Macassar

City of Makassar Kota Makassar Makassar
Macassar
Coordinates	5 ° 8 ′  S , 119 ° 25 ′  E Coordinates: 5 ° 8 ′  S , 119 ° 25 ′  E
Symbols
coat of arms
Motto "sekali layar terkembang, pantang biduk surut ke pantai" As soon as the sail is hoisted, one returns will not soon return to the beach
Basic data
Country	Indonesia
local community	Macassar
Geographical unit	Sulawesi
province	Sulawesi Selatan
height	15 m
surface	175.7 km²
Metropolitan area	2462 km²
Residents	1,338,663 (2010)
Metropolitan area	2,750,000 (2010)
density	7619  Ew. / km²
Metropolitan area	1117  Ew. / km²
founding	November 9, 1607
Website	Kota Makassar (Indonesian)
politics
mayor	Mohammad Ramdhan Pomanto (2013)
Culture
Twin cities	Aden Hakodate Kuala Terengganu Lismore Makasan Peshawar Qingdao Seongnam Wellington
economy
GDP growth	9.3%
Makassar at night with a view of the Tanjung Bunga peninsula

Makassar (also known in Makassar as Mangkasara , formerly Ujung Pandang ) is the capital of the Indonesian province of South Sulawesi and is located on the southwest coast of the island of Sulawesi . The city is part of the Mamminasata metropolitan area , founded in 2003 , which includes the municipality of Makassar and the administrative districts ( Kabupaten ) of Maros , Gowa and Takalar . A total of about 2.75 million people live in this metropolitan area. Makassar is the trading center and the main access for sea and air traffic to the eastern part of Indonesia and the southern part of Sulawesi. As a result of trade, Makassar has recorded above-average economic growth since the beginning of the new millennium and has become an important congress and MICE city ​​in Indonesia. With the “Makassar - 2020” program , the city administration is endeavoring to establish a reputation as a cosmopolitan city and to build on its importance during the historical maritime spice trade . The close relationship with the sea is underlined by the motto in the city's coat of arms: “As soon as the sail is hoisted, you won't return to the beach so quickly” ( Indonesian Sekali layar terkembang, pantang biduk surut ke pantai ).

Name and terms

As part of the expansion of the area, the city was officially renamed after the well-known Ujung Pandang fortress in 1971 , but again in 1999 to its original name Makassar. The two names are often used synonymously and are also names of two districts of Makassar. The port city is also known as "Kota Daeng" (city full of Daengs) because the adults get the additional name Daeng -Soundso, or as "City of the Breeze" (Makassar: Kota Anging Mamiri ), given the mostly gentle sea breeze from the present one Strait of Makassar . Makassar ebony , which is highly valued for furniture production , got its name from its port of export, and a hair care product that was widely used in Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries was called Makassar oil because of its origin . The term anti-macassar does not refer to behavior “against” the port city or its inhabitants, but rather the fabric covering for the armchairs, which should protect the upholstery from coming into contact with the sometimes oily hair of the sitter.

geography

Overview

Macassar

Makassars location in the center of Indonesia

At 199.26 km², Makassar is the largest city in eastern Indonesia in terms of area. The city is located in central Indonesia on the southwestern coast of Sulawesi on the Makassar Strait. It occupies a flat coastal strip with a varying height between 1 and 25 meters above sea level and an incline of 0 to 5 degrees to the west (coast). In the north the river Tallo and in the south the 70 km long Jeneberang flows into the strait. After the Makassar Strait on the western border, the city is surrounded by the three districts of Pangkajene Kepulauan , Maros and Gowa in a clockwise direction.

City structure

The urban area covers an area of ​​175.77 square kilometers and an additional eleven of the Spermonde Islands in the Strait of Makassar. It is subdivided into 14 districts ( Kecamatan ) with 143 districts ( Kelurahan ) and is presented in a table as follows:

prefix	Kecamatan	Residents [2010]	Area [km²]	Share [%]	Kelurahan [number]
010	Mariso ¹	56,313	1.82	1.04	9
020	Mamajang	59,133	2.25	1.28	13
030	Tamalate ¹	169,890	20.21	12.07	10
031	Rappocini	151.357	9.23	5.25	10
040	Macassar	81.901	2.52	1.43	14th
050	Ujung Pandang	27.206	2.63	1.50	10
060	Wajo ¹	29,670	1.99	1.13	8th
070	Bontoala	54,268	2.10	1.19	12
080	Ujung Tanah ¹	46,771	5.94	3.38	12
090	Tallo ¹	133,815	5.83	3.32	15th
100	Panakkukang	141,524	17.05	9.70	11
101	Manggala	117,303	24.14	13.73	6th
110	Biringkanaya ¹	167.843	48.22	27.43	7th
111	Tamalanrea ¹	101,669	31.84	18.11	6th
7371	Macassar as a whole	1,338,663	175.77	100.00	143

¹ lies on the Makassar coast

The water area belonging to the city is 100 square kilometers.

climate

Since the city is located near the equator , it is included in the tropical climate zone, which is generally hot and humid and characterized by pronounced rainy and dry seasons. The temperatures are consistently high throughout the year, but daily fluctuations of six to twelve degrees Celsius can occur. The average annual temperatures are between 25 and 32 ° C with a humidity between 73 and 93 percent. Every year it rains about 149 days with an annual rainfall of 2860 millimeters. With the rain often comes floods, especially in the catchment area of the river Jeneberang. The driest month is August with an average of 11.4 millimeters; in January fall up to 660 millimeters. The average wind speed is 4.2 knots , with a land-sea wind system as in other coastal regions .

The monsoons generally shape the climate in Southeast Asia and thus also in Makassar and other parts of Indonesia; During the northern summer (May to October), the south- east monsoon determines the weather with the wind blowing from the Australian continent towards the Asian continent. Since it mainly passes through the desert in Northern Australia and only to a small extent through the strait in southern Indonesia, Makassar is relatively hot and dry during this period. In the northern European winter, however, the more humid northwest monsoons blowing through the Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea influence the climate in Makassar. This brings a lot of rain between November and April with minimally lower temperatures. In this rainy season , the rice fields operated without an irrigation system are cultivated again. The intermonsoon period , i.e. the transition period between the two monsoons, lies between the northwest and southeast monsoons.

Macassar
Climate diagram
J F. M. A. M. J J A. S. O N D.     734   31 23     533   31 23     391   31 23     235   32 24     127   32 23     66   33 23     48   32 22nd     15th   34 20th     32   35 21st     83   35 22nd     273   34 23     549   31 23 Temperature in ° C ,  precipitation in mm Source: WMO

Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Makassar Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Max. Temperature ( ° C ) 30.7 31.0 31.3 32.0 32.1 32.5 32.4 34.3 34.8 34.6 33.5 31.3 O 32.5 Min. Temperature (° C) 23.2 22.7 23.3 23.6 23.4 22.9 21.7 20.1 21.2 21.7 22.7 23.0 O 22.5 Precipitation ( mm ) 734 533 391 235 127 66 48 15th 32 83 273 549 Σ 3,086 Rainy days ( d ) 27 26th 23 20th 17th 8th 4th 2 4th 7th 24 25th Σ 187 Source: WMO

population

With a current population of over 1.6 million, Makassar is the fifth most populous city in Indonesia after Jakarta , Surabaya , Bandung and Medan . The city is mainly inhabited by Buginese and Macassars, but also by Torajas , Mandarese , Butonese , Javanese and Chinese (Tionghoa). While the Buginese and Macassars are Islamic in religion, a tolerant stance in interreligious relationships has persisted since the Islamization of Makassar in the era of the Gowa-Tallo Empire in 1607.

There were a total of seven censuses in the city, although there was no census in the 1940s and 1950s due to World War II and its aftermath. The population development of Makassar from 1847 to 2011 with different registration procedures is tabulated as follows:

date Residents Registration 1847 24,000 City Register 1852 33,512 City Register 1861 43,717 City Register Oct. 1930 84,855 census 1940-1950 - no register Oct 1961 384.159 census 1965 415,826 City Register 1970 432,242 City Register Sep 1971 434,766 census 1972 561,328 City Register 1973 564,482 City Register 1974 575.771 City Register 1975 587.286 City Register 1976 596.876 City Register 1977 602.422 City Register 1978 602.916 City Register 1979 623.985 City Register Oct 1980 708.465 census 1981 712.219 City Register 1982 717.585 City Register 1983 736.159 City Register 1984 748.611 City Register 1985 753,362 City Register 1986 775.361 City Register

date Residents Registration 1987 798.002 City Register Dec 1988 821,957 City Register Dec 1989 822.013 City Register Oct 1990 944,372 census 1991 971.947 City Register 1992 1,000,328 City Register 1993 1,019,948 City Register 1994 1,048,201 City Register 1995 1,077,445 City Register 1996 1,107,267 City Register 1998 1,109,267 Electoral register 1999 1,191,456 City Register Jun. 2000 1,130,384 census 2001 1,112,688 City Register 2002 1,148,312 City Register 2003 1,060,011 City Register 2004 1,179,203 City Register 2005 1,193,434 City Register 2006 1,223,540 City Register 2007 1,235,118 City Register 2008 1,248,436 City Register 2009 1,272,349 City Register Jun. 2010 1,338,663 census 2011 1,557,771 City Register

history

The two closely related peoples, the indigenous Macassars and the settling Buginese, played the main role in the development of today's city of Makassar. With their sea-going ships, the Pinisis , they controlled the Strait of Makassar. Their trade routes stretched from the Aru Islands southwest of New Guinea to northern Australia , where they traded sea ​​cucumbers , clams , bird nests and mother-of-pearl for knives and salt among the Aborigines . The town of Pante Macassar ("Beach of the Macassars") in Timor got its name from traders from this town who settled there seasonally while waiting for the right winds to return. The first inhabitants of Madagascar were assumed by some historians on the basis of linguistic similarity from Makassar. With the diaspora of the two tribes, as a result of the colonization of Makassar by the Dutch , other places with similar names emerged in Indonesia, Malaysia , Thailand and in the southern part of Africa , which are historically connected to the original city.

The Gowa-Tallo Empire

Creation and shaping

The creation of the Tallo empire through the migration of Karaeng Loe Ri Sero north of Makassar at the end of the 15th century. The river Jeneberang , which flows through the city of Makassar in the south, was still called Garassi at that time.

The longest known literary work, La Galigo, helps to present the Buginese and Macassar society in their earlier times, especially in the 14th century, although the work cannot be considered a historical document in view of its mystical representation. Furthermore, Portuguese documents are very helpful in understanding the history of the city before its Islamization. Around the 13th century, the small kingdom of Tallo of the Macassars and Buginese settling here was formed in the region around the Tallo estuary . In the southern area around the Jeneberang estuary, the predominantly Macassar kingdom of Gowa had already emerged. The emergence of the kingdoms around Makassar was told in 1364 in poetry 14 (4) and (5) of the poetry collection ( Kakawin ) Nagarakretagama of the kingdom of Majapahit on Java , which began with the reign of King Gowa II. Tumasalangga Baraya (1345-1370) coincided. The center of government was up to the reign of King Gowa VIII. I-Ri Pakere Tunijallo Passukki Tau (1460-1510) on a hill called Takka'bassia, whose name was later changed to Tamalate . The two sons of King Gowa VI. Tunatangka Lopi (1445-1460) took over the government of the Kingdom of Gowa as King of Gowa VII, called Tuniwanga Ri Paralekkanna , and the government of Tallo as King Tallo I, called Karaeng Loe Ri Sero . His son, King Tallo II, called Karaeng Tunilabu Ri Suriwa , once surprised the Sultanate of Malacca when he suddenly appeared there with 200 warships to demand repayment of a debt from the Sultanate.

Unification and Islamization

Initially, Tallo was under the control of the northern Siang, a kingdom in what is now Pangkajene Governorate. At the beginning of the 16th century, under the leadership of King Gowa IX. Karaeng Tumapa'risi 'Kallonna the two kingdoms Tallo and Gowa to the twin kingdom Gowa-Tallo , with center at the river mouth Jeneberang. The neighboring kingdoms of Siang and Bone were warred and defeated, and the king had the largest fortress of the kingdom in the city center of Somba Opu, the second most important fortress in Ujung Pandang, a place with many Pandan growths between the two rivers, and other fortresses built from clay provide them with guns for defense . With his approval, Muslim Malays and their skipper ( Malay Nakhoda ) Bonang settled there, and under his protection the Portuguese trading post was established in 1532. The successor of King Gowa X. Karaeng Tunipalangga Ulaweng had more fortresses built and then reinforced with bricks and binding agents made of protein , so that the empire was protected by a total of 15 fortresses. King Gowa XII. Karaeng Tunijallo allowed the construction of a mosque for the Malays in the Mangallekana district , north of the Somba Opu, to attract more Malay traders from Malacca to the city. The subsequent young King Gowa XIII. Karaeng Tunipassulu resigned after only about two years in office, left the city for Luwu and converted to Islam there . The armed forces leader ( Indonesian Mangkubumi ) of the empire, King Tallo VI., Karaeng Matoayya called Sultan Abdullah Awalul Islam , became the first king to convert to Islam on September 22, 1605 during his tenure. He was succeeded by King Gowa XIV. Sultan Alauddin . Under the rule of these two kings, the empire developed into the leading trading center of the eastern archipelago . Both rulers pursued a policy of free trade ( Latin Mare Liberum ) and allowed all European trading powers engaged there to establish branches. In 1603 the already established Portuguese trading post was followed by the establishment of the Dutch, 1613 the English, 1615 the Spanish, 1618 the Danish and the Chinese. The kingdom had thus finally established itself as the hub of the spice trade. In the 1620s, around 500 Portuguese traders lived permanently in Makassar. Therefore, in 1633, the king allowed the construction of a Catholic church for the Portuguese, which later disappeared when the city center was destroyed by the Dutch. The city of Makassar itself had already adopted Islam as the official religion in September 1607 through the conversion of all Macassars living there. The two Muslim rulers were happy to engage in religious discussions with the Catholic missionaries, which is the reason for the city's interreligious tolerant attitude.

Expansion and naming

The view from the sea of ​​the city center of Makassar, Sombaopu fortress, from the bird's eye view (around 1665). Remarkably, the fortress was still right on the beach (Makassar Street); published by Johannes Vingboons in Amsterdam around 1665 (Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague, inv. no. 693 C 6 dl XV, na p. 134.)

In August 1634 the rulers had the Ujung Pandang fortress reinforced with a stone wall made of karst stone from the suburb of Maros and a second stone wall was built in June 1635, so that the originally square fortress with its new five bastions took on the shape of a sea ​​turtle . This symbolized the change of orientation of the kingdom from an agrarian to a maritime country. The rulers of the city had an important collection of maps from Europe in their library. The empire extended its influence to Buton , the eastern part of Borneo , Sumbawa to Timor, where King Tallo VII. Daeng Makkio Karaeng Kanjilo ( Portuguese Camiliquio ), known as Sultan Abdul Jafar Muzaffar , waged a three-month war with 150 ships. The city became even better known overseas among seafarers and traders, but not under the name of the kingdom, but that of the main inhabitants, the Macassars. After a voyage of exploration, the Portuguese marked all important places on the Makassar Strait with the nickname Makassar ( Portuguese Macáçar ), such as the port cities on the west coast of Sulawesi Siang-Makassar , Bacukiki-Makassar , Suppa-Makassar , Sidenreng -Macassar , Napo-Makassar and Tallo-Makassar . The island of Sulawesi and the surrounding small islands were given the name “Macassar Islands” ( Portuguese Ilhas dos Macáçar ) and Borneo called them “the great Macassar Island” ( Portuguese Gramdos ilha de Macáçar ). The missionary Alexandre de Rhodes also described Makassar during his stay in December 1645 as “a very large and famous island”, although the island was marked as “Celebes” on his map.

See also : Kingdom of Gowa

The Macassar War

First VOC expedition

Since the Gowa-Tallo or Makassar empire lies nautically on the direct route from Europe to the Moluccas and was also the last stopover there, it was considered a strategic key to the economically interesting and important spice islands at that time. The mighty Makassar was a thorn in the side of the United East India Company (VOC) in order to gain the monopoly of the spice trade. The hostilities between the two parties had already started in 1616 when 15 Dutch seamen lost their lives in a massacre by Macassars on the ship De Eendracht in retaliation for the VOC's taking of the noble Macassars on the ship Enkhuisen in 1615. In 1633 the VOC imposed a sea blockade ("1st VOC Expedition") against Makassar after it had rejected its application for a trade monopoly at the expense of other European traders. The blockade was broken by the kingdom's superior sea power. Subsequently, on June 26, 1637, a peace treaty was concluded between Sultan Alauddin and Governor General Antonio van Diemen , which among other things stipulated that Makassar was not allowed to trade with the areas controlled by opponents of the VOC and that the VOC was no longer allowed to establish a trading post in Makassar. When the Portuguese lost Malacca to the Dutch in 1641 , Makassar grew in importance for the Portuguese as a trading center for silk, sandalwood and precious stones. In 1660 the number of Portuguese living in Makassar rose to around 2000 and most recently, before the outbreak of the Makassar War, to around 4000. The city thus temporarily became the center of the Dominicans and Catholics in Southeast Asia . The city of Makassar itself had around 100,000 inhabitants at that time, significantly more than the then Amsterdam with 60,000 inhabitants, the headquarters of the VOC.

Second VOC expedition

King Gowa XV. Sultan Muhammad Said and his enterprising military leader King Tallo VIII. Karaeng Patingalloang , known as Sultan Mahmud , (1639-1654) shared a trading company in downtown Makassar with the Portuguese navigator Francisco Vieira de Figueiredo and the Spanish trade consul Pedro de la Matta . On May 16, 1642, Vieira ( Wehara in Indonesian ) gave the city an elephant that he had brought from India and that the Macassars described as "an animal half the size of a house". Fascinated by the exotic animal, Sultan Mahmud ordered another pair of animals, this time from the desert, camels , from the Governor General in Batavia . Sultan Mahmud spoke Arabic, Danish, French, Greek, Italian, Latin, Dutch and Portuguese. He spoke the latter language so well that a native speaker from Lisbon could have kept him if he had not been known beforehand. This is how de Rhodes described it, who tried to evangelize him through his passion for mathematics. He also had a passion for astronomy and received two Galilean telescopes ordered by Sultan Alauddin from Italy. A year earlier, in 1652, the VOC gave him a large globe around 4 m in circumference, the largest globe built by Joan Blaeu to date . The contemporary Dutch poet Joost van den Vondel dedicated the poem “Pantagoule, Prince van Makazar: ... Dien Aardkloot zendt 't Oost-Indisch Huis to Sultan Mahmud in view of his scientific talent ; The great Pantagoule thuis; Vienna's aldoorsnuffelende brein; Een gansche wereld valt te klein; ... “ (Pattingaloang, Prince of Makassar: ... The East India House sent the globe; To the great Pattingaloang House; Whose brain is always sniffing; A whole world is getting too small ...) . Sultan Mahmud raised the young Sultan Hasanuddin together with the same age Arung Palakka . After the death of Sultan Muhammad Said, Sultan Mahmud initially took over the position of governor because Sultan Hasanuddin was still too young. To defend Makassar against another possible attack on the part of the VOC, the Sultan had 500 ships and a famous six meter long gun with 41.5 cm caliber built, called "Kind Makassars" ( Indonesian Anak Makassar ). In 1654, the year Sultan Mahmud died, a strong fleet ("2nd VOC Expedition") was dispatched to attack Makassar from Batavia, which was also repulsed. As a result, the kingdom built protective channels along the existing city wall and fortifications, some of which were carried out by forced laborers from the neighboring kingdoms of Bone and Soppeng , and Arung Palakka had to watch everyone powerlessly.

Third VOC expedition

The conquest of Makassar by the allied Dutch-Buginese-Butonese (1666–1669). In the small pictures above the allied leaders: Speelman (left) and Palakka (right); published by Johannes de Ram in Amsterdam around 1690 (Koninklijke Bibliotheek, inv.nr. 1049B13_030; Rijksmuseum, inv.nr. RP-P-OB-75-350)

During the existing peace treaty, in 1666 a fleet of 21 ships with 600 sea troops ("3rd VOC Expedition") under the leadership of Cornelis Speelman, together with their allies from Buton and Ternate under Captain Jonker, attacked from the seaside and at the same time Arung Palakka for the liberation Bones from the land side via Soppeng to the city of Makassar, while the other Bugi kingdoms supported Luwu and Wajo Makassar. Thus began the longest-running VOC war in its history, with Admiral Speelman meanwhile relocating his warships to Buton to await reinforcements from Batavia and at the same time intercept the Macassar fleet under Karaeng Bontomarannu ( Dutch Admiral Monte Maranno ). The 20,000-strong troop had just returned from a land war to put down Buton's attempt at independence, supported by Bone and Soppeng, and as a result could no longer offer any real resistance to Speelman on New Year's Eve 1666. After long battles in which the fortress Panakkukang ( Panakoke in Dutch ) was stormed and the fortress Ujung Pandang was taken by the VOC and Makassar suffered great losses, King Gowa XVI Sultan Hasanuddin signed the Treaty of on November 18, 1667, which was very disadvantageous for Makassar Bongaja , who, among other things, demanded the expulsion of her long-term trading partners, the Portuguese and the British, and imposed significant restrictions on her free trade policy. Sultan Hasanuddin continued to fight against the VOC in order to maintain his trade policy, but then the last Portuguese around Brother Antonio de Torres left the city in 1668 for Solor and Lifau on Timor.

See also : Kingdom of Gowa

Dutch colonial times

Governor's residence (around 1920). Today it is a police station.

Passarstrasse in the 1930s. Today the Nusantara Street

A gas station and a car dealer on Passarstrasse around 1935

Destruction of the old town

On June 24, 1669, the VOC finally took control of the city after a three-year war. The Somba Opu fortress, encircled for days, was captured and two years later, including the surrounding city center, was completely destroyed by the VOC. After the surrender, Sultan Hasanuddin abdicated and handed over government power as the new king to his son Sultan Amir Hamzah . Hasanuddin withdrew to rural Tamalate together with his managers and died there a year later. The 9.5-ton Anak Makassar gun was confiscated by the VOC and taken to Batavia, where it was inspected by Johann Wilhelm Vogel in 1686 . He admired it as follows in his book published in 1690: “... it is so big and 12 elbows long, has such a wide mouth that the tallest person can easily crawl into it and hide; The chamber on it is metal, but the rest of it is iron, so smooth and beautiful, as if it had been turned over by a turner, and this is said to have been found in the conquest of the Insul Makasser ... ”. He also used the vague term “Makassar Island”. The VOC carried out the further point of the Bongaja Treaty, namely the destruction of all fortresses except for those of Ujung Pandang. This only remaining fortress was renamed Fort Rotterdam after Speelman's birthplace and was thoroughly rebuilt around 1673. The stone wall was reinforced to a height of seven meters and a width of two meters, and the Speelman House, a Protestant church and a spice store were built in the inner courtyard . The fort served the VOC as a military and administrative center for South Sulawesi. Prince Diponegoro (1785–1855) of Yogyakarta was later held there until his death. To the north of the fortress, where today's district of Ujung Pandang (old town), including the port and fishing port of Paotere, is located, a new, significantly smaller town called Vlaardingen was built according to Speelman's idea , similar to the size ratio of small Vlaardingen to neighboring larger Rotterdam in the Netherlands .

Makassar Diaspora

The imprisoned Makassar fighters were deported by the Dutch to other parts of their colonial empire, for example in 1686 Captain Daeng Matara to Batavia , to a place called Kampung Makasar , corresponding to today's Makasar Ostjakartas district. The Islamic scholar Sheikh Yusuf Tuanta Salamaka and his followers were brought to Cape Town , South Africa, in 1694 , to a small coastal town near the Somerset West district , which he later named after his home country Macassar . The other Macassars who did not want to live under the Dutch colonial power had left the city in order to find a free life elsewhere. This major resettlement in the 17th century is known as the Bugian or Macassar diaspora and led to their entry into the politics of the island of Java, Sumatra and the Malaya Peninsula (Malaysia), especially on its southern tip - Johor , to Ayutthaya in Siam , where they sparked a bloody revolt against the French .

Construction of the new town

The subsequent decline of Makassar through the trade ban did not end until the 19th century, when the Dutch colonial government, which took over the now bankrupt VOC, rebuilt the city into the economic and administrative center of southern Sulawesi. The long-term contract of Bongaja was replaced in 1824 by the "Bongajaische Agreement zu Ujung Pandang" ( Dutch Het Bongaaisch Contract te Oedjoeng Pandang ), in order to rebuild trade relations with the Macassars and to cultivate useful plants, whose sales income was mainly the financing of the Dutch war participation in Europe served. Subsequently, Makassar received its status as a free port again in 1846 and in 1906 the status of community , whose cleanliness and charm were praised by Joseph Conrad in his book across the entire Dutch East Indies . In 1891 the Dutch colonial government approved the settlement of Catholic missionaries, and for the first time in 250 years there were Catholics in the city again. Subsequently, the oldest Catholic church in the city was built in June 1914 and the Archdiocese of Makassar was founded in April 1937 . The Groote Oost governorate was founded in 1939. During the Second World War , Makassar was occupied by Japan from February 9, 1942 until its surrender on August 15, 1945 , despite the defense by a thousand KNIL troops .

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  The Königsplatz around 1920 (today Lapangan Karebosi )

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  The post office around 1920

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  The vocational school and today's army headquarters for local seamen around 1924

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  Market (Pasar) Boetoeng around 1924

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  Tram rails to the port around 1924

Indonesian independence

Entrance gate to the parliament building of the state of East Indonesia around 1948

Illuminated KNIL headquarters in Makassar on Koninginnedag around 1948

War of Independence

After the proclamation of Indonesian independence in August 1945, Makassar declared himself part of the newly established republic. During the Indonesian War of Independence , the nationalists fought there, as in other parts of Indonesia, against the return of the land to the Dutch colonial government. Between December 1946 and February 1947, the depot of the elite unit ( Dutch Depot Speciale Troepen , DST) of the KNIL, under Captain Raymond Westerling, carried out a massacre in Makassar and the surrounding towns of South Sulawesi with an estimated 40,000 civilian casualties. Makassar was also the capital of the puppet state of Eastern Indonesia , founded by Governor General Van Mook through the Malino Conference on July 25, 1946 , which merged with other parts of the United States of Indonesia to form the Republic of Indonesia on August 17, 1950. As a result, the city was the battlefield between the federalists under Captain (later Colonel) Abdul Azis and the supporters of the central state under Colonel Sunkono during the so-called "Makassar Uprising" ( Indonesian Pemberontakan Makassar ). During this time, many historical buildings were replaced by contemporary modern facilities.

City expansion

In August 1971 the mayors of Makassar, Maros and Gowa met to discuss the expansion of the area of ​​the city of Makassar. Then the area of ​​Makassar increased from 21 km² to 175.77 km², which roughly corresponds to the former area of ​​the Kingdom of Gowa-Tallo. As a result, the city name of Makassar was changed to Ujung Pandang on August 31, 1971, in accordance with Government Decree No. 51 , as the other two mayors requested this name change as compensation for their lost district area. The aim was to prevent the old conflict between Buginese (Bone) and Macassar (Gowa-Tallo) during the Macassar War in the 17th century from being remembered again due to the similarity of the new and old Makassar. However, this name change met with strong criticism from academics in the city, because Ujung Pandang was / is only a district or Kecamatan of Makassar. For this reason, the name Makassar was reinstated on October 13, 1999 by Government Decree No. 86 of 1999 issued by the President of the Republic of Indonesia, Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie . The area of ​​Makassar expanded to 275.77 km² including waters. This made the city name Ujung Pandang history, although it (dialectically: Jumpandang or Juppandang ) is still often used by the inhabitants of the localities around Makassar, especially by the Buginese. Furthermore, by decree of the Provincial Government No. 1 of the year 2000, the founding day of Makassar was set as November 9th 1607, the Friday on which the first prayer was held in the central mosque of Tallo.

On November 6, 1973, Sultan Hasanuddin, who was once respected by the Dutch as Haantje van het Oosten (Rooster of the East), was appointed Indonesian national hero by Government Decree No. 87 / TK / 1973. Many of Makassar's facilities, including the first state university and the airport, were named after him in memory of his bravery.

In 1980 the remains of the fortress Somba Opu and the former city center of Makassar were discovered by archaeologists and partially restored in 1990, including the bastion "Buluwara Agung" (Great Bulwark), where the Anak Makassar cannon was previously installed. As a result of the almost four hundred years of sedimentation in the delta of the Jeneberang River, the fortress is no longer directly on the beach, as shown in historical drawings by Makassar from the 17th century.

Turn of the millennium

At the turn of the millennium, 1999/2000, Makassar developed into a metropolis of millions with stable and above-average economic growth. In 2013 the city already had over 1.6 million inhabitants, again significantly more than Amsterdam, the former headquarters of the VOC. On the other hand, the big city of the Netherlands is now much more international than Makassar, where many Portuguese and various other nationalities lived 350 years ago before the outbreak of the Macassar War in 1660.

mayor

Makassar Town Hall (today: Makassar Museum in Balaikota Street) around 1924

The courthouse in Makassar (today: Makassar's Supreme Civil Court in Kartini Street) around 1924

The first Indonesian mayor of Makassar, Abdoel Hamid (1946)

Since Makassar was appointed as a municipality, mayors from three different nations (the Netherlands, Japan and Indonesia) have ruled the city:

Dutch colonial government

• JE Dambrink (1918–1927)
• JH de Groot (1927-1931)
• GHJ Beikenkamp (1931-1932)
• FC van Lier (1932-1933)
• Ch. H. ter Laag (1933–1934)
• J. Leewis (1934-1936)
• HF Brune (1936–1942)

Japanese occupation

• Yamasaki (1942-1945)
• Nadjamuddin Daeng Malewa (1945)

Dutch Interim Administration (NICA)

• HF Brune (1945)
• DM van Zwieten (1945-1946)

United States of Indonesia

The mayors were not elected, but were appointed directly by the then East Indonesian President, Soekawati.

• Abdoel Hamid Daeng Magassing (1946–1947)
• IM Qaemuddin (1950–1951)
• J. Mewengkang (1951)

Republic of Indonesia

• Sampara Daeng Lili (1951–1952)
• Achmad Dara Syachruddin (1952–1957)
• Mohammad Junus Daeng Mile (1957-1959)
• Latif Daeng Massikki (1959–1962)
• H. Arupala (1962-1965)
• Colonel H. Muhammad Daeng Patompo (1962–1976)
• Colonel Abustam (1976-1982)
• Colonel Jancy Raib (1982-1988)
• Colonel Suwahyo (1988-1993)
• HA Malik B. Masry, SE, MSi (1994–1999)
• Drs. HB Amiruddin Maula, SH, MSi (1999-2004)
• Ir. H. Ilham Arief Sirajuddin, MM (2004-2008)
• Ir. H. Andi Herry Iskandar, MSi (2008–2009)
• Ir. H. Ilham Arief Sirajuddin, MM (2009–2013)
• Ir. H. Mohammad Ramdhan Pomanto (2013-up to now)

Culture and sights

• The central mosque of Makassar
• The cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Makassar , built in 1914 in the neo-Romanesque style with around 400 seats, forms a lively contrast to the numerous mosques in the city.
• The Chinese Temple at Makassar, built between 1890 and 1920 when the city had about 15,000 Chinese residents.
• Fort Rotterdam
• Somba Opu fortress
• Losari beach
• Akkarena beach
• Barombong Beach
• Laelae Island
• Khayangan Island
• Samalona Island
• Paotere fishing port
• Trans Studio ( third largest indoor fun park in the world )
• The 75 m high Mandala Monument, visible from afar, was built in 1994–96. It commemorates the annexation of Western New Guinea by Indonesia after Operation Mandala , led by the later President Suharto . In the area of ​​the base of the monument there are numerous reliefs and wall paintings depicting everyday life in Makassar in the 17th century as well as scenes from Operation Mandala.

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  The Makassar Central Mosque (Masjid Raya Makassar)

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  Makassar Catholic Cathedral (Katedral Makassar)

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  The Chinese Temple of Makassar (Klenteng Makassar)

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  Fort Rotterdam (Benteng Ujungpandang)

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  Tanjung Bunga Peninsula with Losari Beach

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  Traditional fishing port (Paotere)

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  The Mandala Monument

Culinary specialties

Makassar is known for its culinary food and wide range of seafood . Fish is usually grilled or fried and eaten with rice and vegetables. A typical starter is otak-otak , a roll made from fish wrapped in a banana leaf, which is served with various sauces. The beef dishes Coto Makassar and Sop Konro are specialties of the region and are usually eaten together with the rice dish Ketupat or Burasa, which is firmly cooked in a bag made of vegetable leaves . As dessert or cake ( Makassar : Kanrejawa ) are offered: Kue Tori ' , Cucur Bayao , Barongko , Pallu Butung , Pisang Ijo , Pisang Epe and others. In some parts of the city you can find Dangke , the only cheese in Indonesia that is made by adding papaya latex to cow's milk.

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  Otak-otak with sauce

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  Pasta dish

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  Konro soup with burasa

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  Grilled milk fish

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  Fish with tomato sauce

Economy and Infrastructure

Branch of Bank Rakyat Indonesia and a pete-pete passing by

Trans Studio indoor amusement park

Makassar has one of the largest ports in Indonesia and is an important trading and goods transfer point. Its exports include coffee , teak , spices , rubber and rattan . The most important branches of industry are the cement industry and shipbuilding. The PT founded in October 1977 by the Indonesian government. Industri Kapal Indonesia (IKI) is the largest shipyard in Eastern Indonesia.

During the colonial period, the city was famous for the Makassar oil named after it , which was exported in large quantities and was used as a special shampoo and hair care product. The Makassar ebony (Diospyros celebica), which is highly valued all over the world, also got its name from this main export port.

Today the city's economy is heavily dependent on the service sector, accounting for around 70 percent of the total. Restaurant and hotel service ( gastronomy ) are the largest contributors (29.14%), followed by transport and communication (14.86%), retail (14.86%) and finance (10.58%). The contribution of industry follows after the service with 21.34 percent of the total economic output. Not to be neglected is the city's good educational infrastructure.

As a trading center and the busiest city in East Indonesia, the importance of Makassar has been growing since 1998 in the business tourism (MICE) sector, the activities of which have steadily increased between 30 and 70 percent annually. In 2006 the city was honored as the host for the international mass tourism event of the Travel Industry Market Expo (TIME). In line with this new growth industry, the necessary facilities, such as new hotels and convention centers, are constantly being expanded. The city now has more than ten star hotels and a convention center, the 6000 m² Celebes Convention Center (CCC), located in the strategic Tanjung Bunga district.

Universities

All the major universities on the island are located in the city :

• Hasanuddin University (largest university in East Indonesia, public)
• University of Pepabri Makassar
• University 45 Makassar
• Atma Jaya Makassar University
• University of Muslim Indonesia
• University of Negeri Makassar (state)
• University of Islam Negeri Alauddin (state)
• Islam Makassar University
• Muhammadiyah Makassar University
• University of Kristen Indonesia Paulus
• University of Veteran Republic of Indonesia
• Muhammadiyah University
• Satria Makassar University
• University of Pancasakti
• Sawerigading University
• University of Indonesia Timur
• Fajar Makassar University

Shopping centers

The modern shopping centers have emerged in the last decade:

• Mal Panakkukang
• Times GTC (Global Trade Center)
• Mal Ratu Indah
• MTC Karebosi
• Makassar Mall
• Karebosi link
• Makassar Town Square
• Trans Studio Mall
• Panakkukang Square
• Duta Mall

traffic

Makassar's seaport and airport are Indonesia's official ports of entry for passenger and freight traffic, which confirm the port city's position as a trading center in eastern Indonesia. However, as in other parts of Sulawesi, there is no rail network that can improve the mobility of people and goods on the land side. A master plan for the construction of a corresponding rail transport network has already been approved by the Sulawesi governors and is to be implemented by Chinese investors. After that, in the first phase, an approximately 700 km long rail network is to be built between Makassar, Parepare and Palopo .

Land transport

From July 1922 to 1930 there was a rail connection to Takalar. This became unprofitable in the global economic crisis and shut down. Originally an extension to the north via Tanette and Parepare to Singkang was planned.

Makassar has a public transportation system called Pete-pete . A Pete-pete ( Indonesian : Angkot ) is a modified minibus, so that there is a small corridor in the middle for getting in and out. The Pete-petes route is indicated by the appropriate letter on the windshield. Makassar is known for their cycle rickshaw ( Becak in Indonesian ), which is slightly smaller than the one on Java Island . The estimated 1500 Becaks are only allowed to operate in the tourist areas of Makassar. The travel costs must be negotiated with the driver or Daeng Becak before the journey. There are also Ojek , taxi, city buses and large buses for regional transport, etc. a. Bus connections to the Toraja highlands and the white beach of Tanjung Bira .

A memorandum of understanding ( MoU ) to build a 35 km long monorail track ( monorail ) through the cities of Makassar, Maros, Sungguminasa and Takalar (known as metropolitan Mamminasata ) with predicted costs of 4 trillion Indonesian rupiah (350 million euros) on 25 July 2011 signed by relevant district leaders Makassar, Maros and Gowa. The project was to be carried out by PT Bukaka Teknik Utama, owned by two-time Vice President of Indonesia Muhammad Jusuf Kalla . However, it was later discontinued for economic reasons.

An approximately 150 km long railway line between Makassar and Pare-Pare has been under construction since 2015 and should be completed by the end of 2019. This is the first of a total of three construction phases of the Trans-Sulawesi Railway , which will connect the cities of Makassar in the south and Manado in the north of the island.

shipping

The Soekarno-Hatta sea port of Makassar is located north of the Losari coast ( Pantai Losari ) and is protected from the surf by the island of Laelae and breakwaters . The port managed by PT Pelindo IV serves as both a passenger and container port. The Makassar Container Terminal was inaugurated on July 21, 2001 and is currently being expanded. Passenger ships to and from Eastern Indonesia use the port as a stopover. The approximately three-kilometer-long motorway-like expressway (Toll Reformasi), which connects the port area with the city center, begins in the northern end of the port. The toll motorway is managed by PT Nusantara Infrastructure Tbk, a subsidiary of the large local company Bosowa Tbk.

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  Makassar harbor around 1846

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  Makassar Harbor between 1883 and 1889

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  Arrival of Count van Limburg in the port of Makassar in 1919

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  Aerial view of the new port of Makassar

air traffic

The new passenger building at Sultan Hasanuddin Airport

Overview map of the old and new airport area

The international airport Sultan Hasanuddin ( Indonesian Bandara Internasional Sultan Hasanuddin , IATA : UPG, ICAO : WAAA), also called Mandai , is located around 20 kilometers northeast of Makassar. It can be reached in around 15 minutes (17 km) on the toll road and in around 25 minutes (23 km) on the multi-lane country road. Indonesia's second largest airport in terms of area is managed by the state airport operator, PT Angkasa Pura I, and operates 24 hours a day. In the course of the airport expansion, it got a relatively new passenger building with a size of 51,000 m² or a capacity for 7 million passengers and a new, longer runway, making it the only airport in Indonesia with two crossed runways. Is located at the new airport site next to the Tower one of the two Indonesian air traffic control centers (English Area Control Center (ACC)) named Makassar Air Traffic Service Center (MATSC) that about 2/3 of the upper airspace in the central and eastern part of Indonesia controlled. MATSC is a merger of the previous ACCs of the Flight Information Areas (FIRs) of Makassar and Bali. The remaining third of the upper airspace (west) is monitored by Jakarta Automated Air Traffic Service (JAATS).

Sultan Hasanuddin Airport is served by many Indonesian airlines, including Garuda Indonesia , Merpati Nusantara Airlines and Lion Air , and is considered Indonesia's second official airport after Soekarno Hatta , Jakarta (CGK). In international traffic, Garuda Indonesia flies daily to Singapore and AirAsia flies four times a week to Kuala Lumpur . In the near future, destinations in Australia, the Philippines, Brunei and Malaysia are also to be offered. During the Muslim pilgrimage or Hajj season there are said to be flights to Jeddah (Saudi Arabia), as the airport has been declared as an entry / exit airport for Hajj since 1981.

military

Makassar is an important location for Indonesia's armed forces . The headquarters of the Kodam Wirabuana are located here , but also a base for the Indonesian Air Force . Due to its central location, the Douglas A-4 (Skyhawk) fighter planes, which have been in service for a long time, will be stationed there together with the Sukhoi Su-27 and Sukhoi Su-30 fighter planes newly acquired by Russia . During the military Operation Mandala to recapture Western New Guinea and Operation Seroja to integrate East Timor , Makassar and the suburb of Maros were used as the command center.

Sports

The football club PSM Makassar plays the highest league in the country, the Indonesia Super League .

sons and daughters of the town

• Gotfried Coenraad Ernst van Daalen (1863–1930), Dutch general
• Jan Engelbert van Bevervoorde (1881–1918), Dutch military and aviation pioneer
• Andi Mattalata (1920–2004), politician
• Nippy Noya (* 1946), percussionist

See also

• Antimacassar

literature

• Christoph Antweiler : Urban Rationality. An urban ethnology study on Ujung Pandang (Makassar), Indonesia . (= Kölner Ethnologische Mitteilungen. Volume 12). Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-496-02692-8 .
• Christoph Antweiler: Makassar. In: Melvin Ember, Carol R. Ember (Eds.): Encyclopedia of Urban Cultures, Cities and Cultures around the World. Vol. 3. Grolier, Danbury, Conn. 2002, pp. 101-109.
• Maria Blechmann-Antweiler: It doesn't work without us - One year with women in Indonesia. LIT-Verlag, Münster 2001, ISBN 3-8258-5645-3 . (The one-year stay in an Indonesian family on the outskirts of Makassar (Ujung Pandang) on ​​Sulawesi is vividly described)
• Jürgen G. Nagel : The key to the Moluccas - Makassar and the trade structures of the Malay Archipelago in the 17th and 18th centuries - an exemplary study. Publishing house Dr. Kovač, Hamburg 2003, ISBN 3-8300-1081-8 .
• Jürgen G. Nagel: From city-state to colonial state. In: Horst Gründer, Peter Johanek: Colonial cities , European enclaves or melting pot of cultures? LIT Verlag, Münster 2001, ISBN 3-8258-3601-0 , pp. 109-143 ( excerpt (Google) )

Web links

Commons : Makassar  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Wiktionary: Makassar  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

• www.visitmakassar.net (Indonesian)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ World Organization (UN): A world of information
2. ↑ Makassar Oil was a registered trademark of Rowland in 1793
3. ↑ ^{a b} Ministry of the Interior: Register book for location coding and data for 2013
4. ^ Biro Pusat Statistics, Jakarta, 2011.
5. ↑ The population development of Makassar from 1847 to 2011 (Indonesian)
6. ^ ^{A b} William P. Cummings: The Gowa Chronicle. In: A chain of kings. (English) LIT KITLV Press, Leiden 2007, ISBN 978-90-67182-87-7 , Chapters III and IV ( excerpt (Google) )
7. ↑ ^{a b} indahnesia.com chronicle of Gowa-Tallo and Sombaopu
8. ↑ History of the City of Makassar (Indonesian)
9. ^ Anthony Reid : Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680: Expansion and crisis Volume One: The Lands below the Winds, Yale University Press 1993, ISBN 0-300-05412-2 , p. 128 ( excerpt (Google) )
10. ↑ ^{a b c d} http://keuskupan.blogspot.de/2012_03_01_archive.html The long history of the Archdiocese of Makassar (Indonesian)
11. ↑ ^{a b} http://enjoy-makassar.blogspot.de/2009/01/tomb-of-tallo-kings.html Tomb of the rulers Tallos
12. ^ ^{A b} Jürgen G. Nagel : From the city state to the colonial state. In: Horst Gründer, Peter Johanek: Colonial cities , European enclaves or melting pot of cultures? LIT Verlag, Münster 2001, ISBN 3-8258-3601-0 , p. 113 ( excerpt (Google) )
13. ↑ Father Alexander of Rhodes' missionary trips to China, Tonkin, Cochinchina and other Asian empires. From the French by a priest of the same company Georg Michael Pachtler . Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 1858
14. ↑ http://vocwarfare.net/thesis/4/makassar Makassar: Search for a modus vivendi by all means
15. ^ Leonard Andaya: Makasar's Moment of Glory. In: Anthony Reid, Sian Jay, T. Durairajoo (Eds.): Indonesian Heritage: Early Modern History . Volume 3, Editions Didier Millet, Singapore 2001, pp. 58-59.
16. ^ Jürgen G. Nagel : From the city state to the colonial state. In: Horst Gründer, Peter Johanek: Colonial cities , European enclaves or melting pot of cultures? LIT Verlag, Münster 2001, ISBN 3-8258-3601-0 , p. 115 ( excerpt (Google) )
17. ^ A. Rodrigues Baptista: Francisco Vieira de Figueiredo. (PDF) Notícias de Ourém, July 13, 2013, p. 10 , accessed on August 6, 2014 . 
18. ↑ Heather Sutherland: "Trade, Court and Society: Makassar in the Last 17th and Early 18th Century" KITLV 2004
19. ^ "Father Alexander of Rhodes' missionary trips to China, Tonkin, Cochinchina and other Asian empires": from d. French by a priest of the same society Michael Pachtler; LIT Verlag Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 1858
20. ↑ JA Alberdingk Thijm: Poems by Van den Vondel and original prose writings in combination with some particularities of life. Sixth part: 1648–1655. Leiden 1895, p. 135. (PDF; 19.37 MB)
21. ↑ KC Crucq: De geschiedenis van het holy canon van Makassar, Batavia, Kon. Bataviaasch Gen. v. K. en W. 1941. 23p. 1 illustration, 8vo wrs. From the journal for Indonesian language, country and ethnology Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, country and folklore , part 81.
22. ↑ Ross Marlay: Makassar. In: James Stuart Olson, Robert Shadle: Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism . Greenwood Publishing Group, 1991, ISBN 0-313-26257-8 , pp. 381-382 ( excerpt (Google) )
23. ↑ Johann W. Vogel “Toes Year Old East Indian Travel Description” Altenburg 1704; Digitized by the Bavarian State Library
24. ↑ F. de Haan, Oud Batavia Platenalbum (band: AC Nix & Co., 1935)
25. ^ The Order of the Companions of OR Tambo 2005. In: Sheik Yusuf (1626-1699). Retrieved September 7, 2014 . 
26. ↑ Accounts of the Makassar Revolt, 1686 (PDF; 254 KB) Presentation of the Macassar Revolt (English)
27. ↑ Colonies  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 4.2 MB) Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant, February 27, 1859 (Dutch)  
28. ↑ 20TH MEETING. -30 NOVEMBER 1899 73. Approaches to amending and supplementing the law of November 17, 1872 and laying down the modalities for Indian customs duties and import duties on salt in the Dutch East Indies (Dutch)
29. ↑ Lady of the Seven Islands ( Memento of the original from September 7, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) 
30. ^ L. Klemen: The capture of Makassar, February 1942. Dutch East Indies 1941-1942 website
31. ^ RP Westerling: Mes aventures en Indonesie. (Title of the German edition: I wasn't a rebel. Ullstein Verlag ) 1953, p. 210.
32. ↑ List of the mayors of Makassar (Indonesian) ( Memento of the original from April 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
33. ↑ Internet presence (Indonesian) ( Memento of the original from January 1, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
34. ↑ Trans Studio Makassar ( Memento of the original from June 4, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) 
35. ↑ Nurul Noe: Makassar dan sekitarnya , p. 22. Jakarta 2014
36. ↑ Description of Dangke (English)
37. ↑ http://www.sensationpress.com/victorianmacassaroil.htm Advertisement from the Victorian times
38. ↑ http://www.mymakassar.com/en/guidance/shopping/item/390-pankkukang-mall  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. the largest shopping center in Makassar  
39. ↑ http://www.mymakassar.com/en/guidance/shopping/item/391-ratu-indah-mall-mari  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. the first modern shopping center in Makassar  
40. ↑ http://www.mymakassar.com/en/guidance/shopping/item/386-makassar-trade-centre-mtc-karebosi  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. the Makassars shopping center specializing in IT  
41. ↑ http://www.mymakassar.com/en/guidance/shopping/item/385-karebosi-link  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. the first underground shopping mall in Indonesia  
42. ↑ http://www.mymakassar.com/en/guidance/shopping/item/387-trans-studio-mall  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. the first thematic shopping center in Makassar  
43. ^ Toll Road - Latest News. Retrieved October 1, 2018 .