Karl Adolfowitsch mug

Karl Adolfowitsch mug

Karl Adolfowitsch Krug ( Russian Карл Адольфович Круг ) (* June 24 ^{. Jul} / 6. July  1873 ^greg. In Nemirov , today Ukraine ; † 24. April 1952 in Moscow ) was a Russian electrical engineer Baltic German origin.

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His parents were the agronomist Adolf Karlowitsch Krug (1824–1877) from Germany and the teacher Leonia Fjodorowna Krug (1848–1937) of German-Baltic origin. When his father died early, his mother and three children moved to the German district of Moscow, where Krug lived his entire life.

He attended elementary school and the fourth classical high school. Since the family's financial circumstances were always tight, he gave private lessons at home from the sixth grade onwards. Perfect self-organization became its most distinctive feature. He had good teachers who taught math and physics at a high level. Findings about electricity and magnetism were particularly interesting - absolutely new topics at the time.

In addition, he paid a lot of attention to sports and Moscow theaters, which were becoming increasingly numerous and popular. He became a good skier, figure skater, and mountaineer. In 1920 he received his motorcycle license.

When he finished school in 1892, he was recommended to take a mathematical education. However, he decided to pursue an engineering career and went to the Moscow Imperial Technical Institute (later Baumann-Lehranstalt, MHTS or MWTU).

During his studies, he continued his private lessons and worked as a lathe operator for a Moscow wagon construction company. He took extra lectures in physics and worked with several electrical companies on documentaries about lighting circuits. Since " electrical engineering " did not yet exist as a separate subject and the specialists from abroad were unable to meet the growing demands, the Ministry of Education passed a program according to which several students were sent to European universities. Krug was sent to Germany for two years as the best of his year in 1898.

He spent the first year at the Technical University of Darmstadt with Professor Erasmus Kittler , who had been developing the first electrical engineering course since 1883, and where Michail Doliwo-Dobrowolski had also studied 15 years earlier. After obtaining his diploma as an electrical engineer there, he went to the Technical University of Berlin-Charlottenburg . He also worked for the electromechanical company Union-Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft for five months .

When he returned to the MHTS, he began teaching physics and was committed to establishing the electrical engineering subject. However, the beginning was difficult with no experience and no equipment. He received the greatest support from the Moscow Polytechnic Society , which established contacts with leading scientists. The breakthrough came with the first Russian Revolution of 1905 . After that, the universities were granted autonomy and he could set up his subject. He designed his own teaching material, a general theory of electrical engineering, in which he incorporated numerous new mathematical methods, and published his foundations of electrical engineering from 1906 , which were reissued until the 1980s.

In 1911 he was back in Darmstadt, where he submitted his dissertation and earned the title of doctoral engineer . A number of his researches were published in German scientific journals and published as a book by Springer in 1913.

In addition to his apprenticeship, he was responsible for the electrical department of the Moscow Fuel Administration (later Commission for Energy Resources ). From 1911 he investigated the problem of electrification in 14 administrative districts of the Central Industrial Area of ​​Russia . In 1918 he published the monograph Electrification of the Central Industrial Area .

During the Russian Civil War , he and Karl Kirsch founded the Committee for Heat to deal with the fuel crisis. During that time he was appointed Dean of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at MHTS.

In 1920 the plan for the electrification of Russia ( GOELRO plan) was created. On the recommendation of the project manager, Gleb Krschischanowski , Lenin made Krug the leading scientific expert on the project. From 1921 to 1930 he was a member of the State Planning Commission . Electrical engineering faculties emerged in various cities. Qualified teachers were trained only at the Polytechnic Institute in Leningrad and at the overloaded MHTS. Scientific research was not possible at any of the training institutes.

On October 5, 1921, Krug was appointed director of the newly founded State Experimental Electrotechnical Institute (from 1927 the Electrotechnical All Union Institute ). At Lenin's instigation, he received 100,000 gold rubles in December, which he used to buy the necessary equipment in Germany until the spring. Shortly thereafter, he found two acceptable buildings. For his institute he challenged the best specialists: Michail Wassiljewitsch Schuleikin (1884–1939; antennas), KI Schenfer (expert on electric motors), AN Larionow (electrical engineering). Krug invited Pawel Florenski , who had been banned from religious activities since the civil war and who worked here at the institute for ten years until his arrest, as his deputy . In 1928 he supervised the diploma thesis of the MHTS student Sergei Lebedew , whom he made after graduation as a lecturer at the MHTS and research assistant at the AIEE, where he was soon awarded the professorship. Research into power transmission networks required a plethora of calculations, and so Lebedev came up with the idea of ​​a calculating machine. Isaak Bruk soon joined them.

Krug and his younger colleagues went to Germany again in 1925 and 1928 with 50,000 and 300,000 gold rubles respectively to study the new findings in the German and Dutch science centers. It began an explosive industrial development and the institute grew steadily until it became a "scientific city" within the city.

In 1933 Krug was elected to the Academy of Sciences of the USSR .

From 1931, Krug formed the Moscow Institute for Electrical Power Engineering from a spin-off from the MHTS and began lecturing there in 1937.

His successor was Konstantin Poliwanow .