Julián de Zulueta y Amondo

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Julián de Zulueta y Amondo (born January 8, 1814 in Anúcita , Ribera Alta , Álava, Autonomous Community of Basque Country ; † May 4, 1878 in Havana ) was Alcalde of Havana from 1864 to 1876 .

Julián de Zulueta y Amondo was Cónsul del Real Tribunal de Comercio; Chairman of the Comisión Central de Colonización and the Comisión de las Juntas de la Deuda of the Comisión de Hacendados y Propietarios He was Colonel of the Militia, Senator of the King for life Chairman of the Casino Español de La Habana; Chairman of the Partido de Españoles en Cuba.

Life

His mother was Manuela Estefania de Amondo y Barañano a cousin of Andrés de Isasi . His father was Domingo Timoteo de Zulueta y de Salcedo, de Lezameta y Ugarte.

In 1832 Julián de Zulueta y Amondo emigrated from the Basque Country to Cuba. He married Juliana Ruiz de Gamiz y de Zulueta on October 1, 1842 in Havana.

Slave-owner and coolie-contractor

The trading house Zulueta & Company was a global family business, to which Pedro José de Zulueta in London belonged. The family business was active in the slave trade after the last Asiento de Negros , which the South Sea Company had concluded for the period from 1714 to 1744. After the revolution in Haiti , between 1791 and 1803, nothing was bought for the world market from what was then the world's largest sugar producer . Some of the French sugar planters had emigrated to Cuba and sugar cane cultivation began in 1800 and after a short time sugar cane was grown on all high-yielding soils. Slave labor brought profit for this palantage economy in Cuba. In 1774, 3,8889 people in Cuba were slaves, making up 22.8% of the population. In 1841, 436,495 people in Cuba were slaves, making up 43.3% of the population. The slave trade had been banned in Britain since 1807. From 1812 to 1844 the slaves in Cuba dared eight major uprisings, which were put down by the slave owners and the Spanish militia.

The slave owner and sugar cane Haziendero , Julian de Zuluetas brought in 1844 as chairman of the Real Junta de Fomento y de Colonización , a landowners association. The proposal to recruit coolies in China.

This project came Zulueta & Company by Pedro José de Zulueta, in London as a trustee. In 1846 she signed subcontracting agreements with Matía Menchacatorre of Manila and Tait & Company of London. These companies, and the like, used middlemen called chu chay tau (pig keepers) in China to recruit workers. The young, healthy farmers were promised soon wealth and quickly embarked in Amoy , a trading port in the province of Fujian in southern China to Tay Loy Sonne, the great Spain.

On June 3, 1847, the Spanish ship Oquendo moored in Havana after 131 days at sea with 206 Chinese on board. Of these, six had died at sea and seven shortly after arrival. On June 12, 1847, the British Duke of Argyle arrived in Havana with 365 Chinese after 123 days at sea; 30 had died at sea. The Real Junta de Fomento y de Colonización distributed the coolies of the two ships in groups of ten to the various plantation owners and a railway company. They were treated like slaves.

Pedro Juan Zulueta de Ceballos became the wealthiest man in the Spanish Empire during the cool years in Cuba.

Julián de Zulueta y Amondo married Francisca de los Dolores Sama y de la Mota on January 17, 1864 in Havana (Trujillo, Badajoz, October 4, 1825 + May 12, 1857),

Her children included Salvador de Zulueta de Zulueta y Sama († February 21, 1913) and Ernesto de Zulueta y Sama .

In his factories he introduced industrial sugar processing methods early on. His correspondence with the US sugar importer Brown & Manson in Boston has partially survived.

Appreciation by the Spanish Crown

To him the Grand Cross of the Order de Isabel la Católica and the Order of Charles III. awarded. He was made the first Marquess of Álava and the first Viscount of Casa Blanca.

literature

  • Transferencias de capitales Antillanos a Europa. Los patrimonios de Pedro Juan de Zulueta y Ceballos y de Peddro José de Zulueta y Madariaga (1823–1877)
  • Marrero Cruz, Eduardo. "Julian de Zulueta y Amondo: Promoter del capitalismo en Cuba". La Habana: Union, 2006 ( ISBN 978-9592097407 ).
  • Urko Apaolaza Avila, Un análisis sobre la historiografía en torno al alavés Julián de Zulueta y Amondo, Sancho el sabio: Revista de cultura e investigación vasca, ISSN  1131-5350 , Nº 18, 2003, p. 121-140

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Martín Checa-Artasu, HACIA UNA GEOGRAFIA DE LAS PRIMERAS MIGRACIONES CHINAS EN EL CARIBE
  2. ↑ Evelyn Hu-Dehart, Chinese Coolie Labor in Cuba in the Nineteenth Century: Free Labor of Neoslavery
  3. ↑ Lisa Yun, The coolie speaks: Chinese indentured laborers and African slaves in Cuba
  4. ↑ http://www.criadoperez.com/tree/individual.php?pid=I627&ged=family_gedcom  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.criadoperez.com  
  5. ^ Letter from Julián de Zulueta to Churchill, Browns & Manson, May 29, 1869
personal data
SURNAME Zulueta y Amondo, Julián de
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Cuban entrepreneur, politician, Alcalde of Havana
DATE OF BIRTH January 8, 1814
PLACE OF BIRTH Anúcita , Álava
DATE OF DEATH May 4, 1878
Place of death Havana