Tuvinian People's Republic

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Tыʙa Arat Respuʙlik (Tuvinian)
Туви́нская Наро́дная Респу́блика (Russian)
Tuvinskaja Narodnaja Respublika (Russian)
Tuvinian People's Republic
1921-1944
Flag of the Tuvinian People's Republic
Coat of arms of the Tuvinian People's Republic
flag coat of arms
Motto :  Pygy telegejniņ proletarlarь polgaş tarlatkan arattarь kattьƶьņar! 
Tuvan for "proletarians of all countries and subjugated peoples, unite!" (1926–1939)

 Pygy telegejniņ proletarlarь, kattьƶьņar! 
Tuvan for "proletarians of all countries, unite!" (1939–1944)

Official language Tuvinian , Mongolian
Capital Kyzyl
Form of government People's Republic
Head of state Chairman of the praesidium of the small Churals
Head of government Chairman of the Council of Ministers
surface approx. 165,750 km²
population approx. 65,000
Population density 0.39 inhabitants per km²
currency Russian ruble (1914–1934)
Tögrög (1934–1936)
Akşa (1936–1944)
independence August 14, 1921 (formal declaration of independence, part of China until 1911, then under the Russian protectorate)
resolution October 14, 1944 (incorporation into the USSR)
National anthem Tuwin International
National holiday August 14th (Independence Day)
Time zone UTC + 8
Tuva in Russia.svg
Above: Tuva within the borders of today's Russia. Below: Border of the Tuvinian People's Republic (blue), corresponding to the Urjanchai region (1914) compared to the current border of the Tuva Republic (red), corresponding to the Tuvinian ASSR (after 1944)
Above: Tuva within the borders of today's Russia.
Below: Border of the Tuvinian People's Republic (blue), corresponding to the Urjanchai region (1914) compared to the current border of the Tuva Republic (red), corresponding to the Tuvinian ASSR (after 1944)

The Tuvan People's Republic ( Tuvan Tьʙa Arat Respuʙlik ( Latin alphabet ) or Тыва Арат Республик ( Cyrillic alphabet ), Russian Тувинская Народная Республика , scientific. Transliteration Tuvinskaja Narodnaya Respublika ), 1921-1926 People's Republic of Tannu-Tuva ( Tuvan Таңды Тыва Улус (Республика) Tandy -Tywa Ulus Respublika ), mostly Tannu-Tuwa in Western publications , was a state in southern Siberia that existed from 1921 to 1944 .

The Tuvinian People's Republic was politically and economically strongly under the influence of the Soviet Union (USSR) and was viewed by contemporaries in Germany and the USA as a puppet state or a Soviet “colony”. Besides the USSR, only the Mongolian People's Republic recognized the republic as a sovereign and independent state. Germany did not de facto recognize the country.

In 1944 the area became part of the Soviet Union , initially as the Autonomous Oblast of Tuva , and in 1962 as the Tuvinian ASSR ; since 1992 Tuva (also Tuvinien) is an autonomous republic in the southern part of the Asian Russia .

Republic of Uryanchai

In 1911, as a result of the Xinhai Revolution, the area then known as Outer Mongolia (today: Mongolia ), to which the province of Tannu-Urjanchai also belonged, was split off from the Chinese Empire . Supported by the Russian Empire , a separatist movement was formed that proclaimed independence from Tuva on February 15, 1912 under the name of the "Republic of Urjanchai".

Russian protectorate

In April 1914, the Russian Empire established the "Protectorate Urjanchajski Kraj" (Урянхайский край, Urjanchai region) on most of the Tuvinian territory to support its traders and the approximately 4,000 Russian settlers. For the administration of the area, the representatives of the Russian government founded the settlement Belozarsk (Russian Белоцарск, White City of the Tsar).

Russian civil war

According to the Treaty of Kjachta , Tannu-Tuva was an autonomous region of China from 1915 to 1918 . From July 5, 1918 to July 15, 1919, the White Army of Admiral Alexander Wassiljewitsch Kolchak occupied most of the country (governor was Pyotr Ivanovich Turchaninov), Chinese troops conquered the southwest and Mongolian troops under Khatanbaatar Magzardschaw the south of Tannu-Tuwas. From July 1919 to February 1920 the Russian Red Army occupied the country. From February 19, 1920 to June 1921, China reintegrated the Tannu-Tuva into its national territory, and Yan Shi-chao became governor.

Republic of Tannu Tuva

On August 14, 1921, with the support of the Red Army, Russian settlers declared the independence of the “People's Republic of Tuva” and in 1922 proclaimed the “Republic of Tannu-Tuwa Ulus” (Tuvinian: Таңды Тыва Улус (Республика) Tañdy-Tywa Ulus Respublika ( Ulus = command area, State, people)). The first government of the Soviet Republic was led from 1921 to 1924 by the Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy , the feudal head of the Choschun (district) Daa (Mongolian: Nojon Bujan-Badrachuund ).

Tuvinian People's Republic

In 1924, Donduk Kuular became chairman of the Little Churals, the Tuvan parliament, and thus head of state. Kuular made Buddhism the state religion. He tried to limit the immigration of Russian settlers as well as the Soviet propaganda in the country and to establish a closer connection to the Mongolian People's Republic . Donduk Kuular's intention was to transform Tuva into a Lamaist theocracy . In November 1926, Donduk Kuular was elected Prime Minister and the country was renamed the “Tuvinian People's Republic” (Tьʙa Arat Respuʙlik / TAR) .

Flag of the Tuvinian People's Republic 1926–1930
Postage stamp from 1927

The capital Belozarsk (since 1918 Chem-Beldyr) was named Kyzyl in 1926 ("red" in the Turkic languages , Russian Кызыл). The official national currency was initially the Russian or Soviet ruble under the name Lan, from 1934 to 1944 the Tuvinian Akşa , which was pegged to the ruble.

In January 1929, the Soviet Union staged a communist coup in the Tuvinian People's Republic. Donduk Kuular was deposed as prime minister, arrested and executed in 1932 on orders from Stalin . In 1930 five young Tuvan graduates from the Communist University for the Workers of the East , the same group that executed Kuular, were appointed special commissioners for Tuva. Strictly following the line of Joseph Stalin, they “ purged ” the Tuvinian Communist Party of about a third of its members and increased the pressure to collectivize agriculture in the traditionally nomadic country. The new government pursued a policy of destroying Buddhism and shamanism in Tuva, which also came from Stalin. The country became a satellite state of the Soviet Union .

Proof of the success of these activities can be seen in the decrease in the number of lamas in the country: in 1929 there were 25 Buddhist monasteries and about 4,000 lamas and shamans; In 1931 there was just a Buddhist monastery, 15 lamas and about 725 shamans. The attempts to eradicate nomadism were more difficult. A census showed that in 1931 82.2 percent of Tuvins were nomads.

Saltschak Toka , one of the five special commissioners, became general secretary of the Tuvinian People's Revolutionary Party (TPRP) founded in 1932. Tuva became effective on June 25, 1941, three days after the USSR, on the side of the Allies in the Second World War one. A Tuvinian infantry regiment and a cavalry battalion fought in the Red Army, and a Tuvinian tank soldier received the honorary title Hero of the Soviet Union . In 1944 uranium was discovered in Tuwa .

On August 17, 1944, the Little Chural “applied” at a special meeting for the incorporation of the People's Republic into the Soviet Union. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR agreed, and on October 13, 1944, the Tuvan People's Republic became an autonomous region of the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic (RSFSR) . The double breach of the constitution was remarkable, because according to the Tuvinian as well as the Soviet constitution, such a decision could only have been made by the Great Chural or the Supreme Soviet of the USSR . Soviet newspapers reported about it two years later, other contemporary publications also mention 1945 as the date of incorporation into the USSR.

The incorporation into the USSR brought no visible changes for the country, since the area had already been politically and economically part of the Soviet Union for more than a decade: all foreign trade was conducted with the USSR, the real power in the country was exercised by Soviet advisors . When the hitherto formally “independent” state was transformed into an administrative unit of the USSR, only the state authorities were renamed, the Tuvinian Communist Party was incorporated into the CPSU and the diplomatic mission from Moscow was recalled.

Coordinates: 51 ° 42 '  N , 94 ° 23'  E

economy

Tuva's economy was almost entirely a nomadic economy; were kept cattle , sheep , goats , horses , yaks , camels and reindeer . The cold winters regularly caused high losses, the construction of stables or the creation of feed stocks was largely unknown. The main foodstuffs were milk and meat from the herds , sometimes the diet was supplemented by hunting and collecting fruits , nuts or onions as well as fishing . Selling skins and antlers to Russian and Chinese traders resulted in low income. Agriculture was not very widespread in nomadic society; it was only practiced to a small extent in particularly suitable areas and with primitive methods.

literature

  • Philip Walters: Religion in Tuva: Restoration or Innovation? In: Religion, State & Society . Volume 29, No. 1, 2001, ISSN  0963-7494 , pp. 23-38.
  • Otto Männchen-Helfen : Journey to the Asian Tuva. The book circle , Berlin 1931.
  • Boris Chichlo: Histoire de la formation des territoires autonomes chez les peuples turco-mongols de Sibérie. In: Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique . Volume 28, 1987, ISSN  0008-0160 pp. 361-401, esp. Pp. 380-384. ( Online. )
  • Georg Cleinow : New Siberia (Sib-krai). A study on the rise of Soviet power in Asia . Published by Reimar Hobbing, Berlin 1928.
  • Toomas Alatalu: Tuva. A state reawakens. In: Soviet Studies. Vol. 44, No. 5, 1992, ISSN  1465-3427 , pp. 881-895.
  • Robert A. Rupen: Tuva. In: Asian Survey. Volume 5, No. 12, 1965, ISSN  0004-4687 , pp. 609-615.
  • William Ballis: Soviet Russia's Asiatic Frontier Technique. Tana [sic!] Tuva. In: Pacific Affairs. Volume 14, No. 1, 1941, ISSN  1715-3379 , pp. 91-96.
  • KB: Tannu Tuva Showing Signs of Industrial Activity. In: Far Eastern Survey. Volume 6, No. 7, 1937, ISSN  0362-8949 , p. 81.
  • David J. Dallin: Soviet Russia and the Far East . Yale University Press, New Haven 1948.
  • Chahryar Adle (Ed.): Towards the Contemporary Period: From the Mid-nineteenth to the End of the Twentieth Century (= History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume 6). UNESCO Publishing, Paris 2005, ISBN 978-92-3-103985-0 , pp. 328-328. ( Online. )
  • Werner Leimbach: Geography of Tuwa. The area of ​​the upper reaches of the Yenisei. ( Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen . Volume 222). J. Perthes, Gotha 1936, ISSN  0031-6229 .
  • Werner Leimbach: Tuwa, the headwaters of the Yenisei. A regional overview. In: Geographical Journal. Volume 42, No. 11, 1936, ISSN  0016-7479 , pp. 401-416.
  • Erich Körner-Lakatos : Ada Kaleh, Tannu-Tuwa, Acre. Fifty historical niches . Monsenstein and Vannerdat, Münster 2010, ISBN 978-3-86991-172-4 .
  • Sewjan Israilewitsch Weinstein : Nomads of South Siberia. The Pastoral Economies of Tuva. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1980, ISBN 978-0-521-22089-7 .
  • Ralph Leighton : Tuva or Bust! Richard Feynman ’s Last Journey. WW Norton, New York 2000, ISBN 978-0-393-32069-5 .
  • Nikolaj Alekseevič Serdobov, Leonid Pavlovič Potapov: Istorija formirovanija tuvinskoj nacii. Tuvknigoizdat, Kyzyl 1971.

Web links

Commons : Tuvinian People's Republic  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ heraldicum.ru
  2. ↑ worldstatesmen.org
  3. ↑ worldstatesmen.org
  4. ↑ Mortimer Epstein (Ed.): The Statesman's Yearbook. Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1945 . 82nd edition, Macmillan & Co. Ltd., London 1945, doi : 10.1057 / 9780230270749 p. 810 ( PDF, 1.5 MB ).
  5. ↑ Mortimer Epstein (Ed.): The Statesman's Yearbook. Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1945 . 82nd edition, Macmillan & Co. Ltd., London 1945, doi : 10.1057 / 9780230270749 p. 810 ( PDF, 1.5 MB ).
  6. ↑ worldstatesmen.org
  7. ↑ Toomas Alatalu: Tuva. A state reawakens. In: Soviet Studies. Vol. 44, No. 5, 1992, ISSN  1465-3427 , pp. 881-895.
  8. ↑ worldstatesmen.org
  9. ↑ worldstatesmen.org
  10. ↑ worldstatesmen.org
  11. ^ David J. Dallin: Soviet Russia and the Far East . Yale University Press, New Haven 1948, pp. 84 & 87.
  12. ^ Otto Mänchen-Helfen : Journey to the Asian Tuwa. Der Bücherkreis , Berlin 1931, pp. 140f.
  13. ^ Georg Cleinow: New Siberia (Sib-krai). A study on the rise of Soviet power in Asia . Published by Reimar Hobbing , Berlin 1928, p. 99.
  14. ↑ David X. Noack: The Second Tournament of Shadows: The Action of the Great Powers Germany, Great Britain and the Soviet Union in Soviet and Chinese Turkestan 1919–1933 (dissertation) , portal-militaergeschichte.de November 5, 2018 (accessed on November 5 2018).
  15. ↑ Toomas Alatalu: Tuva. A state reawakens. In: Soviet Studies. Vol. 44, No. 5, 1992, ISSN  1465-3427 , pp. 881-895.
  16. ↑ Ralph Leighton : Tuva or Bust! Richard Feynman ’s Last Journey. WW Norton, New York 2000, ISBN 978-0-393-32069-5 , p. 49.
  17. ^ The World at War, Tannu Tuva 1911–1944
  18. ^ David J. Dallin: Soviet Russia and the Far East . Yale University Press, New Haven 1948, p. 89.
  19. ↑ Julian Towster: Political Power in the USSR from 1917 to 1947. The Theory and the Structure of Government in the Soviet State. Oxford University Press, New York 1948, p. 108.
  20. ^ David J. Dallin: Soviet Russia and the Far East . Yale University Press, New Haven 1948, pp. 87-91.
  21. ^ Werner Leimbach: Tuwa, the headwaters of the Yenisei. A regional overview. In: Geographical Journal. Volume 42, No. 11, 1936, ISSN  0016-7479 , pp. 410-413.
  22. ^ Otto Mänchen-Helfen : Journey to the Asian Tuwa. Der Bücherkreis , Berlin 1931, pp. 49, 59f.