Doll
A doll (from the Latin pupa , "little girl") is a figurative replica of a person or a human-like being. Dolls are among the oldest and most common toys (including everyday objects), but are also popular as collectibles and souvenirs , especially artist dolls . In some cultures, dolls also have magical and religious meanings. Since the early days of mankind, dolls have been found in all cultures in a wide variety of materials and shapes. Today their size usually varies from a few centimeters (e.g. for dollhouses and dollhouses ) to life-size dolls (e.g. baby dolls ), cf. also puppet .
Figurative representations of people in sculpture that were made for artistic, representative or decorative purposes without reference to games or religion (such as statues or busts ) are generally not counted as dolls. Doll-like replicas of animals are usually referred to in German as "plush animals" or " cuddly toys ".
Historical
On the other hand, the doll is one of the earliest toys ever, and playing with the object “doll” itself is probably more important than the qualitative execution of the object. Children use any similar object (sticks, roots, stones ...) to imitate mothering. This behavior is part of the human behavior repertoire. This has even been observed in young female chimpanzees. Figures made of clay and other materials found in children's graves from the Neolithic age are interpreted as play dolls.
Early dolls were made up of whatever the environment offered. Depending on the climatic conditions and age, dolls have been preserved, which were mainly made of clay , wood , cow dung , plant fibers , fabric or bronze .
In ancient China , dolls were made from straw and used as idols or fetishes . From the 8th century BC Dolls were used as healing dolls.
From the late Middle Ages to modern times , dolls made of less perishable materials have been preserved, such as terracotta and alabaster or wax . In the course of time, more and more items of equipment were added: doll clothes, trousers for male dolls, dollhouses and doll rooms with furnishings, and in the 20th century doll cars and motorcycles. Larger dolls (about the size of a baby ) are often driven around in doll's prams, cooked for, put to sleep, etc.
In the 15th century, commercial production gained in importance. The first dock makers appear in Nuremberg ( Docke initially a synonym for toys, later for dolls). Around the same time, or a little later, the toy and doll production expanded to Sonneberg . In 1815 there was evidence of early doll production in Waltershausen, Thuringia (in Sonneberg as early as the 17th century). Altogether in Waltershausen alone up to 2003 around 50 producers produced dolls, dolls furniture, toys, accessories and packaging. In addition to small businesses, these included such important companies as the doll factories of Johann Daniel Kestner jun., Heinrich Handwerck, Max Handwerck, Kämmer & Reinhardt, König & Wernicke, Bruno Schmidt, Otto Gans, Seyfarth & Reinhardt. Waltershausen exported to over 30 countries around the world, and the leading role of his doll industry was undisputed in Germany.
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Many of the earliest dolls were probably not play objects at first. They served various cultic purposes ( cult object ) and had magical and religious meaning. In Western Europe, in the 19th century, alongside Sonneberg (e.g. FM Schilling ) and Waltershausen, French doll production dominated, which competed with its German neighbors. Innovations in doll production in the 19th century were the introduction of lathes and paper mache ; Porcelain heads, the first baby dolls, the use of rubber for doll bodies, ball joints to connect the limbs and the celluloid from which heads, but also entire dolls, were made.
The Schildkröt -Puppen company, formerly Rheinische Gummi- and Celluloidfabrik, was founded in Mannheim in 1873. In 1896 the first doll was produced from the then new material celluloid . It was unbreakable, washable, colourfast and hygienic. The trademark, the "turtle", was registered in the Imperial Patent Office in Berlin. Schildkröt is one of the rare doll manufacturers that has continuously produced dolls from 1896 until today.
Around 1908/09 artists - for example Marion Countess Kaulitz or Marie Marc-Schnür (1st wife of Franz Marc ) - began to design and manufacture sophisticated dolls that were exhibited and sold under their names, so-called artist dolls. The industrial response to the artist doll movement was not long in coming: in 1909 the Kämmer & Reinhardt doll factory created the “character doll” based on a design by the Berlin sculptor Prof. Lewin-Funcke, which was very similar to the living model of a toddler.
From 1908 Käthe Kruse caused a sensation by creating artist dolls that also met the demands of play dolls. With the educational reforms of the early 20th century, a discussion began about the shape of the dolls, which affected their appearance and which has influenced the appearance of the dolls - as touchable, reduced human figures - to this day. The world wars interrupted the flourishing of the doll industry, and this branch of industry only slowly recovered. So also in Thuringia and Franconia, which were still important doll and toy locations. The industrial upheaval at the end of the 20th century and advancing globalization led to a rapid decline in doll production in these regions. So z. B. in Waltershausen since 2003 no dolls have been manufactured commercially.
The importance of dolls as art objects has increased since the 1980s. In the fall of 1977, Germany's first dolls congress took place in Tecklenburg . The United States of America, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Russia, Croatia, England and the like. a. show interesting developments here and have produced some promising puppet artists in the last 30 years. There are now doll magazines, competitions, workshops and regular exhibitions as well as the Association of European Puppet Artists (VeP).
At the same time, old dolls developed into a popular collecting area. They are considered valuable antiques , for which high prices were paid, especially in the 1980s and 1990s. In the meantime, prices have fallen sharply overall, but rare or particularly unusual pieces in good condition are still in great demand.
Shapes and types of dolls
The representation of people in doll form ranges from babies and toddlers (most common form) to young adults ( Barbie ) to grandma and grandpa dolls, which are mostly used for collectors' purposes. Basically, a distinction must be made between manually and industrially manufactured dolls, which are used either as children's toys or as elaborately made collector's items for decoration.
- Artist dolls or art dolls are made according to the design of an artist known by name and can only be acquired as unique items or in limited editions. Artist dolls were first exhibited in 1908 in the Tietz department store in Munich. Famous representatives of the artist doll movement were Marion Kaulitz , Käthe Kruse , Dora Petzold , Paul Klee and the Italian Elena Scavini ( Lenci dolls). The world record for doll auctions was broken on March 29, 2014 by a doll boy by the sculptor and doll maker Albert Marque . The 1915 doll was auctioned at Theriault's for $ 300,000.
- Fashion dolls represent adult women (more rarely men) who are dressed in various doll clothes and doll shoes. Historical dolls of this type are also shown in paintings as children's toys in wealthy circles, for example on an 18th century family portrait by Tibout Regters . One of the most famous puppet of this kind is the Barbie of manufacturer Mattel , the world was a mass toy in the second half of the 20th century.
- Articulated dolls from Val Gardena are turned from wood and were mass-produced in Val Gardena, mainly in the 19th century. They probably got their name Dutch Dolls - "Dutch dolls" - because England imported them via the Netherlands. Because of their low price, they were also called penny dolls . They were made in a variety of sizes, from 1.3 cm small to 62.4 cm large. In Val Gardena Museum an extensive collection is exhibited such dolls.
- The matryoshka , also known as Russian doll or babushka , is a set of nested, hollowed out wooden dolls into which smaller figures always fit.
- The Golliwog , a black gnome, is a figure from the children's book of the same name by Florence Upton, published in 1895. The once very popular figure, alluding to the tradition of the minstrel shows , went out of fashion in the late 20th century.
- The Monchhichi is a mixture of a soft toy and a child's doll that became popular around the world from the 1970s.
- Talking dolls : So that dolls can also “talk”, a small playback device was built in. In some models, the records could be exchanged.
- Drinking dolls could be fed liquid through an opening in the mouth.
- Reborn dolls : In order to make simple vinyl dolls appear "more real", the vinyl parts are re-colored and the doll is usually overworked with higher quality materials such as wigs, glass eyes and eyelashes.
- Burlap dolls : Dolls made from simple materials that are particularly suitable for manufacture .
- Layli ( Lurian doll) is a swinging dance dollpopular amongthe Lurian people of Iran. Layli is the symbol of the beloved who is spiritually beautiful. Layli represents and maintains a cultural tradition that is gradually disappearing in urban life. According to Islamic rules, dancing in public is taboo, especially for women. But dolls like Layli have free and independent identities and are able to do what is impossible for the real person.
Manufacture of dolls
Artists make their dolls like sculptures or sculptures and pay attention to the anatomy and expression, but with the difference that dolls usually have a hairstyle and clothes. The production steps are:
- Modeling the body with a mass of clay or plastic
- Plaster mold as a negative
- From pouring with porcelain body
- Burn
- Painting and design
modeling clay
Plaster negative
burned
finished doll
Repairs
Repairing a doll, as well as cleaning and repairing clothing, is part of maintaining a doll. Workshops that specialize in this are usually referred to as doll doctor or doll clinic .
Examples of the expression and style of artist dolls
Most artists see themselves as creators of art figures (scaled-down, human-like beings) who animate and which - unlike sculptures - can (should) be touched.
Margret
Suleika
Brat
Chinese
Realistic toddler doll
Others
Dolls and masks allow ordinary people to say what is impossible in the real situation. In Persia , for example, during the Qajar era, people criticized the politics and social conditions of Ahmad Shah Kajar through puppet shows without fear of punishment.
See also
literature
- The doll world. A new lust for pictures for little girls . Zeh, Nuremberg 1844. (digitized version)
- Georgine Anka, Ursula Gauder: The German doll industry. 1815-1940. Verlag Puppen und Toys, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-9800172-0-6 .
- Manfred Bachmann, Claus Hansmann: The great doll book. 6th, modified edition. Edition Leipzig, Leipzig 1991, ISBN 3-361-00381-4 .
- Max von Boehn : puppets and puppet shows. , 2 volumes. Bruckmann, Munich 1929.
- Ursula Brecht: Precious dolls . Illustrated book. Kunstverlag Weingarten, Weingarten 2004, ISBN 3-8170-1026-5 .
- Jürgen and Marianne Cieslik: Cieslik's Lexicon of the German Doll Industry. 2., revised. Edition. Cieslik, Jülich 1984, ISBN 3-921844-20-7 .
- Jürgen and Marianne Cieslik: The great Schildkröt book celluloid dolls from 1896 to 1956. 2., revised. Edition. Cieslik, Duisburg 2004, ISBN 3-87463-378-0 .
- Jürgen and Marianne Cieslik: Puppen - European dolls 1800–1930. (= Antiques International). Mosaik Verlag, Munich 1979, ISBN 3-570-05837-9 .
- Gloria Ehret, Ulrike Heuss-Graefenhahn, Maria-Anna Kopp: dolls. Collect with joy. Bechtermünz, Augsburg 2001, ISBN 3-8289-0784-9 . (New edition of the Battenberg antique catalog Puppen ).
- Caroline Goodfellow: The Big Book of Dolls. Over 400 dolls from two centuries. Orbis, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-572-00900-6 .
- Thomas Reinecke (author), Martin Hoppe (arrangement): Unique items and treasures from Waltershausen. Sample books, sample sheets, dolls and toys . Hessisches Puppenmuseum, Hanau 1999, ISBN 3-9804785-10-7 , modified excerpt also as a special print: Thomas Reinecke: On the history of the Waltershausen doll and toy industry. Museum Schloss Tenneberg , Waltershausen 1999.
- Marco Tosa: dolls. Toys, work of art, collectibles. Orbis, Munich 1997, ISBN 3-572-00829-8 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ What monkey girls like. on: Wissenschaft.de
- ^ History of the toy. on: planet-wissen.de
- ↑ wax doll. In: PW Hartmann: The great art dictionary.
- ↑ Docke (3), the. on: zeno.org
- ↑ Alexander Steenbeck: Doll treasures in the village museum. Ostholsteiner Anzeiger, September 29, 2015
- ↑ Antique Doll Sells for $ 300,000 and Sets New World Auction Record , prnewswire.com, accessed December 11, 2015.
- ↑ Nikouei, A. and Sohrabi Nasirabadi, M. (2016) Study of the Importance of Contemporary Iranian Traditional Handmade Dolls and Puppets, Macana Seni Journal of Arts Discourse, 15: 2761. doi : 10.21315 / ws2016.15.2
- ↑ Gorjian, F. 2010. The status of traditional handmade dolls (Layli or Bavig) in Lurish folklore .
- ↑ Azimpour, P. 2010. Farhang-e Aroosak-ha va Namayesh-haye Aroosaki-e Aeeni va Sonati-e Iran (Iranian Ritual and Traditional Puppets and Puppet Shows Dictionary). Tehran: Namayesh.Page:554
- ↑ Beyza'i, Bahram. 2004. Iranian theater. Tehran: Roshangaran. page: 98
- ↑ Baird, B. 2002. Honar-e Arousaki (The Art of the Puppet). Translated to Persian by Javad Zolfaghari, Tehran: Nowruz-e Honar.
- ↑ Beyza'i, Bahram. 2004. Iranian theater. Tehran: Roshangaran. P. 98.