Kangju

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Regions described in Zhang Qian 's report. Visited countries are marked in blue .

The Kangju ( Chinese  康居 , Pinyin Kāngjū , depending on the source Kang-gü , K'ang-kü , Kangar , Kangaras , Kanglï , Kangārāyē ) formed a nomadic empire between the Aral Sea and Tianshan or Lake Balkhash . Their ethnicity was originally assumed to be Turkish , although more recent scholars consider the Kangju to be Iranian or even tend to be of Tocharian origin. There is no real knowledge of the ethnicity, but archaeological findings indicate that nomads with a culture of the Sarmatian type were also present in large numbers in the irrigation oases of Transoxania.

Transoxania & Bactria

The Kangju are generally identified with the Sogde (r) n , but this is not entirely correct. The Chinese sources describe it as initially a small state of nomads on the middle reaches of the Syr Darja, to which a huge area of ​​rule was later assigned, but without giving an actual description of the state. In later times the princes of Samarkand were given the family name Kang, which originally indicates a decentralized supremacy of the Kangju over Transoxania . Little is known about the history of the event.

Caucasus

Kangar Tamga

The Kangju subjugated the Alans north of the Aral Sea, most of which withdrew westwards and towards the Caucasus , where they reappear as Kangārāyē in Armenian and Syrian sources .

Central Asian steppe

In later times, large parts of the Kipchak tribes were also called Kao-kü by the Chinese . The self-designation of these tribes was Kanglï . Three of the medieval Petchenegs groupings ( Javdi-ERTIM , Küerči-CUR , and K'abukšyn-Jula ) were in Greek sources ( Konstantinos Porphyrogenitus , De imperio administrando than) Kangar named. The old Turkish inscriptions of Kül-Tigin tell of a Kangaras people who are etymologically connected with the Kangju. The Kangaras allied with the East Turks (T'u-küe) against the regional Türgesch rule (Türgiş) of the West Turkish Confederation . Their ethnic classification is unclear.

András Róna-Tas etymologisiert the name Kangar , with respect to the "color of a horse", with the petschenegischem word Kongor for "brown", derived from the central Turkish qoŋur / qoŋɣur , the Turkish proto- * Konur ( "red-brown, dark brown ").

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Shiratori Kurakichi: Shiratori Kurakichi Zenshü. Iwanami Shoten, Tokyo 1970, p. 48. Originally published in: Tōyō Gakuhō 14, No. 2, 1925.
  2. ↑ Mariko Namba Walter: Sogdians and Buddhism (= Sino-Platonic Papers. No. 174). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 2006, p. 5. (PDF; 895 kB)
  3. ^ Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies (= Man and Environment. Volume 23). Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies, 1998, p. 9: "Generally Kangju has been identified with Sogdiana."
  4. ↑ Frances Wood : The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia. University of California Press, 2002, p. 94.
  5. ↑ Sören Stark: Transoxania after the Tang Huiyao of Wang Pu: translation and commentary. Books on Demand, 2009, p. 13f. : “So there are some things that speak in favor of the image of a relaxed and decentralized 'supremacy' of the Kangju over Transoxania. [...] the rulers of Kang (Samarkand) as descendants of the Kangju (Beishi 97, 3233). "
  6. ^ A b c Denis Sinor: The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Volume 1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990, pp. 271ff.
  7. ↑ Victor Spinei: The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Thirteenth Mid-Century. BRILL, 2009, p. 258.
  8. ↑ Sören Stark: Transoxania after the Tang Huiyao of Wang Pu: translation and commentary. Books on Demand, 2009, ISBN 978-3-83709-306-3 , p. 13 (excursus not printed when the dissertation was published)
  9. ↑ Denis Sinor: The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Volume 1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990, pp. 271ff.
  10. ^ András Róna-Tas: Hungarians & Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History. Central European University Press, 1999, p. 420.
  11. ↑ "* Konur" in Sergei Starostin , Vladimir Dybo , Oleg Mudrak: Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages. Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden 2003.