Private railways in the Dutch East Indies

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In addition to the state-owned Nederlandsch-Indische Staatsspoorwegen (SS), which operated on Java , there were numerous private railways in the Dutch East Indies until 1943. Most of these companies operated Cape Gauge or narrow-gauge railways (600 mm), often referred to as "Tramway". The global economic crisis led to a decrease in the number of passengers and goods carried by 50 to 65% by 1932. During the Japanese administration from April 1942, all lines were nationalized in 1943 and combined under an umbrella company, which had its headquarters in Bandung . If the lines were considered repairable after the War of Independence in 1951, they were taken over by the Indonesian state railway company, a process that was completed in 1971, today's Kereta Api Indonesia .

Small urban local transport companies and pure field railways, which were operated in large numbers by the forest administration and on sugar plantations (almost 6,500 kilometers in 1941) are not listed.

Name spelling follows the usual colonial style. Mij. = Maatschappij. Route length without information based on 1939.

Java

Batavia-Zuid station, formerly operated by Bataviasche Oosterspoorweg
  • Babat-Djombang Stoomtram Mij., Abbr .: BDSM. Headquarters' s-Gravenhage. Licensed in 1896, Babat - Jombang , 71 km, built 1899–1902. 1916 to SS .
  • Batavian Electrische Tram Mij., Abbr .: BET (founded 1897). Merger with NITM with municipal participation in 1930 to form Batavische Verkeers Mij. After 1930 there were three members of the City of Batavia on the six-member Board of Directors. The steam trams were replaced by electric ones in 1934. There were electric trams with 3 classes. In 1918 three lines (track width 1.118 m.) With a total of 18.4 km, until 1936, 258 employees were expanded to 28 km. In 1935 a good five, in 1936 just under six million passengers.
  • Bataviasche Oosterspoorweg Mij., Abbr .: BOS. Licensed February 19, 1884. Built the Jakarta- Krawang line from 1887–1898 with 63 km. June 9th / 4th August 1898 for 4.6 million guilders to the SS.
  • Java Spoorweg Mij., Abbr .: JSM, licensed January 18, 1882, built the Tegal - Balapulang line , 24 km from 1885–1886 . Sold to SJS.
  • Kediri Stoomtram Mij., Abbr .: KSM. Kediri- Jombang (50 km), built 1897–1900. Five further short distances in the Residentur Kediri together 120.8 km. Headquarters Amsterdam .
  • Malang Stoomtram Mij., Abbr .: MS. Several short stretches around Malang , together 88 km in 1917, 84.9 km in 1939, mostly built between 1897 and 1908. Headquarters Amsterdam.
  • Modjokerto Stoomtram Mij., Abbr .: MSM. 1898–1907, head office in 's-Gravenhage. Four short routes with a total of 78 km in East Java.
  • Nederlands-Indische Tramweg Mij., Abbr .: NITM, founded in 1890 by Dummler & Co., 14 km, completely two-lane from Batavia to Master Cornelis, merged to BET in 1930.
  • Oost-Java Stoomtram Mij., Abbr .: OJS. In operation from 1889 to 1924 two lines, with a maximum speed of 30 km / h, Surabaya -Krian 36 km and Mojokerto-Dinojo 44 km. In 1936, 18 km of inner-city lines were operated electrically. Their conversion took place in 1923/4. By 1936, 36 railcars, 40 trailers and 8 trucks were acquired for this purpose. The creditor protection applied for in August 1933 was extended several times, most recently until March 1, 1938.
  • Pasoeroean Stoomtram Mij., Abbr .: PsSM, in the region around Pasuruan , licensed in 1892, first section of 6 km opened in 1896. 1918: 46 km, 1936: 44 km, 1939: 35 km.
Tramcar (2nd + 3rd class) of the Probolinggo Stoomtram
  • Probolinggo Stoomtram Mij., Abbr .: PbSM. Headquarters' s-Gravenhage. Licensed in 1894 for 45 km from Probolinggo to Kalibungtu, 36 km in operation until 1918.
  • Serajoedal Stoomtram Mij., Abbr .: SDS. Route Mao - Wonosobo , in the valley of Serayu, licensed in 1896, completed in 1917, 126 km, 1936 332 employees. The company headquarters was in Semarang. The route is remarkable in that just before Wonosobo it overcomes almost 250 meters in altitude over just eight kilometers through several bends.
  • Semarang-Cheribon Stoomtram Mij., Abbr .: SCS. Line: Semarang - Cirebon , expansion and acquisitions 1897–1914, 373 km, 311 of which are second class. The route served 27 sugar factories, and after the route was improved, it also became more important for passenger traffic (in cooperation with the SS) from Batavia and Surabaya. Up until 1937, this route reached 75 km / h, on the 2nd class tracks only 30 km / h. 1937: 1,478 employees, 85 locomotives, 150 passenger and 1,377 freight wagons.
  • Semarang-Joana Stoomtram Mij., Abbr .: SJS. Main line Semarang- Juwana , later extended to Cepu , expansion and acquisitions 1882–1923, 1918: 402 km, 1939: 417 km. 10.8 km of inner-city route was sold in 1921 to the municipality of Samarang. The purchase of new locomotives in 1931 at the height of the Depression was the last such purchase for the entire colony until 1950. From December 15, 1936 to June 15, 1938, the Raad van Justitie granted bankruptcy protection . 1937: 1,687 employees, 67 locomotives, 165 passenger and 1,027 freight cars.
  • Solosche Tramweg Mij., Abbr .: SoTM. 27 km Solo - Boyolali from 1908, taken over by NIS in 1911 .

The merger of SJS, SDS and SCS took place before the Japanese occupation.

Madura

Celebes

  • Staatstramwegen op Celebes, the line from Makassar to Takalar , which was built until 1925, was to be extended northwards via Tanette and Parepare to Singkang. Several shorter branch lines were planned from Menado in the 1920s. The first 47 km from Ujung Pandang to Takalar had already opened in July 1922. The unprofitable business was stopped again in 1930.

Sumatra

Deli Spoorweg Central Station (after 1945)
  • Deli Spoorweg Mij. , Abbr .: DSM, licensed January 23, 1883, built 1886–1937, route network 1918: 271 km (Cape gauge, 130 km narrow gauge), 1939: 554 km (Cape gauge, of which 197 km first class tracks with a maximum speed of 75 km / h ).

State, under the umbrella of the state poor roads:

  • Atjeh Tram, abbr .: AT, or Atjeh Staats Spoorwegen, abbr .: ASS, built a total of 512 km from 1876–1917. The first route was 4 km long and went from Ule Lhee to Koetaradja in Cape Gauge . A substantial part of the routes was originally laid out for military purposes and was narrowed to 750 mm gauge starting in 1882. The line came under civil control on January 1, 1916. It was connected to the network around Deli in Besitang in 1917 . Mainly Mallett-Rimroth locomotives were used . At the end of 1917 there were 59 locomotives, 147 passenger cars and 919 freight cars (10 t capacity). Almost 24,800 train movements covered around 1.17 million km. In 1917 almost 2.86 million passengers were carried, 36,000 of them in 1st class. In 1937 there were 37 locomotives, 167 passenger wagons and 1,039 freight wagons.
  • Staatsspoorwegen ter Sumatra's Westkust, abbr .: SSS, built 1891–1921, 263 km, primarily transported coal from the mines of Ombilin to Padang . The railway, built between 1891 and 1894 in the Minangkabau region between Teluk Bayur and the mine in Sawah Lunto, was 158 km long. She climbed over the Bukit Barisan Mountains over 773 meters. For this incline 43 km from Kayutanam to Batu Tabal had to be carried out as a rack railway . Later extensions went to Fort de Kock and Payakumbuh . Under the Japanese the company was called Seibu Sumatora Tetsudō ( 西部 ス マ ト ラ 鉄 道 ).
  • Staatsspoorwegen op Zuid-Sumatra, abbr .: ZSS, built 1914-32, 661 km. Among other things, connecting the ports of Palembang and Oosthaven . Expansion from Lahat to Bencoolen planned. In 1940, improvements to the tracks enabled top speeds of 75 km / h. During the occupation, it was renamed Nanbu Sumatora Tetsudō (South Sumatra Railway).

The trains on Sumatra ran only 1st and 2nd class. In the 1920s, a bus line was set up between the northern and western networks from Pemantangsiantan via Sibolga to Raoe and then towards Padang. In 1945 the young republic created the Kereta Api Negara Repoeblik Indonesia for South and West Sumatra. After the return of the Dutch, the state took over again on January 1, 1946, now under the title Staatsspoorwegen / Verenigd Spoorwegbedrijf (SS / VS), the routes.

Route network

Route network of the Deli Spoorweg in North Sumatra (1893)
Route network of the state spoor routes ter Sumatra's West Coast in West Sumatra (1893)
 

equipment

Bridge parts and other steel structures were mostly supplied by Nederlandsch Indische Industrie NV or Machinefabriek Braat NV, both in Surabaya. Locomotives were imported exclusively from Europe. Special suppliers for narrow-gauge such as the Hohenzollern-Aktiengesellschaft für Lokomotivbau in Düsseldorf found a good market.

Numerous narrow-gauge locomotives are exhibited in the Ambarawa Railway Museum today .

literature

  • Bruin, Jan de; Het Indische spoor in oorlogstijd: de spoor- en tramwegmaatschappijen in Nederlands-Indië in de vuurlinie, 1873-1949 .
  • Michiel van Ballegoijen de Jong; Spoorwegstations op Java; Amsterdam 1993; ISBN 90-6707-318-0 .
  • Journal: Verslagende het spoor en tramwegwezen in Nederlandsch-Indië; Batavia 1.1914–16.1930 (ZDB-ID: 753565-x).
  • Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-Indië 1917-3, entries Spoor- en Tramwegen in Vols. IV and VII.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Pictures of a former field railway (Japanese)
  2. ^ Inventory of the archief van de NV Madoera Stoomtrammaatschappij, (1896) 1897-1973. Archie inventory number: 2.20.48.
  3. ^ History of Railways in Indonesia.
  4. ↑ Today's remnants ( memento of the original from June 6, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Images  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (both Japanese) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www42.tok2.com @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / homepage2.nifty.com  
  5. ↑ Between 1903 and 1924 it supplied the Deli Spoor, Serajoedal Stoom Tram, Malang Stoom Tram and the urban tram of Batavia, among others .

See also