Kingdom of Gowa

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The Royal Palace of Gowa 1890

For some time, Gowa was the most powerful kingdom in the east of what is now Indonesia . Its capital, Somba Opu, was in the southern part of today's Makassar , the capital of the province of South Sulawesi . The kingdom reached its golden era under the rule of Sultan Hasanuddin , who tried to unite the neighboring kingdoms against the Dutch colonial power. After a protracted war, the Sultan suffered a defeat and signed the Treaty of Bongaja , which was very disadvantageous for Gowa and resulted in the destruction of the capital Somba Opu by the Dutch. After the loss of the war, the leadership of the kingdom withdrew to the south, to what is now the Gowa district , while most of the residents stayed in a new small town of Vlaardingen north of Fort Rotterdam . The local city of Vlaardingen was later given the name Makassar, which was originally synonymous with the Kingdom of Gowa.

history

Sultan Tahur Muhibuddin (1936–1946) heard the speech of the Governor of Celebes and its dependencies, Mr. Bosselaar. (Early 1930s)
The royal tomb of Gowa in Katangka, south of Makassar, around 1929

According to the oral tradition of the Macassars, Gowa, together with the Kingdom of Tallo, became the double kingdom of Gowa-Tallo, which was founded in the early fourteenth century. The first ruler was Queen I Taru'ballanga Karaeng Bayo To Manurunga (1320-1345). She built her palace on a hill called Takka'bassia, the name of which was later changed to Tamalate .

The emergence of the kingdoms around Gowa and Makassar is described in poems 14 (4) and (5) of the book Nagarakretagama of the kingdom of Majapahit on Java , which was published in 1364 with the reign of King Gowa II Tumasalangga Baraya (1345-1370) coincided. Until the tenure of King Gowa VIII. I-Ri Pakere Tunijallo Passukki Tau (1460-1510) remained the government center in Tamalate. The two sons of King Gowa VI. Tunatangka Lopi (1445-1460) took over the respective governments of the Kingdom of Gowa in 1460, as King Gowa VII, called Tuniwanga Ri Paralekkanna , and of the Kingdom of Tallo as King Tallo I, called Karaeng Loe Ri Sero . The ninth King Daeng Matanre Karaeng Mangnguntungi, also known under the name Tumapa'risi Kallona (1510–1546), built the fortress Somba Opu and the royal palace inside.

List of rulers (Karaeng) of Gowa

  • I Taru'ballanga Karaeng Bayo "To Manurunga" (1300-1320)
  • I Massalangga Barayang (1320-1340)
  • I Puwang Lomo E Lembang (1340-1360)
  • I Tunijataban-ri (1360-1380)
  • Karaeng Puwanga (1380-1405)
  • Tunitangkalopi (1405–1450) - The first historically documented king
  • Batara Gowa I. (1450-1480)
  • I Pakere'tau Karaeng Tunijallo 'ri Pasukki (1480-1511)
  • Daeng Matanre Karaeng "Tumapa'risi 'Kallonna" (1511–1547) - builder of the fortifications around Makassar
  • I Manriwagau Daeng Bonto Karaeng Lakiung "Tunipallangga Ulaweng" (1547–1565)
  • I Tajibarani Daeng Marompa Karaeng Data "Tunibata" (1565 - 1565)
  • I Manggorai Daeng Mametta Karaeng ri Bontolangkasa "Tunijallo" (1565–1590)
  • I Tepu Daeng Parambung Assulukalah Karaeng ri Bontolangkasa "Tunipassulu" (1590–1593)
  • I Mangarangi Daeng Manrabia "Sultan Alauddin" (1593–1639) - The first Muslim king of Makassar
  • I Manuntungi Daeng Mattola Karaeng Lakiung "Sultan Malikul Said" (1639-1653)
  • I Mallombasi 'Muhammad Bakir' Daeng Mattawang Karaeng Bonto Mangape " Sultan Hasanuddin " (1653–1669) - called "Haantje van het Oosten" by the Dutch
  • I Mappasossong Daeng Nguraga "Sultan Amir Hamzah" (1669–1674)
  • "Sultan Muhammad Ali" (1674–1677)
  • I Mappadulung Daeng Mattimung Karaeng Sanrobone "Sultan Fakhruddin Abdul Jalil" (1677–1709) - final title: "Tumenanga-ri-Lakiung" (died in Lakiung)
  • La Parappa To 'Aparapu Sappewali Madanrang Daeng Bonto Karaeng Anamonjang "Sultan Shahabuddin Ismail" (1709–1712, also Prince of Bone ) - final title: "Tumenanga-ri-Sompaopu" (died in Sompaopu)
  • I Mappaurangi Karaeng Kanjilo "Sultan Sirajuddin" (1712–1739) - final title: "Tuammenang-ri-Pasi" (died in Pasi)
  • I Malawangau "Sultan Abdul Khair al-Mansur Shah" (1739–1742) - final title: "Tumenanga-ri-Gowa" (died in Gowa)
  • I Mappaba'basa "Sultan Abdul Kudus" (1742–1753) - final title: "Tumenanga-ri-Kala'birana" (died in 'his house')
  • Karaeng Batara Gowa II. 'Amas Madina Patti Mathari' "Sultan Usman Fakhruddin" (1753–1767) - final title: "Tumenanga-ri-Silung" (died in Silung)
  • I Malisujawa Daeng Riboko 'Arung Mampu' "Sultan Muhammad Imaduddin" (1767–1769) - final title: "Tumenanga-ri-Tompo'balang" (died in Tompo'balang)
  • I Makaraeng Karaeng Tamasangang Karaeng Katangka "Sultan Zainuddin" (1769–1777) - final title: "Tumenanga-ri-Matawangang" (died in Matawangang)
  • Sankilang (1777–1781) - an adventurer
  • I Mannawarri Karaeng Bontolangkasa Karaeng Mangasa "Sultan Abdul Hadi" (1781-1810)
  • Karaeng Pangkajene "Sultan Abdul Khalik" (1810-1814) - Under the British Protectorate (1811-1814)
  • Mappatunru, I Manginyarang Karaeng Lembangparang, "Sultan Abdul Rauf" (1814–1825) - final title: "Tumenanga-ri-Katangka" (died in Katangka); Under the British Protectorate (1814-1816)
  • La Oddanriu Karaeng Katangka "Sultan Abdul Rahman" (1825 - 1825) - final title: "Tumenanga-ri-Suangga" (died in Suangga)
  • I Kumala Karaeng Lembangparang "Sultan Abdul Kadir Muhammad Aidid" (1825-1893) - final title: "Tumenanga-ri-Kakoasangna" (died in 'his rule')
    • Karaeng Berowangang 'Mahmud' (1825–1844) - regent of Gowa
  • I Mallingkaang Daeng Nyonri Karaeng Katangka "Sultan Muhammad Idris" (1893–1895) - final title: "Tumenanga-ri-Kala'birana" (died in 'his house')
  • I Makkulau Daeng Serang Karaeng Lembangparang "Sultan Husainb" (1895–1906) - final title: "Tumenanga-ri-Bunduna" (died in 'his house')
    • No ruling king (1906–1936) - Ruled by the Netherlands; Makassar received the status of municipality
  • I Mangimangi Daeng Mattutu Karaeng Bontonompo "Sultan Muhammad Tahir Muhibuddin" (1936–1946) - final title: "Tumenanga-ri-Sungguminasa" (died in Sungguminasa)
  • Andi Ijo Daeng Mattawang Karaeng Lalolang "Sultan Muhammad Abdul Kadir Aidid" (1946–1978)
  • Andi Kumala Karaeng Sila Aiduddin (1978 -)

List of fortresses (Benteng) of Gowa

List of forts of the Kingdom of Gowa-Tallo that protected the main fortress Somba Opu and the city center as outposts during the Macassar War:

  1. Fortress Ujung Pandang (from 1669: renamed Fort Rotterdam) also known as Fortress Sea Turtle ( Benteng Pannyua )
  2. Anak Tallo fortress
  3. Barobosa fortress
  4. Bontorannu fortress
  5. Mariso Fortress
  6. Pattunuang Fortress
  7. Tallo fortress
  8. Ujung Tanah Fortress
  9. Anak Gowa Fortress (in today's Gowa)
  10. Kalegowa Fortress (in today's Gowa)
  11. Panakkukang Fortress (in today's Gowa)
  12. Barombong Fortress
  13. Galesong Fortress
  14. Sanrobone Fortress (in today's Takalar)

literature

Web links

Commons : Kingdom of Gowa  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files