Crimson nectar bird

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Crimson nectar bird
Crimson nectar bird

Crimson nectar bird

Systematics
Order : Passerines (Passeriformes)
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
Superfamily : Passeroidea
Family : Nectar birds (Nectariniidae)
Genre : Aethopyga
Type : Crimson nectar bird
Scientific name
Aethopyga siparaja
( Raffles , 1822)

The carmine nectar bird ( Aethopyga siparaja ), also known as the yellow bridge nectar bird, is a 10 to 13 centimeter tall representative of the nectar bird family .

Appearance

Crimson nectar bird (female)

The male is reddish in color on the chest, throat, head and the front part of the back. The beak, the upper part of the head and the wings are black. The male's tail, which is up to 5 centimeters long, is strikingly yellow and the remaining part is greenish in color. The males wear their magnificent plumage all year round. The female is inconspicuously brownish green in color, with the belly and the underside of the tail being somewhat lighter.

distribution and habitat

This species is found in India, Malaysia, the Philippines and other parts of Southeast Asia and on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo. There this species inhabits the primeval forests up to a height of 1,300 meters, but is also found in human gardens and plantations.

Way of life

The birds are true to their location. They look for nectar on trees and plants. They perform a hovering flight, similar to that of the hummingbirds . They prick flowers that are too long from below in order to get to the nectar with their tubular tongue. Especially red and pink flower colors are preferred. The birds also catch smaller insects and spiders. Outside of the breeding season, they lead a solitary life.

Reproduction

During the breeding season, the birds together build a pear-shaped nest out of grass, moss and spider silk, which they put on long protruding branches in the thick bushes. The female lays 2 to 3 cream-colored, red-brown spotted eggs in the nest. The breeding season is about 2 weeks. The young birds are looked after in the nest by both parents.

Danger

Because of its wider distribution and because no threats are known for this species, the IUCN classifies this species as LC IUCN 3 1st svg(= least concern - not endangered).

Subspecies

Fourteen subspecies are known:

  • Aethopyga siparaja seheriae ( Tickell , 1833) - This subspecies occurs in the foothills of the Himalayas in northern India and western Bangladesh .
  • Aethopyga siparaja labecula ( Horsfield , 1840) - This subspecies occurs in the east of the Himalayas via Bangladesh and Myanmar, with the exception of the south in the northwest of Laos and Vietnam .
  • Aethopyga siparaja owstoni Rothschild , 1910 - This subspecies is common in southeast China .
  • Aethopyga siparaja tonkinensis Hartert , 1917 - This subspecies is common in southern China and northeastern Vietnam.
  • Aethopyga siparaja mangini Delacour & Jabouille , 1924 - This subspecies occurs in southeastern Thailand and central and southern Indochina .
  • Aethopyga siparaja insularis Delacour & Jabouille , 1928 - This subspecies occurs on Dao Phu Quoc .
  • Aethopyga siparaja cara Hume , 1874 - This subspecies is common in southern Myanmar and northern Thailand.
  • Aethopyga siparaja trangensis Meyer de Schauensee , 1946 - The distribution area of ​​this subspecies is the south of Thailand and the north of the Malay Peninsula
  • Aethopyga siparaja siparaja ( Raffles , 1822) - The nominate form occurs in the south of the Malay Peninsula, on Sumatra and on Borneo .
  • Aethopyga siparaja nicobarica Hume , 1873 - The range of this subspecies is the Nicobar .
  • Aethopyga siparaja heliogona Oberholser , 1923 - This subspecies is common on Java .
  • Aethopyga siparaja natunae Chasen , 1935 - This subspecies occurs on the Nicobar Islands northwest of Borneo.
  • Aethopyga siparaja flavostriata ( Wallace , 1865) - This subspecies is common in northern Sulawesi .
  • Aethopyga siparaja beccarii Salvadori , 1875 - This subspecies occurs in the central and southern part of Sulawesi.

Etymology and history of research

Thomas Stamford Raffles described the scarlet nectar bird under the name Certhia siparaja . He did not name a location. In 1850 Jean Louis Cabanis introduced the genus Aethopyga u. a. for the crimson nectar bird. The generic name is based on "aithos αιθος " for "fire" and "-pygos, pygē -πυγος, πυγη " for "-steißig, rump, rump".

The specific epithet is of Malay origin, there "Sipa raja" means "general of the army". “Owstoni” is to the British collector and businessman Alan Owston (1853–1915), “beccarii” to the Italian botanist and collector Odoardo Beccari (1843–1920), “mangini” to the French botanist and director of the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle Louis Alexandre Mangin (1852–1937), dedicated. Several names are toponyms . For example, »tonkinensis« refers to the French protectorate of Tonkin , »trangensis« to the Thai province of Trang , »nicobarica« to the Nicobar Islands, »natunae« to the Natuna Islands and »seheriae« from Seheria, a place in the Purulia district in West Bengal . "Insularis" refers generally to islanders and is derived from the Latin "insula, insulae" for "island". »Labecula« is derived from the Latin »labes, labis« for »spots«. The Latin word "carus" means "expensive, valuable". "Flavostriata" is a Latin word structure from "flavus" for "yellow, golden yellow" and "striatus, striare" for "striped, streaked". »Heliogona« is made up of the Greek »hēlios ἡλιος « for »sun« and »gonē, gonēs -γονη, γονης « for »offspring, scion«.

Source

  • Christopher M. Perrins : The Great Encyclopedia of Birds. From the English, Orbis-Verlag, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-572-00810-7 , pp. 307, 309.
  • Jiří Felix (eds.), Květoslav Hísek: Asian fauna in color. Translated from the Czech by Ingeborg Šestáková. Karl Müller Verlag, Erlangen 1989, pp. 72-73
  • Philip Withfield (ed.): The great world empire of the animals. Planet Medien AG, Zug 1992, ISBN 3-8247-8614-1 , pp. 362-363.
  • Wilhelm owner (ed.), Erna Mohr: Encyclopedia of the animals. Volume 2, Weltbild, Augsburg 1991, ISBN 978-3-89350-361-2 , p. 374.
  • Samuel Richard Tickell: List of Birds, collected in the Jungles of Borabhúm and Dholbhúm . In: The journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal . tape 2 , no. 23 , 1833, pp. 568-583 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 25, 2015]).
  • Thomas Walker Horsfield : Dr. Horsefield communicated to the Meeting a “list of Mammalia and Birds collected in Assam by John McClelland, Esq., Assistant-Surgeon in the service of East India Company, Bengal Establishment, Member of the late Deputation which was sent into that country for the purpose of investigating the nature of the Tea Plant ” . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 7 , no. 82 , October 22, 1839, p. 146–167 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 25, 2015]).
  • Walter Rothschild: . The Hon Walter Rothschild Exhibited An example of a new Sunbird, Which he Described as follows: . In: Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club . tape 25 , no. 156 , 1910, pp. 32 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 25, 2015]).
  • Ernst Hartert: Dr. Ernst Hard Described three new subspecies of birds as follows: . In: Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club . tape 38 , no. 227 , 1917, pp. 6-7 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 25, 2015]).
  • Jean Théodore Delacour, Pierre Jabouille: The following descriptions of twelve new species and subspecies from French Indo-China were forwarded by Messrs Jean Delacour and Pierre Jabouille . In: Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club . tape 45 , no. 291 , 1924, pp. 28–35 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 25, 2015]).
  • Jean Théodore Delacour, Pierre Jabouille: Mr. Delacour exhibited and described, on behalf of MP Jabouille and himself, twenty-one new forms of Birds collected in Indo-China during their fourth expedition in 1927-1928 . In: Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club . tape 48 , no. 325 , 1928, pp. 125-136 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 25, 2015]).
  • Allan Octavian Hume: Novelities . In: Stray feathers. Journal of ornithology for India and its dependencies . tape 1 , no. 5 , 1873, p. 404-415 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 25, 2015]).
  • Allan Octavian Hume: A First List of Birds of the Tenasserim Provinces . In: Stray feathers. Journal of ornithology for India and its dependencies . tape 2 , no. 6 , 1874, pp. 467-484 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 25, 2015]).
  • Rodolphe Meyer de Schauensee: On Siamese birds . In: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia . tape 98 , 1846, pp. 1-83 , JSTOR : 4064390 .
  • Thomas Stamford Raffels: Second Part of the descriptive Catalog of a Zoological Collection made in the Island of Sumatra and its vicinity . In: Transactions of the Linnean Society of London . tape 13 , no. 2 , 1822, p. 277-340 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 25, 2015]).
  • Harry Church Oberholser : Descriptions of new East Indian Nectariniidae . In: Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences . tape 13 , 1923, pp. 226–232 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 25, 2015]).
  • Frederick Nutter Chasen: Nine new races of Natuna birds . In: Bulletin of the Raffles Museum . tape 9 , 1934, pp. 92–97 ( lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg [PDF; 427 kB ; accessed on August 25, 2015]).
  • Alfred Russel Wallace: Descriptions of New Birds From the Malay Archipelago . In: Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 1865 . tape 2 , 1865, p. 474-481 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 25, 2015]).
  • Tommaso Salvadori: Intorno a due collezioni di uccello di Celebes inviate al Museo Civico di Genova dal Dr O. Beccari e dal Sig. A. Bruijn . In: Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale di Genova (=  1 ). tape 7 , 1875, p. 641-681 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed August 25, 2015]).
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • Jean Louis Cabanis, Ferdinand Heine junior: Museum Heineanum Directory of the ornithological collection of Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine on Gut St. Burchard before Halberstadt, I. Part, containing the songbirds . R. Frantz, Halberstadt October 1851 ( reader.digitale-sammlungen.de [accessed on August 27, 2015]).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ IOC World Bird List Dippers, leafbirds, flowerpeckers & sunbirds
  2. ^ A b Samuel Richard Tickell, p. 577.
  3. ↑ Thomas Walker Horsfield, p. 167.
  4. ^ Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, p. 32.
  5. ↑ a b Ernst Hartert, p. 7.
  6. ^ Jean Théodore Delacour et al. a. (1924), p. 34.
  7. ^ Jean Théodore Delacour et al. a. (1928), p. 134.
  8. ↑ Allan Octavian Hume (1874), p. 473.
  9. ↑ a b Rodolphe Meyer de Schauensee, p. 79.
  10. ↑ a b Thomas Stamford Raffels, p. 299.
  11. ↑ a b Allan Octavian Hume (1873), p. 412.
  12. ^ Harry Church Oberholser, p. 232.
  13. ↑ a b Frederick Nutter Chasen, p. 97.
  14. ^ Alfred Russel Wallace, p. 478, plate 29, figure 2.
  15. ↑ Tommaso Salvadori, p. 659, plate 18, fig. 1 & 2.
  16. ↑ a b Jean Louis Cabanis, p. 103.
  17. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 357.
  18. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 286.
  19. ^ Tommaso Salvadori, p. 641, dedication results from the title of the publication.
  20. ^ Jean Théodore Delacour et al. a. (1924), p. 35.
  21. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 205.
  22. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 217.
  23. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 90.
  24. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 188.

Remarks

  1. ↑ In addition to the carmine nectar bird , he also assigned this genus Nectarinia eximia Horsfield , 1821 - a synonym for the Java nectar bird ( Aethopyga eximia ) and to Cinnyris nipalensis Horsfield , 1837 - a synonym for the green-tailed nectar bird ( Aethopyga nipalensis ).
  2. ↑ It is difficult to determine exactly where the location is. But since Marcha and other sources Manbhoom and Manbhum are mentioned in connection with this place, it is very likely that the place is in today's Purulia district.

Web links

Commons : Crimson Nectar Bird ( Aethopyga siparaja )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files