Principality of Isenburg (Rhine Confederation)
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The Principality of Isenburg was a small state in the southeast of today's state of Hesse that existed from 1806 to 1815 . As a member of the Rhine Confederation , he was under the protectorate of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte . It consisted of the previously direct imperial territories of the Prince of Isenburg and Büdingen in Birstein and the counts of the house of Ysenburg and Büdingen: Ysenburg-Büdingen-Büdingen , Ysenburg-Büdingen-sea timber and Ysenburg-Büdingen-Wächtersbach .
geography
Location and limits
The principality was divided into two parts: the left (south) of the Main (with Offenbach , Neu-Isenburg , Sprendlingen and Dreieich ) and the right (north) of the Kinzig (with Birstein , Wenings and the Ysenburg counties). Between the two parts was the Principality of Hanau in 1806 , then occupied by the French , which from 1810 belonged to the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt .
In 1806 the southern part was surrounded in the west by the Grand Duchy of Hesse and the city of Frankfurt and in the north by the Principality of Hanau. The northern part was bounded in the northwest by the Grand Duchy of Hesse, in the northeast by the Principality of Fulda (from 1810 the Fulda Department in the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt) and in the south by the Principality of Hanau and the Principality of Aschaffenburg (from 1810 the Aschaffenburg Department in the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt).
The northern part of the national territory is today in the Main-Kinzig district and in the Wetterau district , the southern part in the district and the city of Offenbach , the place Eppertshausen in the Darmstadt-Dieburg district .
Classification
The area of the Principality of Isenburg covered approximately 790 km² (14 square miles). There was no exact mapping . The lowest level of government administration was the office , also known as the “court”. The principality of Isenburg had 17 of them. There were four spots , 93 villages, seven castles, 33 (manor) farms and four towns ( Büdingen , Dreieichenhain , Wächtersbach and Wenings ). The capital “city” Offenbach, like the residences Birstein and Langenselbold , had no town charter.
South of the Main
Isenburg-Birstein
- Oberamt Offenbach (four places with 3370 inhabitants): Offenbach ( a beautiful, well-inhabited area belonging to the Bieger Mark ), Bürgel, Neu-Isenburg ( ... the wälsche village, was completely rebuilt in 1700 by a colony of expelled Reformed French ), ( the Catholic villages ) Münster and Urberach,
-
Amt Dreieichenhain (one town, five places with 3700 inhabitants): Stadt Dreieichenhain ( this place is the center of the old imperial and royal forest to Dreieichen ), Götzenhain, Münster, Offenthal, Sprendlingen and
Geinsheim am Rhein ,
Neuhof, Dreieicher Waldungen ;
(All places and the forest went to Hessen-Darmstadt in 1816).
Isenburg-Philippseich
-
Isenburg-Philippseich county with the Philippseich Palace
(1816 to Hessen-Darmstadt).
From Hessen-Darmstadt
- two brick huts near Offenbach and the Bürgeler Mühle
(huts and mill in 1816 at Hessen-Darmstadt)
By agreement (State Treaty) of September 24, 1806 with the Grand Duchy of Hesse, knighthood and other possessions were added:
From Schönborn
- the rulership of Hausenstamm (Heusenstamm) : Heusenstamm (castle and village), the villages of Oberhausen (Obertshausen) and Hausen behind the sun and the two farms of Petershausen (Patershausen) and Grafenbruch (Gravenbruch) ,
(three places and two farms in 1816 in Hessen-Darmstadt ).
Von Lerchenfeld (formerly: Groschlag )
- the lordship of Eppertshausen ( manor and village of Eppertshausen)
(place and manor 1816 to Hessen-Darmstadt)
From the Teutonic Order
- the Wildhof with the adjacent forests
(Hof and former Reichsforst Dreieich in 1816 to Hessen-Darmstadt)
North of the Main
Isenburg-Birstein
-
Office Wenings (one town, seven places, 3500 inhabitants):
Allenrod, Bösgesäß (right of the Bracht ), Burgbracht, Gelnhaar (left of the Bleichenbach ), Illnhausen, Merkenfritz, Wenings (town), Wernings (today a desert , 1842 emigration of all residents - 156 people - via New Orleans in and around the places Waterloo and Columbia , in Monroe County (Illinois) , in the southwest of the US state Illinois , USA);
(All places went to Hessen-Darmstadt in 1816). - Court Reichenbach or Birstein (15 places with 4400 inhabitants):
Birstein, Bösgesäss (left of the Bracht ), Fischborn, Hettersroth, Katholisch-Willenroth, Kirchbracht, Lichenroth, Mauswinkel, (Ober- and Unter-) Sotzbach, Oberreichenbach, Radmühl (right of the Salz) , Unterreichenbach, Völzberg ( Felsberg ), Wettges, Wüstwillenroth,
Hof Entenfang , Höfen , Schönhof
(15 towns and three farms in 1816 in Hessen-Kassel).
- Office Ronneburg and court Langenselbold (three places with 2750 inhabitants):
Hüttengesäß, Langenselbold (with Hinterdorf and Oberdorf), Neuwidermuß ( Fuchsgraben )
Baumieser Hof, Bruderdiebacher Hof (both belonging to Langenselbold)
(three places and two courtyards 1816 in Hessen-Kassel) . -
Court of Diebach (three places with 2000 inhabitants): Langendiebach ( Kazendiebach ) with castle, Ravolzhausen,
common Isenburg possession Rückingen (with little castle ),
Reußerhof (courtyard and mill, belonging to the Langendiebach district, municipality of Erlensee)
(all three places and the courtyard in 1816 to Hessen-Kassel).
Ysenburg-Büdingen-Büdingen
Took possession on September 2, 1806
-
Amt Büdingen (a town, 19 towns with 7500 inhabitants):
- Büdingen court: Aulen-Diebach, Büches, Stadt Büdingen ( ..., a small town, which is the capital of the whole county. ... Pretty good wine also grows around the town . ), Calbach, Diebach am Haag, Dudenroth, Großendorf, Haingründau , Lorbach, Mittelgründau [Büdinger side = old village], Orleshausen, Pferdsbach , Rinderbügen, Vonhausen,
Christinenhof , Erbacher Hof, Herrnhaag , Rinderbügener Hof, Salinenhof, Sandhof, Thiergarten farm with forest, Büdinger Markwald
- Düdelsheim court: Düdelsheim, Effolderbach, Rohrbach, Stockheim;
Findörfer Hof , Hof Leustadt , Rohrbacher Wald
(all 22 locations in 1816 in Hessen-Darmstadt). -
Office Mockstadt (three places with 1200 inhabitants):
Heegheim , Niedermockstadt , Obermockstadt ( Muggistat ),
as well as: Nieder- and Ober-Mockstädter Weide
(all places and the forest 1816 at Hessen-Darmstadt). - Share (12/57) in the Staden inheritance : Nieder-Florstadt, Ober-Florstadt, Staden, Stammheim
Wald of the Nieder-Ilbenstadt women's monastery
(all places and the forest 1816 to Hessen-Darmstadt).
Ysenburg-Büdingen-Meerholz
Took possession on September 2, 1806
-
Office Marienborn (five places with 2200 inhabitants): Marienborn, Bergheim, Eckartshausen, Himbach, Altwidermus
(five places in 1816 in Hessen-Darmstadt). -
Court of Meerholz (four places with 2200 inhabitants): Haitz, Hailer, Meerholz ( .., a spot, not far from the Kinzig ), Neuenhaßlau, Gondsroth ( Gundsrod ), Niedermittlau,
Hof Kaltenborn (later part of Haitz),
(four places and the Hof 1816 to Hessen-Kassel). - Court of Gründau or Lieblos (five places with 2550 inhabitants):
Gettenbach, Lieblos, Niedergründau, Roth, Rothenbergen,
Hühnerhof (later part of Gettenbach), Mittelgründauer Hof (Meerholzer side = courtyard, later part of Mittel-Gründau by moving the border),
(five Places and three courtyards in 1816 at Hessen-Kassel).
Ysenburg-Büdingen-Wächtersbach
Took possession on September 2, 1806
-
Amt Assenheim (three places, 1700 inhabitants): Assenheim, Bönstadt, Bruchenbrücken,
Schloss (three places in 1816 in Hessen-Darmstadt). - Wächtersbach office (Spielberg court and Wächtersbach court):
- Spielberg court (eleven places, 3400 inhabitants): Helfersdorf, Hellstein, Leisenwald, Neuenschmidten,
Schlierbach, Spielberg (with castle), Streitberg, Udenhain, Waldensberg, Wittgenborn,
Weiherhof (court and hunting lodge), Weihermühle, Schächtelburg - Court of Wächtersbach (one town, three places, 1320 inhabitants): Breitenborn, Hesseldorf, town of Wächtersbach, Weilers,
- Wolferborn court (three places, 650 inhabitants): Michelau,
(from Wolferborn court in 1816 only one place in Hessen-Kassel, otherwise all places in 1816 in Hessen-Darmstadt)
- Spielberg court (eleven places, 3400 inhabitants): Helfersdorf, Hellstein, Leisenwald, Neuenschmidten,
- Wolferborn court (share): Bindsachsen, Hitzkirchen, Kefenrod ( Käferoth )
(all three places went to Hessen-Darmstadt in 1816).
population
The principality of Isenburg had about 47,000 inhabitants.
history
Prehistory: Isenburg in the old empire
The ruling count of the Isenburg-Birstein county had become imperial prince in 1744 , but he was still only represented in the Reichstag via the curate vote of the Wetterau counts' association. It was only through the main decision of the Reichsdeputation in 1803 that the prince received a virile vote in the Reichsfürstenrat . With the Count's Ysenburg lines, there was a system of house contracts that regulated mutual family and property law issues, in particular inheritance .
Carl Friedrich, Prince of Isenburg, was an active French officer from autumn 1805 to summer 1809. He was a recruiter for two French foreign regiments ( Régiment Isenburg (Grande Armée) and Regiment Prussia (Grande Armée) ) - there were a total of four.
Carl Friedrich took an active part in combat operations. But he never commanded these regiments. He first tried to counter the threat to his own sovereignty from political developments as a result of the collapse of the old political order at the end of the German Empire in an alliance with other aristocrats from the area around the Wetterau Counts' Association , with the Frankfurt Union , who were equally affected . However, their efforts were unsuccessful. All members were mediatized in 1806 - only the Principality of Isenburg escaped it. This was solely due to the prince's personal relationship with Napoleon.
founding
The principality was established in 1806 on the basis of the Rhine Confederation Act , which the prince was able to join. The core was the existing principality of Isenburg , to which the territories of the count's lines were subordinate, as well as some smaller areas were added. He was thus sovereign prince over all the Isenburg lands .
On September 2, 1806, the prince took possession of the previously independent territories of the Count's lines of Ysenburg , which naturally outraged the ruling counts there.
expansion
Despite the economically difficult war years that followed, Carl Friedrich tried to modernize the areas under his control. A servant widow's and orphan's fund ( civil servants' pension ) and fire insurance for buildings were established, vaccination against smallpox was introduced and provision for the disabled after military service was regulated.
Event history
Driven by the precarious economic situation, various robber gangs appeared in the principality, such as the Harting brothers' gang between 1805 and 1810 and other locally active gangs in Vogelsberg and Wetterau between 1808 and 1812.
In 1811 the anthrax killed large numbers of cattle in the principality.
Country
Head of state and state symbols
Head of State was Carl Friedrich, sovereign Prince of Isenburg (or Carl Friedrich of Isenburg-Birstein). However, sovereignty was in fact limited by two factors: the territory was relatively small and also a member of a confederation whose policy was determined by Napoleon. In questions of foreign policy, the declaration of war , the waging of war , the formation and maintenance of the military, he was - like the other Princes of the Rhine Confederation - not sovereign.
Government and Administration
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The heads of the highest authorities in the principality were organized in a collegial manner, as was customary for the time. They were based in the residential city of Offenbach am Main . These were:
- the senior consistory , the church and school authorities,
- the Rentkammer , the tax authority and
- the higher office, the police and judicial authority.
The head of the government was Wolfgang von Goldner , a skilled lawyer and diplomat who had already worked for Wolfgang Ernst II zu Isenburg and Büdingen , the father of Prince Carl Friedrich, as a Privy Councilor , and at his instigation, Emperor Franz II became a baron in 1801 had been ennobled . Goldner and the prince were of the same age, around 40 years old when the state was founded, and were supporters of Napoleon. The contact between Prince and Goldner was familiar and Goldner decided some important questions without asking the Prince. Some authors exaggerated the claim that Goldner was the politician and Prince Carl Friedrich was his envoy.
Government revenue
The income of the entire country amounted to 261,000 fl. 150,000 fl .; of this came from Birstein / Offenbach; Büdingen 40,000 florins; Wächtersbach 36,000 fl. And Meerholz 35,000 fl.
The direct taxes are estimated at an average of three to four florins per person annually.
Further income of the small state came, above all from the forest use (wood for shipbuilding, house building, fattening for cattle and pigs and litter, leaves as straw replacement of the former Reichsforst Dreieich and the Büdinger Wald ) and the domains (33 manors, mostly leased) .
Educational institutions
Higher educational institutions (for Reformed and Lutheran ) existed in Offenbach. In Büdingen there was the state school (today: Wolfgang-Ernst-Gymnasium ).
Legal system
Isenburg never introduced French law (such as the Grand Duchy of Baden , the Kingdom of Westphalia or the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt ). In Isenburg, the Solms land law continued to apply, as was the case in almost the entire Wetterau Counts Association, or it was considered customary law.
On February 4, 1812, the church registers were ordered to be stamped in order to obtain precise dates of birth, marriage, baptism and death. In future, this data should no longer only be recorded by clergy, but also by district officials (“special books”). Subjects first had to report the event to the state civil servant and then to the clergyman.
coat of arms
The coat of arms of the Principality of Isenburg contained two black crossbars in a silver field, and a golden lion in a blue field in the center shield. The national colors were pigeon blue and yellow.
Coins
The right to mint (acquired with sovereignty in the Confederation of the Rhine) authorized Prince Carl Friedrich to “strike coins” . “If it works” it should bring in 6,000 to 7,000 florins (Minister Goldner). However, it was not until 1811 that it was struck, namely DUCAT., "Reichsthaler" - 16/EINE FEINE/MARK/1811, 12/KREU/ZER/1811and 6/KREU/ZER/1811.
Orders and decorations
- Order Pour mes Amis (1809): House and Merit Order.
- War memorial 1814–15 (1815) for the participants in the wars of liberation. The war memorial was worn on a black and white ribbon with a powder blue and yellow border.
military
Isenburg federal contingent under Nassau's flags
1806 to 1813
According to Article 35 of the Rhine Confederation Federal Act , the French Empire concluded an alliance both with the Rhenish Confederation and with each individual state. According to Article 38 of the Federal Act, the prince had to provide 291 soldiers to the federal contingent (equipment costs 33,234 fl. 34 kr. ), Three companies that he had to maintain. This key was soon increased to 350 men. The starting stock was one officer and 90 men. A captain , four lieutenants and 200 men were also required . In terms of military history, the Isenburg residents were considered "Nassau" because the Duchy of Nassau (co-) organized the small states of the Rhine Confederation (such as Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen , Hohenzollern-Hechingen , von der Leyen and Liechtenstein ) militarily. At first there was no conscription.
With the Spain campaign , the demands on the small states also increased drastically. In July 1808, according to the distribution key of the Rhine Confederation Act of 1806, the "little" princes were supposed to be an infantry regiment with two depot (replacement) companies with artillery and sapper companies ("Schanzgräber", pioneers for the siege) and six months later another regiment of additional 3032 places.
In March 1809 in Frankfurt the Princes' College discussed the establishment of a further regiment. It agreed on 2,907 infantry and 125 horse hunters (Isenburg had 33,234 fl. 34 xr. , And retroactively for the first regiment 9378 fl. Expend). Nassau took over part of the obligation of the smaller princes against reimbursement for "6 years and 6 months". Only Isenburg and Hohenzollern-Hechingen provided their own recruits , the other soldiers were recruited from Nassau . Under the command of Colonel von Pöllnitz, the former 1st and 4th Battalion became the "1. Ducal Nassau Regiment ”. On April 8, 1809, it marched from Wiesbaden to the Bavarian-Austrian theater of war. After garrison services in Vienna and Passau , the troops marched to Spain, where they arrived in Barcelona on March 16, 1810 . By the end of 1813, the regiment took part in 35 battles. In March 1813 the 1st Squadron of the Riding Jäger was ordered to Catalonia . The mounted hunters took part in 32 skirmishes and major combat operations. Both regiments belonged to the Leval division .
It was not until the spring of 1812 that the legal basis for compulsory military service in the Principality of Isenburg was created
- the conscription constitution of January 23, 1812,
- the exceptions for the protection of the economy of February 8, 1812 (46 articles on 13 printed pages) and
- the Conscription Ordinance of March 2, 1812.
In November 1813, both Nassau and Isenburg ended their alliance with France and their membership in the Rhine Confederation. Thereupon the 1st Infantry Regiment (with Isenburg participation) and the two squadrons of mounted hunters were disarmed on December 22, 1813, while still in Spain, and were taken prisoner by the French. On April 30, 1814, the soldiers were declared free and marched back to their homeland. 13 soldiers had previously managed to defected to the British. They were shipped from Tarragona via Mallorca to Palermo and barracked on January 16, 1814 with the German Legion ( King's German Legion ) there. At the end of March they came to Livorno and marched through Italy and southern Germany to Usingen , where they arrived on May 12, 1814.
The 2nd regiment switched to the British side on December 10, 1813 and was shipped to England. From there it should come to the Netherlands . During the crossing there was a shipwreck off the island of Texel , which became known as the "accident on the Haaksbank ". Of the 200 men who were on the two sunk ships, only three officers, 26 commoners and three sailors survived. The survivors were "used" in the Netherlands until 1820.
Relatively many of the Isenburg residents survived. Only eight Isenburg soldiers died in four years of war. From 1809 to 1813 the cost of the military was more than 217,600 florins .
1814 to 1816
On January 14, 1814, the General Government ordered the establishment of the Landsturm (conscription for the last contingent ). The Grand Duchy of Frankfurt and the Principality of Isenburg were subordinate to the General-Gouvernement. In the period from the beginning of 1814 to the beginning of March 1814, the General-Gouvernement issued five ordinances that regulated the organization and internal order of the Landsturm.
The resolution of the State troops were reorganized Isenburg and 600 from Offenbach, Büdingen and Birstein infantrymen and a contingent of volunteer hunter with a battalion of Frankfurt and two Würzburg battalions to a brigade in the service of the allies. On March 18, 1814, they took part in the battle at Mormant and one in the canton of Limonest .
Under the main army of the allies against Napoleon there was also an association with the name Isenburg on January 1, 1814 (under the command of Count Isenburg-Büdingen as an Austrian colonel).
After Napoleon's flight from Elba in March 1815, the Isenburg soldiers had to move out again - this time under the Russian General Wallmoden . They were involved in the battle at Seltz in Lower Alsace on June 26, 1815, and in the siege of Strasbourg from July 5, 1815 .
Military road through the Kinzig valley
,_Retour_de_Russie_(ca._1818).jpg)
The condition of "des Reiches Straße" ( Via Regia ) from Frankfurt am Main to Leipzig , an important trade and military route , no longer met the traffic requirements. The section from Langenselbold via Rothenbergen and Lieblos to Gelnhausen was in particularly poor condition. The French military urgently needed this main road. Carl Friedrich Fürst zu Isenburg therefore forced the construction, since the road was east of Hanau to west of Gelnhausen in his national territory. On October 20, 1810, the renovated road was opened to traffic. In particular, the previously swampy sections at the Abtshecke, in Rothenbergen and at the Neue Herberge south of the then Lieblos village were now easily passable. This road was used by the Grande Armée units in January and February 1813 when they withdrew from Russia and again after the Battle of Leipzig (October 16-19, 1813). On October 28, 1813, Napoleon stayed in Rothenbergen in the afternoon with the innkeeper Peter Schmick (Gasthaus Faß) and then spent the night in Prince Carl Friedrich's Langenselbold Castle . In the meantime, Napoleon's Quartermaster General selected around 70,000 combat-ready soldiers from the columns marching through Rothenbergen to march with them into the battle of Hanau and on to Frankfurt to Mainz.
Loads of war
The government report of October 18, 1813 read: "The country is impoverished, the magazines empty, money is missing, no money to be collected" and on December 6, 1813: "The misery is limitless everywhere." In 1814 the burdens of war were added up by the administration. The following were used:
- for Russian troops 1,159,763 florins ,
- for Austrian troops 375,623 florins,
- for Prussian troops 265,540 florins and
- for various other troops 78,855 florins,
a total of 1.8 million fl.
With the political turnaround in favor of Napoleon's opponents, Prince Carl Friedrich was now on the losing side. From January to August 1814, a further 1,879,833 florins were withdrawn from the principality that was considered occupied enemy territory. By February 1816 all war expenditures had risen to 2,300,000 fl. In these ... years 1813–1815, the direct tax for the subject increased by almost three times compared to the time before the Rhine Confederation .
In 1815 the debt burden is said to have amounted to 1,140,367 florins . Since it was not possible to finally clarify what the sovereign debt on the one hand and the Prince's private debt on the other, a settlement was not made until 1830, ten years after the death of Carl Friedrich. But after a further ten years (1840), debts of 321,444 florins were still on the coffers of all Isenburger Lands. Well into the 19th century, the Isenburg communities still paid for the burden of the wars.
economy
Large parts of the northern area of the principality were either in the sandstone area of the Spessart or in the basalt area of the Vogelsberg . Sandstone quarries and - from the 19th century onwards - basalt quarries supplied material for house and road construction. The quarries are particularly emphasized in economic treatises of the time. The basalt quarries produced excellent millstones , the quality of which was valued and which were therefore largely exported.
There were also iron, glass and brickworks, potters, lime mining, potash boilers , schnapps distillers, breweries, plaster of paris, bone , tan , oil, paper, saw, tobacco and fulling mills , mostly in inheritance .
In Offenbach, the “most industrial city” in the Rhine-Main area , there was a “lively industry”. There were luxury trades, especially gold and silver spinning, stone grinding , printing works (book printing , banknote printing , letter foundry ), and beginning with the leather goods industry - Portefeuiller (= Portefeller, in the Rhine Franconian - South Hessian dialect ). Produced " fortepiano ", tobacco ( snuff - "the genuine Marocco") Torevtika (artistic metal embossing), faience , paper, cans, jewelery , luxury clothes, oilcloth , umbrellas, sun umbrellas, soap, watches and cars.
End of sovereignty
Isenburg under the General Government of Frankfurt
On October 6, 1813, the principality was handed over to the General Government in Frankfurt. On November 6, 1813, on behalf of the highest Allied Powers, the Governor General, Prince Philipp of Hessen-Homburg , Austrian Lieutenant Field Marshal , issued the following announcement:
“After the allied powers have taken military possession of the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt and the Fürstlich-Isenburgische Lande, and have set myself up as Governor General of both states, I hasten to bring this measure to public knowledge.
All authorities and civil servants of the mentioned countries are temporarily retained and confirmed in their public functions. I appoint the Baron von Albini Excellency to chair the ministerial consortium of the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt.
All the authorities will continue the administration under my supervision, and will be held responsible for the punctual observance of all those orders which I shall find necessary to make.
I do not doubt that by faithfully fulfilling their duties they always remain worthy of the trust of the high allied powers, do their utmost to maintain public order and for the common good, and thereby try to contribute to the achievement of the intentions aimed at the liberation of Germany and the establishment of its welfare become."
Prince Philip resigned from the post at the end of 1813. The previous Military Governor of Würzburg, the Austrian General Feldzeugmeister Heinrich XIII, became Governor General . Prince Reuss . He was now Governor General of the Grand Duchies of Würzburg and Frankfurt and of the Principality of Isenburg. The Privy Councilor and Minister von Hügel was responsible for civil administration .
At the request of the wife of the prince who had fled, Charlotte Auguste zu Erbach-Erbach , who was regent of the principality at the time, Prince Metternich informed her on February 15, 1815 that he would arrange for the principality to be removed from the dependency of the Generalgouvernement in Frankfurt dismissed, but he did not agree to the restoration of sovereignty hoped for by the princess.
Isenburg under Austria
By resolution of the Congress of Vienna , Isenburg came to Austria on June 8, 1815 . On July 3, 1815, Emperor Franz I took possession of the land from the Saarburg field camp . Austria treated the country considerately. Nevertheless, from this point on it was no longer subject to international law, the state of Isenburg had legally perished.
Isenburg falls to Hesse
Belonging to Austria only lasted a year, because after an exchange with Bavaria ( Salzburg to Austria, Würzburg to Bavaria), Vienna was no longer interested in Isenburg. Austria handed it over to the Grand Duke of Hesse , who agreed with the Elector of Hesse on a division that was carried out in mid-1816. Before that, the mayors of the communities in the former Isenburg-Birstein territory had turned to the Emperor of Austria on August 1, 1815 with a joint petition in which they campaigned to restore the state independence of the Principality of Isenburg.
Aftermath
Until 1821, when fundamental administrative reforms were carried out in both Hessian states, the part of the Principality of Isenburg that got there represented an administrative unit in the respective state.
The elector "improved" his coat of arms and added the Isenburgic one to it, and the title "Prince of Isenburg" was added to the electoral title. The same happened in the Grand Duchy of Hesse.
And 50 years after the Elector of Hesse took control of Isenburg, the Elector of Hesse was defeated by Prussia and finally annexed . In the public announcement of the annexation of Electorate Hesse by Prussia on October 3, 1866, the King of Prussia not only took possession of Electorate Hesse , but also expressly the states that formed the former Electorate of Hesse, namely: ... the principalities of Hersfeld, Hanau, Fritzlar and Isenburg,… . The Prussian king added the corresponding titles to his previous title.
literature
- Eckhart G. Franz , Peter Fleck, Fritz Kallenberg: Grand Duchy of Hesse (1800) 1806–1918 . In: Walter Heinemeyer , Helmut Berding , Peter Moraw , Hans Philippi (ed.): Handbook of Hessian History . Volume 4.2: Hesse in the German Confederation and in the New German Empire (1806) 1815–1945. The Hessian states until 1945 = publications of the historical commission for Hesse 63. Elwert. Marburg 2003. ISBN 3-7708-1238-7
- Gerhard Köbler : Historical lexicon of the German countries. The German territories from the Middle Ages to the present. 7th, completely revised edition. CH Beck, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-54986-1 .
- Bernd Müller: The Principality of Isenburg in the Rhenish Confederation - From Territory to State . (Fürstlich Isenburg and Büdingische Rentkammer), Büdingen 1978.
- Friedrich Wilhelm Schluckebier: The end of a small state . In: District Committee of the Main-Kinzig-Kreis (ed.): Between Vogelsberg and Spessart = Gelnhauser Heimat-Jahrbuch 1986, Gelnhausen 1985, p. 75 f.
- Heinrich Schoch: State and address book of the states of the Rhenish Federation for the year 1811 . (Landes-Industrie-Comptoir), Weimar 1811.
Web links
- Search for the Principality of Isenburg (Rheinbund) in the German Digital Library
- Search for "Fürstentum Isenburg" in the SPK digital portal of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation
Remarks
- ↑ The rapid passage for the Prussian artillery on the march to Mainz for the siege of Mainz (1793) was not possible here. It had to be done because of the poor condition of the road over the mountain (Galgenberg west of Rothenbergen and the Abtshecke east of Langenselbold). "Nobody comes to Gelnhausen or Hanau happily if they don't get the Abtshecke behind them with intact skin" (Adolf Seibig: Untat an der Abtshecke . In: District Committee of the Main-Kinzig District (ed.): Between Vogelsberg and Spessart. Gelnhausen Heimat-Jahrbuch 1986. Gelnhausen 1985, p. 71).
- ↑ Anton Calaminus , the later prince educator and later Hanau pastor , son of the pastor of the church on the mountain (actually: church on Bergstrasse ( Via Regia ); today usually only called mountain church ) gives an impressive report on the turmoil and dangers of the last days of October Isenburg Niedergründau, whose mother, the pastor's widow, looked after three French medical soldiers from the 8th Division of the 3rd Army Corps and hid them in the (not exactly easily accessible) tower of the mountain church when the anti-Napoleonic troops approached (Anton Calaminus: Hilfe in der Not - From the French period in Anno 1813 (edited by Martin Humburg). In: Geschichtsverein Gelnhausen e.V .: Gelnhauser Geschichtsblätter 2012/2013, Gelnhausen 2014, pp. 59–74, ISSN 1862-1899 ).
Individual evidence
- ^ Franz / Fleck / Kallenberg: Grand Duchy of Hessen , p. 695.
- ^ Franz / Fleck / Kallenberg: Grand Duchy of Hessen , p. 695.
- ↑ Bernd Müller, p. 10.
- ↑ Geographical Writings - Fourth Part, Contains: The geographical introduction and descriptions of most of the countries of the Upper Rhine and West Phelian districts . (Johann Georg Friedrich Jakobi) Weißenburg im Nordgau 1786, p. 245
- ↑ Geographical Writings - Fourth Part, Contains: The geographical introduction and descriptions of most of the countries of the Upper Rhine and West Phelian districts . Johann Georg Friedrich Jakobi, Weißenburg im Nordgau 1786, p. 246
- ↑ Geographical Writings - Fourth Part, Contains: The geographical introduction and descriptions of most of the countries of the Upper Rhine and West Phelian districts . Johann Georg Friedrich Jakobi, Weißenburg im Nordgau 1786, p. 247
- ↑ Geographical Writings - Fourth Part, Contains: The geographical introduction and descriptions of most of the countries of the Upper Rhine and West Phelian districts . Johann Georg Friedrich Jakobi, Weißenburg im Nordgau 1786, p. 245
- ↑ No. 6. Agreement between Sr. Royal Highness the Grand Duke of Hesse and Sr. High Princely Highness the Sovereign Prince of Isenburg regarding various knightly and other immediate possessions. Frankfurt, September 24th 1806. In: Der Rheinische Bund (10th issue), p. 86; also reprinted by Georg Friedrich von Martens: Recueil de traités d'alliance, de paix, de trève, de neutralité, de commerce, de limites, d'Échange etc. Tome VIII. 1803-1808, Goettingue 1835, pp. 515 ff. and Manfred Mayer: History of the Mediatization of the Isenburg Desert. (M. Rieger'sche Universitäts-Buchhandlung) Munich 1891, pp. 180-182.
- ↑ On the checkered history of the Heusenstamm territory (the Counts of Schönborn as Imperial Knights), its occupation on December 10, 1803 and the subsequent mediatization: Wolfgang von Stetten: The legal status of the immediate free imperial knighthood, their mediatization and their position in the new lands - presented in the Franconian canton of Odenwald (dissertation Univ. Würzburg) 1973 p. 134 f., 189
- ↑ On the eventful history of the Eppertshausen territory (Countess Lerchenfeld, daughter of the last Baron von Groschlag), its occupation on December 10, 1803 and the subsequent mediatization: Wolfgang von Stetten: The legal status of the immediate free imperial knighthood, their mediatization and their position in the new lands - shown in the Franconian canton of Odenwald (dissertation Univ. Würzburg) 1973 p. 134 f., 189
- ^ Anton Friedrich Büsching : New description of the earth . Johann Carl Bohn, Hamburg 1771, p. 1359
- ↑ As early as 977, rights (wood rights) and even parts of the Dreieich forest are said to have been given away by individual emperors (at least 20 times). About the borders of the Reichsforst Dreieich and the Frankfurt city forest and the acquisition of forest pieces in the east and south of the city forest up to the 19th century. Friedrich Scharff: Borders and division of the Frankfurt city forest. In: Communications from the Association for History and Antiquity in Frankfurt a. M. Third volume (containing Communications Nos. 1-4 of April 1865, 1866, 1867 and 1868). (Self-published by the association) Frankfurt a. M. 1868, pp. 253-258.
- ↑ gierhardt.de
- ↑ Acquisition of ownership of the state subordinated to the Principality of Isenburg through the Rheinbundsacte from September 2, 1806. Regimental camp in Montpellier. In: Manfred Mayer: History of the Mediatization of the Principality of Isenburg. (M. Rieger'sche Universitäts-Buchhandlung) Munich 1891, Supplement II, No. 4, p. 180
- ↑ Geographical Writings - Fourth Part, Contains: The geographical introduction and descriptions of most of the countries of the Upper Rhine and West Phelian districts . (Johann Georg Friedrich Jakobi) Weißenburg im Nordgau 1786, p. 247
- ↑ Acquisition of ownership of the lands subordinated to the Principality of Isenburg by the Rheinbundsacte from September 2, 1806 (regimental camp in Montpellier), in: Manfred Mayer: Geschichte der Mediatisirung des Fürstenthumes Isenburg. (M. Rieger'sche Universitäts-Buchhandlung) Munich 1891, Supplement II, No. 4, p. 180
- ↑ Geographical Writings - Fourth Part, Contains: The geographical introduction and descriptions of most of the countries of the Upper Rhine and West Phelian districts . Johann Georg Friedrich Jakobi, Weißenburg im Nordgau 1786, p. 246
- ↑ Acquisition of ownership of the lands subordinated to the Principality of Isenburg by the Rheinbundsacte from September 2, 1806 (regimental camp in Montpellier), in: Manfred Mayer: Geschichte der Mediatisirung des Fürstenthumes Isenburg. (M. Rieger'sche Universitäts-Buchhandlung) Munich 1891, Supplement II, No. 4, p. 180. (digitized version)
- ^ Franz / Fleck / Kallenberg: Grand Duchy of Hessen , p. 695.
- ↑ § 32 main conclusion of the extraordinary Reich deputation of February 25, 1803 ; As of May 10, 2013.
- ^ Franz / Fleck / Kallenberg: Grand Duchy of Hesse , p. 694.
- ↑ Contract between the Plenipotentiary Sr. Majesty of the Emperor of the French, King of Italy with the Plenipotentiary of German Princes named in the contract himself dated July 12, 1806, as of August 13, 2020.
- ↑ Art. 24 para. 11 Rhine Confederation Act .
- ^ Paul Rudolf von Roth , Victor von Meibom : Kurhessisches Privatrecht . 1. Volume, Elwert, Marburg 1858, pp. 20 ff.
- ^ Franz / Fleck / Kallenberg: Grand Duchy of Hessen , p. 695.
- ↑ Georg Walther Robber Stories - The road robbery in past centuries in our homeland - The Schinderhanneszeit and the "Vogelsberg robber gang" - The gallows . In: District Committee of the Gelnhausen District (ed.): Heimat-Jahrbuch des Gelnhausen District, 1972 . 1971, pp. 62–65 with illustration of Zinken and ID cards; Klaus Beyrer (Ed.): Money or Life! - From stagecoach robbery to virtual data theft . A publication by the Museum Foundation Post and Telecommunications. Wachter, Heidelberg 2006, ISBN 3-89904-210-7 , map on the spread of the gangs p. 53.
- ↑ J. (ohannes) A. (Andreas) Demian, Statistics of the Confederation of the Rhine, Volume Two: containing the Grand Duchies, Duchies, Principalities and the Duchy of Warsaw. Frankfurt am Main, with Varrentrapp and son. 1812. page 337
- ^ Rudolf Jung: Goldner, Wolfgang von. In: Historical commission at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences (Hrsg.): Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. Volume 49 (1904), pp. 434–435, s: Special: PermanentLink / 1707869? Title = ADB: Goldner, Wolfgang von Full-text edition in Wikisource (version from May 30, 2013, 3:27 pm UTC)
- ↑ Bernd Müller, p. 206.
- ^ Heinrich Schoch: State and address book of the states of the Rhenish Federation for the year 1811 . (Landes-Industrie-Comptoir), Weimar 1811, p. 99
- ^ Heinrich Schoch: State and address book of the states of the Rhenish Federation for the year 1811. (Landes-Industrie-Comptoir) Weimar 1811, p. 99.
- ^ Otto Rudolf Kissel : Modern territorial and legal history of the state of Hesse . Deutscher Fachschriften-Verlag, Wiesbaden-Dotzheim 1960, pp. 87 f .; Bernhard Diestelkamp : Solms court and land order . In: Adalbert Erler, Ekkehard Kaufmann (Hrsg.): Concise dictionary for German legal history . Berlin 1998, col. 1702-1705.
- ↑ Hans Kreutzer: Civil-Stands-Register der Gestorbenen im Amt Meerholz from March 4, 1812 to 1813. (Publications of the Geschichtsverein Gründau eV) Grindaha 17, Gründau 2007, pp. 99–132
- ↑ Bernd Müller, p. 166.
- ^ Goldner to the Prince in C. Kaufmann Offenbach as a mint in Alt-Offenbach (Issue 4) 1928, pp. 78–85.
- ^ Paul Arnold, Harald Küthmann, Dirk Steinhilber: Large German coin catalog from 1800 to today. 10th edition. Battenberg-Weltbild, Augsburg 1990, ISBN 3-89441-003-5 , p. 175. (online)
- ^ Hermann Grote: Coin Studies . Seventh volume (booklet XIX, XX, XXI), Hahn'sche Verlagshandlung, Leipzig 1871, pp. 233-238
- ↑ War memorial 1814–15
- ↑ picture and description at http://museum.zib.de/sgml_internet/sgml.php?seite=5&fld_0=Z0004963
- ^ Hermann Grote : Coin Studies. Seventh volume (booklet XIX, XX, XXI), (Hahn'sche Verlagshandlung) Leipzig 1871, p. 233 [238]
- ↑ Article 35 Rhine Confederation Act: Between the French empire and the Rhenish federal states as a whole, as well as with each individual, an alliance should take place, by virtue of which every war on the land that one of the contracting parties might have to wage directly for all others becomes a common cause .
- ↑ Martin Bethke The Principality of Isenburg in the Rhine Confederation . In: German Society for Heereskunde e. V. (Ed.): Zeitschrift für Heereskunde - Scientific organ for the cultural history of the armed forces, their clothing, armament and equipment, for army museum news and collector's messages . Berlin (West) () 1982, p. 94.
- ↑ Article 38, sentence 1 [contingents of France, Bavaria, Wirtemberg, Baden, Berg, Darmstadt]… sentence 2: Your Highnesses, the Duke and Prince of Nassau, together with the other allied princes, represent a contingent of 4,000 men.
- ^ Military service contract between Nassau and the other princes of the Princes' College of the Rhine Confederation of October 12, 1806 (PDF)
- ↑ Alexander Peter: The Nassau military from 1803-1866 ; Accessed August 13, 2020.
- ↑ Bernd Müller, p. 107.
- ^ The Nassau troops in Spain 1808–1814 In: Wilhelm Stricker (Ed.): Germania - Archive for the knowledge of the German element in all countries of the world , third volume, published by Heinrich Ludwig Brönner, Frankfurt am Main 1850, p. 408 [ 421-428]
- ^ Peter Bunde, Markus Gärtner: feldzug1815.de as of May 5, 2013; Retrieved July 6, 2013 1:00 p.m.
- ↑ Alexander Peter: The Nassau military from 1803-1866 . Retrieved July 6, 2013 4:00 p.m.
- ↑ Bernd Müller, p. 101f.
- ↑ Ordinances for the Landsturm to be formed in the General-Gouvernement Frankfurt Extra supplement to No. 14 of the Frankfurter Ober-Post-Amts-Zeitung , 1814.
- ^ Ordinances for the Landsturm digitized version to be formed in the General Gouvernement Frankfurt
- ^ Johann Sporschil, M. Heinrich: The great chronicle: History of the war of the allied Europe against Napoleon Bonaparte in the years 1813, 1814 and 1815 , second part, first volume. (Westermann), Braunschweig 1842, p. 71 footnote **, a general overview of the army can be found on page 77.
- ↑ On the history of this street in Isenburger Land: Klaus von Berg: The Frankfurt-Leipziger-Straße in the Gründau court and the new hostel near Lieblos . In: Grindaha 19 = publications of the Gründau e. V. Gründau 2009, pp. 71-76.
- ↑ Walter Uffelmann: 400 years “Neue Herberge” in Lieblos in: Grindaha 23 (Publications of the Geschichtsverein Gründau eV), Issue 23, 2013, pp. 51 ff., ISSN 2194-8631
- ^ Karl Arnd (Landbaumeister): History of road construction in the province of Hanau In: Journal for the province of Hanau - To clarify their history, their natural condition and their cultural status, as well as the obstacles opposing this , Friedrich König, Hanau 1839, p. 223, 244 ff.
- ↑ Wilfried Günther: The withdrawal of the French army and the fate associated with it in: Grindaha 23 , annual books of the Geschichtsverein Gründau e. V., 2013, p. 42 ff., ISSN 2194-8631
- ↑ Bernd Müller, p. 197 fn. 3)
- ↑ Bernd Müller, p. 199.
- ↑ Bernd Müller, p. 194.
- ^ Karl Bode: The effects of the war against Napoleon 1812–1814 on the finances of the Haingründau community . Grindaha 19 (publications of the Gründau history association) 2009.
- ↑ Offenbach . In: Heinrich August Pierer (Hrsg.): Universal-Lexikon or complete encylopaedic dictionary Volume 15, Literatur-Comptoir, Altenburg 1835.
- ↑ Bernd Müller, p. 10; The principality of Isenburg . In: Johannes Andreas Demian: Statistics of the Confederation of the Rhine, Volume Two: containing the Grand Duchies, Duchies, Principalities and the Duchy of Warsaw, Varrentrapp and Son, Frankfurt am Main 1812, pp. 329–327; also reprinted in Grindaha, publications of the Geschichtsverein Gründau e. V. 2019 (Issue 29) ISSN 2194-8631 , pp. 1-9 with comments by Norbert Breunig
- ↑ History calendar of the city of Frankfurt . In: Frankfurter Jahrbücher , No. 28 - Saturday, November 10, 1838 - Volume 12, p. 217.
- ↑ Announcement No. 267 in: Johann Josef Scotti: Collection of laws and ordinances, which in the former Wied-Neuwied ... and Grand Ducal-Frankfurter'sche Landes-Verordnung . Part 5. Josef Wolf, Düsseldorf 1836, p. 2370.
- ^ Ernst Ludwig Posselt : European Annals 1815 . Cotta, Tübingen 1815, p. 253.
- ^ Manfred Mayer: History of the Mediatization of the Principality of Isenburg . M. Rieger'sche Universitäts-Buchhandlung, Munich 1891, p. 206
- ↑ Article 52: The Principality of Isenburg is placed under the sovereignty of Sr. Maj. The Emperor of Austria, and will come into such relations with it as the federal constitution of Germany will determine for the mediatized states.
- ^ Kurt Hermann: Taking possession of the Principality of Isenburg by Austria. In: Mitteilungsblatt der Heimatstelle des Main-Kinzig-Kreis , No. 2, Gelnhausen 1981 (without page numbers); also in Between Vogelsberg and Spessart 1972 , home yearbook of the Gelnhausen district. Published by the district committee of the Gelnhausen district. 1971, p. 100
- ^ Johann Ludwig Klüber (ed.): Imperial Austrian patent due to the transfer of sovereignty over various princely and countly Isenburg courts to Kurhessen; also the sovereignty over the other parts of the territory that were united under the name Fürstenthum Isenburg, over the Count's Schönborn rule Heusenstamm , the baronial-grandiose rule Eppertshausen , the Count-Ingelheim town Obererlenbach and the count-Solmese half of the town Niederursel, Hesse, to the Grand Duke of Offenbach , July 9, 1816, No. XXXVII., In: Johann Ludwig Klüber State Archives of the German Confederation . Volume 1. (JJ Palm and Ernst Enke), Erlangen 1816, pp. 419-421 books.google.de
- ^ Convention Territorial entre le Grand Duc de Hesse et Electeur de Hesse . - Signèe à Francfort sur Mein, le 29 Juin, 1816. British and Foreign State Papers 1815-1816, Volume 3, Compiled by the Librarian and Keeper of the Papers, Foreign Office, James Ridgway and Sons, Piccadilly, London 1838, pp. 812-819; (mostly in German) books.google.de ; also printed in Grindaha 26 , Geschichtsverein Gründau e. V., Gründau 2016 ISSN 2194-8631 pp. 4–12 with a comment by Norbert Breunig
- ^ Manfred Mayer: History of the Mediatization of the Principality of Isenburg . M. Rieger'sche Universitäts-Buchhandlung, Munich 1891, Supplement III, No. 49, p. 233 ff .; Digitized
- ^ Excerpt from the secret advice protocol, because of the inclusion of the title of Prince of Isenburg in the electoral title of December 31, 1816 . In: Collection of laws etc. for the Kurhessischen states . Year 1816. - No. XXI. - December. kurhess GS 1816, p. 179
- ^ Patent for taking possession of the former Electorate of Hesse , Announcement No. 6420 of October 3, 1866, Prussian GS (Collection of Laws for the Royal Prussian States) 1866, p. 594 f.