Cadizade

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The Kadizade was a Salafi and religiously motivated reform movement within the Ottoman Empire . Above all, she turned against Sufism .

It goes back above all to Kadızade Mehmed Efendi and his pupil Katib Çelebi as well as Imam Birgivi , Mehmed's teacher, who called for a return to the simply imagined life in the times of Muhammad and the Salaf aṣ-Ṣāliḥ . They turned against everything that they perceived to be un-Islamic, such as building Qubba , celebrating Mawlid an-Nabi , introducing and practicing Bidʿa , smoking or group zikr .

Birgivi mentions the term " Tariqat Muhammadiya " for the first time in his writings .

One of the greatest supporters of Imam Birgivi was Sokollu Mehmed Pascha . After this in 1579 by a Sufi - Dervish was murdered, the Kadizade lost influence, but remained as a reform movement still active.

Mehmet Efendi regularly gave sermons in Istanbul, in which he described the dervish dances as not legitimized by Islam, and he also called for bans by the government. He considered music and dance at the dervish rites to be an entertainment program. He won the favor of the court and became court preacher to Sultan Murad IV , who was considered a strictly Orthodox Muslim. The consumption of coffee , opium , wine and tobacco was forbidden; eighteen people are reported to have been executed in a single day for violating this rule. Then there are actions against Sufis, some of them enforced by the state, others in vigilante justice by the Kadizade. Mehmet's dispute with the Sufis first gained more attention when he quarreled with the Sufi master Sivas Efendi. The coffee ban has been controversial since it previously for another century of Scheichülislam Ebussuud Efendi for halaal had been declared.

Kadizade and Sufi orders ( tariqa ) often fought each other in large street fights. In 1633 and 1662 coffee houses and taverns were banned, and in 1685 even non-Muslims were banned from drinking wine. Kadizade Mehmet became an advisor to Sultan Mehmed IV , through which he and his loved ones gained influence. Between 1630 and 1680 the most violent clashes between them and their opponents took place. Many coffee houses and taverns were destroyed in Istanbul and Sultan Murad IV. On his Safavid campaign in 1638 laid a trace of the execution of people who pursued this consumption. So he had 20 janissaries executed on the way because tobacco was found among them. In 1667 institutions of the Bektasite order and Türben near Edirne were destroyed. The Bostancıbaşı imprisoned dervishes in Üsküdar, but they are released after criticism.

The prohibition of dervish dance rituals was set in the 50s of the 17th century in place and strengthened in 1666 and for the Mevlevitanz ( Semah ) proclaimed. The implementation was not as rigorous as the destruction of coffee houses and taverns in Istanbul, but the pressure and threat on the practicing dervishes grew.

Mehmed IV supported Kadizade, but with the appointment of Köprülü Mehmed Pascha in 1656 as Grand Vizier (Vezziri Āzam) this support dwindled. Mehmed Pasha did not fear the actions of the Sufi orders and foundations such as the Sultan, but saw the meanwhile widespread vigilante justice among the Kadizade as more threatening.

A key event was when armed supporters of the Kadizade headed for the Fatih Mosque in Istanbul. Mehmed Pasha acted quickly and had the group arrested and banished to Cyprus. This was a devastating loss of public standing for the Kadizade, after which they lost support from that point on. Under the imam Vâni Mehmed Efendi, who also became the Sultan's advisor, the movement was able to gain strength again, but after the death of Vâni in 1685 it finally lost its importance. Two years earlier, after the Second Vienna Ottoman siege ended with a severe and unexpected defeat for the Ottomans, the Kadizade lost its influence again. The influence of the Kadizade on politics was portrayed as one of the causes of the defeat. In 1683, for example, the sultan restricted support for the kadizade and removed them from their posts. In 1686 the ban on Sufi rituals was lifted again.

Views

In his work "Tarîkat-ı Muhammediyye", in which he mainly relies on the views of ibn Taimiyya , Birgivi names the following acts as unauthorized renewal and describes them as prohibited:

  • To recite or teach the Koran for a fee .
  • Reciting the Koran by shaking your head.
  • Slaughtering an animal next to a Qubba or Türbe is also prohibited.
  • To light candles for special Islamic celebrations.
  • Hold a special “celebration” in the event of death.
  • The use of “intermediaries” to God in prayer.
  • To travel with the stated intention of visiting the tomb of the Prophet or other saints.
  • The adoption of fatwas without evidence from the Qur'an or Sunnah to present.
  • Celebrating Mawlid an-Nabi and holding other Mawlids.
  • Belief in the doctrine of the oneness of being ( wahdat al-wudschūd ), since it calls into question the validity of Tawheed. He declares the author of this teaching, Ibn ¡Arab∆ , to be an unbeliever.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Page 7 Zilfi, C. Madeline C. The Kadizadelis: Discordant Revialism in Seventeenth Century Istanbul. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 2008
  2. ↑ Eunjeong Yi: Guild Dynamics in seventeenth-century Istanbul. Fluidity and Leverage, Leiden 2004., p. 38.
  3. ↑ Koçibey Risalesi