Puppet government
A puppet government (or puppet state ) is a government that was set up by a foreign superpower and is supported and controlled by it.
term
The term refers to a puppet called dummy form , the movements of a player with the help of threads controlled. This term is derogatory and is therefore used only by critics of such governments. Similar terms are vassal or satellite states . A head of government in a puppet government is sometimes referred to as a quisling .
The influence on the seizure of power and the degree of control by the foreign power varies. It is often difficult to make a clear distinction as to whether a regime is a puppet government or just maintains “good relationships” with the hegemonic power .
In the course of history, great powers have repeatedly installed puppet governments when it appeared politically opportune, often after an occupation or partial occupation of a country. Examples are the Egyptian rule over Nubia (until approx. 1000 BC), the Roman tetrachia in Judea and the Batavian Republic , which was dependent on the First French Republic.
Further examples
- In 1895, the Japanese Empire officially gave Korea its independence, only to annex it a little later
- In 1896 the British Empire created a puppet state in Zanzibar .
France 1792-1815 and 1852-1870
France created satellite states during the coalition wars, of which the democratically governed are referred to as daughter republics .
- Countries under the direct control of Napoleon and Napoleon III.
- First French Republic (1792–1804)
- First Empire (1804–1814, 1815)
- Principality of Elba (1814–1815)
- Second Empire (1852–1870)
- Satellite states on the territory of the former Holy Roman Empire
- Raurak Republic (1792-1793)
- Republic of Mainz (1792–1793)
- Cisrhenan Republic (1797)
- Principality of Erfurt (1806–1814)
-
Rhine Confederation (1806-1813)
- Kingdom of Westphalia (1807-1813)
- Grand Duchy of Berg (1806–1813)
- Grand Duchy of Frankfurt (1810–1813)
- Grand Duchy of Würzburg (1806–1814)
- Principality of der Leyen (1806–1813)
- Principality of Isenburg (1806–1815)
- Principality of Salm (1802–1810)
- Principality of Regensburg (1803-1815)
- Principality of Aschaffenburg (1806–1814)
- Duchy of Arenberg-Meppen (1803-1810)
- Republic of Bouillon (1794–1795)
- Republic of Liège (1789–1791)
- Satellite states in Italy
- Republic of Ragusa (1806-1808)
- Republic of Crema (1793)
- Cispadan Republic (1796–1797)
- Republic of Bologna (1796–1797)
- Transpadani (Lombard) Republic (1796–1797)
- Republic of Alba (1796–1801)
- Republic of Brescia (1797)
- Republic of Bergamo (1797)
- Cisalpine (Italian) Republic (1797–1799 and 1801–1805)
- Republic of Ancona (1797–1798)
- Ligurian Republic (1797-1805)
- Republic of Tiberina (1798)
- Roman Republic (1798–1799)
- Piedmontese Republic (1798–1799), 1800–1802 as Subalpine Republic
- Parthenopean Republic (1799)
- Lucchese Republic (1799/1800 and 1802-1805)
- Kingdom of Etruria (1801-1807)
- Principality of Lucca and Piombino (1805–1814)
- Duchy of Lucca (1805-1815)
- Kingdom of Italy (1805-1814)
- Kingdom of Naples (1806-1815)
- Principality of Pontecorvo (1806–1815)
- Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1807-1814)
- Principality of Ponte Corvo (1806–1815)
- Principality of Benevento (1799–1815)
- Republic of Ancona (1796)
- Tiberina Republic (1796)
- Remaining satellite states
-
Batavian Republic (1795–1806)
- Republic of Swellendam (1795)
- Republic of Graaff-Reinet (1795–1796)
- Kingdom of Holland (1806-1810)
-
Helvetic Republic (1798–1803)
- Canton of Léman (1798–1803)
- Republic of Rhodan (1802-1810)
- Swiss Confederation (1803–1815)
- Principality of Neuchâtel (1806–1814)
- Republic of Valais (1802-1810)
- Republic of Gdansk (1807-1814)
- Duchy of Warsaw (1807-1815)
- Kingdom of Spain (1808-1813)
- Republic of the Ionian Islands (1800–1815)
- Republic of Connacht (1798)
- Principality of Andorra (1806–1814, 1815, 1852–1870)
- Empire of Mexico (1864–1867)
First World War
The German Empire successfully pushed the army of the Russian Tsarist Empire far back to the East during World War I and created numerous puppet governments in Eastern Europe:
- the Belarusian National Republic (1918-1919)
- the Kingdom of Poland (1916–1918)
- the Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)
- the Duchy of Courland and Zemgale (1918)
- the Kingdom of Finland (1918)
Used by the Axis powers (World War II)
Many puppet regimes were set up by the Axis powers during World War II , including:
- Manchukuo in Chinese Manchuria (1932–1945)
- Mengjiang in Inner Mongolia (1937–1945)
- the Slovak state under the Hlinka party of Jozef Tiso (1939–1945)
- Vichy France under Philippe Pétain (1940–1944)
- the independent state of Croatia under the Ustasha regime (1941–1945)
- the Independent State of Montenegro under a pro-Italian National Committee (1941–1944)
- the government of national rescue in Serbia under Milan Nedić (1941–1944)
- Albania under Shefqet Vërlaci and Mustafa Kruja, respectively under the Albanian Fascist Party and Albanian National Socialist Party (1925–1945)
- Norway under Vidkun Quisling (1942–1945)
- the Italian Republic of Salò (1943–1945)
- the Arrow Cross regime in Hungary (1944–1945)
- the Belarusian Central Council under Radaslau Astrouski (1943–1944)
Used by the Allies (World War II)
- Tuvinian People's Republic (1921–1944): The state, which was founded in 1921, was dependent on the Soviet Union.
- Republic of Mahabad (January 22, 1946 to December 15, 1946) after the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran , a dwarf republic established in the Kurdish settlement area.
- The Finnish Democratic Republic (1939-1940) was founded after the Soviet invasion of Finland ( Winter War ).
- Poland (1944–1947) was dependent on the Soviet Union.
- Bulgaria (1944-1946) under the Kimon Georgiev government was dependent on the Soviet Union.
- Hungary (1944–1945) under the Béla Miklós government was dependent on the Soviet Union.
- Romania (1945-1946) under the Petru Groza government was dependent on the Soviet Union.
- The Kingdom of Iraq (1941–1943) was dependent on Great Britain.
- The Empire of Iran (1941–1943) was dependent on Great Britain.
Cold War
- From 1960 to 1963, the former colonial power Belgium supported the state of Katanga .
- South Vietnam was politically, militarily and economically dependent on the USA . After the US withdrew, this state was conquered by North Vietnam and Vietnam was reunified.
- From 1953 to 1955, Iran was dependent on Great Britain and the United States through Operation Ajax under Fazlollah Zahedi .
- The People's Republic of Kampuchea was dependent on Vietnam .
Used after the Cold War
- After the successful conquest of Kuwait, Iraq's dictator Saddam Hussein established the Republic of Kuwait , which he dissolved after less than a month in order to annex Kuwait.
- The internationally unrecognized Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is viewed by Western political commentators as a puppet state of Turkey
- South Ossetia and Abkhazia split off from Georgia and are not internationally recognized. The states are heavily dependent on Russia economically and militarily.
- Transnistria splits off from Moldova and is not recognized internationally. The state is economically and militarily heavily dependent on Russia.
- Donetsk People's Republic and Lugansk People's Republic split off from Ukraine and are not internationally recognized. The states are heavily dependent on Russia economically and militarily.
- Artsakh Republic splits off from Azerbaijan and is not internationally recognized. The state is economically and militarily heavily dependent on Armenia.
See also
Individual evidence
- ^ [Block, Maxine, ed. (1940). Current Biography Yearbook. New York, United States: HW Wilson. (engl.)]
- ↑ James, A. Sovereign statehood: The basis of international society. P. 142 [1] . Taylor and Francis, 1986, 288 pages. ISBN 0-04-320191-1 .
- ^ Kurtulus, E. State sovereignty: concept, phenomenon and ramifications. P. 136 [2] . Macmillan, 2005, 232 pages. ISBN 1-4039-6988-4 .
- ^ Kaczorowska, A. Public International Law. P. 190 [3] . Taylor and Francis, 2010, 944 pages. ISBN 0-415-56685-1 .
- ^ Times Online (Sep 11, 2008). Retrieved Dec 21, 2008.
- ^ Dylan C. Robertson: Is Transnistria the ghost of Crimea's future? . In: The Christian Science Monitor , March 5, 2014. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
- ^ Jones, Sam: Ukraine fighting points to Russia designs for puppet state . In: Financial Times , January 27, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
- ↑ Russia marches on uninhibited in eastern Ukraine . In: The Washington Post , February 18, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
- ↑ Chiragov and Others v. Armenia . ECHR. Retrieved December 21, 2016.