1969: Launched September 15, 1988
- Kosmos 1984: Launched December 16, 1988
- Kosmos 1993: Launched January 28, 1989
- Kosmos 2005: Launched on March 2, 1989
- Kosmos 2018: Launch on April 20, 1989
- Kosmos 2020: Start on May 17, 1989
- Cosmos 2030: Start on July 12, 1989, exploded in space on July 28
- Kosmos 2047: Start on October 3, 1989
- Cosmos 2052: Started November 30, 1989
- Cosmos 2057: Started January 25, 1990
- Kosmos (2064): false start on April 3, 1990
- Kosmos 2077: Start on May 7, 1990
- Kosmos (2085): False start on July 3, 1990
- Kosmos 2089: Started on August 3, 1990
- Kosmos 2102: Started on October 16, 1990
- Cosmos 2108: Launched on December 4, 1990
- Kosmos 2124: Launched on February 7, 1991
- Kosmos 2138: Launched March 26, 1991
- Cosmos 2149: Launched on May 24, 1991
- Cosmos 2156: Launched on September 19, 1991
- Kosmos 2171: Launched on November 20, 1991
- Kosmos 2175: Launched on January 21, 1992
- Kosmos 2182: Started April 1, 1992
- Kosmos 2186: Launched on May 28, 1992
- Kosmos 2203: Launched on July 24, 1992
- Kosmos 2210: Launched on September 22, 1992
- Kosmos 2220: Launched on November 20, 1992
- Kosmos 2231: Launched on January 19, 1993
- Cosmos 2240: Launched on April 2, 1993
- Cosmos 2259: Launched on July 14, 1993, only 11 days in orbit
- Cosmos 2274: Launch on March 17, 1994, 65 days in space
- Cosmos 2283: Launch on July 20, 1994, 71 days in space
- Kosmos 2311: Launched on March 22, 1995
- Cosmos 2314: Launched on June 28, 1995
- Cosmos 2331: Launch on March 14, 1996. 89 days in space
- Kosmos (2333b): Launch on June 1, 1996, launch vehicle crash 50s after launch
- Cosmos 2348: Launch on December 15, 1997, 120 days in space
- Cosmos 2358: Launched June 24, 1998
- Cosmos 2365: Launched on August 18, 1999
- Cosmos 2377: Launch on May 29, 2001, 131 days in space.
- Kosmos 2387: Started on February 25, 2002
Cobalt-M
- Cosmos 2410: Probably the first cobalt-M-type satellite. Launched on September 24, 2004. Returned to Earth on January 9, 2005. Flew in a higher orbit of 213 × 330 km and was brought back to Earth prematurely.
- Cosmos 2420: Start on May 3, 2006, return to Earth on July 19, 2006
- Cosmos 2427: Start on June 7th, 2007, return to Earth on August 22nd, 2007
- Cosmos 2445: Launch on November 14, 2008
- Kosmos 2450: Launch on April 29, 2009
- Cosmos 2462: Start on April 16, 2010
- Cosmos 2472: Launch on June 27, 2011
- Kosmos 2480: Launch on May 17, 2012
- Cosmos 2495: Launch on May 6, 2014
- Kosmos 2505: Launch on June 5, 2015
Kometa
- Cosmos 1246: Started on February 18, 1981
- Kosmos 1370: Started May 28, 1982
- Kosmos 1516: Started December 27, 1983
- Kosmos 1608: Started November 14, 1984
- Kosmos 1673: Started on August 8, 1985
- Kosmos 1784: Started October 6, 1986
- Kosmos 1865: Started on July 8, 1987
- Kosmos 1896: Started on November 14, 1987
- Kosmos 1944: Started May 18, 1988
- Kosmos 1986: Launched December 29, 1988
- Kosmos 2021: Start on May 24, 1989
- Cosmos 2078: Launch on May 15, 1990
- Kosmos 2134: Launched on February 15, 1991
- Kosmos 2174: Launched on December 17, 1991
- Kosmos 2185: Launched on April 29, 1992
- Cosmos 2243: Launched on April 27, 1993
- Cosmos 2284: Launched on July 29, 1994
- Kosmos (2333a): False start on May 14, 1996
- Cosmos 2349: Launched on February 17, 1998
- Kosmos 2373: Launch on September 29, 2000, satellite with Vostok return capsule and partly civil geodetic tasks
- Kosmos 2415: Launch on September 2, 2005
Terilen
- Cosmos 1426: Start on December 28, 1982, 69 days in space
- Cosmos 1552: Start on May 14, 1984, 173 days in space
- Cosmos 1643: Start on March 25, 1985, 207 days in space
- Kosmos 1731: Started on February 7, 1986
- Kosmos 1770: Started on August 6, 1986
- Kosmos 1810: Started December 26, 1986
- Kosmos 1836: Started April 16, 1987
- Kosmos 1881: Started on September 11, 1987
- Kosmos 1936: Started March 30, 1988
- Kosmos 1958: Start on July 9, 1988, false start
- Kosmos 1979: Start on November 11th, 1988, false start
- Kosmos 2007: Launched on March 23, 1989
- Cosmos 2049: Launch on November 17, 1989
- Cosmos 2072: Start on April 13, 1990
- Kosmos 2113: Started on December 21, 1990
No, sorry man
- Cosmos 2153: Launched on July 10, 1991
- Cosmos 2183: Started April 8, 1992
- Cosmos 2223: Launched December 9, 1992
- Cosmos 2267: Launched November 5, 1993
- Kosmos 2280: Launched April 28, 1994
- Cosmos 2305: Launched December 29, 1994
- Kosmos 2320: Launched on September 29, 1995
- Cosmos 2359: Started June 25, 1998
- Kosmos 2370: Launched on May 3, 2000
Web links
- YANTAR-4K1 octant photo recce ( Memento from August 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
- Fourth generation reconnaissance satellites - Yantar-2K
- The Orion: Russia launches reconnaissance satellites
- Космический аппарат детальной фоторазведки "Янтарь-4К2" (Russian)
- Baikonur info: Спутники "Янтарь" ( Memento from January 16, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (Russian)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Yantar-4K in the Encyclopedia Astronautica (English)
- ↑ Gunter's Space Page: Yantar-4KS1 (English)
- ↑ Yantar-4KS1 in the Encyclopedia Astronautica (English)
- ↑ Sven Grahn: Fourth generation reconnaissance satellites (English)