Defense Technology Commission of the People's Liberation Army

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The Commission of the Chinese People's Liberation Army for Science and Technology in National Defense ( Chinese  中國人民解放軍 國防 科學 技術 委員會  /  中国人民解放军 国防科学 技术 委员会 , Pinyin Zhōnggúo Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn Guófáng Kēxué Jìshù Wěiyuánhuì 科委 "(Defense Technology Commission)" ), was the authority responsible for scientific research in the field of military equipment in the People's Republic of China from 1958 to 1982 .

history

Never Rongzhen

On March 14, 1956, the Central Military Commission decided to set up a “Commission for the Aviation Industry” (国防部 航空 工业 委员会, Pinyin Guófángbù Hángkōng Gōngyè Wěiyuánhuì ), which was directly subordinate to the Ministry of Defense of the People's Republic of China , for the emerging aviation and space industry in China should be responsible. Field Marshal Nie Rongzhen , who had been building a Chinese nuclear industry since July 1955, was appointed to head the commission . Shortly after his appointment, on May 10, 1956, Nie Rongzhen submitted a memorandum to the State Council of the People's Republic of China and the Central Military Commission entitled "First Views on the Development of Missile Research in Our Country" (关于 建立 我国 导弹 研究 工作 的 初步 意见), which is now considered to be the beginning of the Chinese missile program.

First the research institutes were founded in 1956 and 1957, which are now known as the “ China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation ” after numerous structural reforms . Finally, on October 16, 1958, the Aviation Industry Commission was renamed the “Commission of the Chinese People's Liberation Army for Science and Technology in National Defense”. The chairman of the new commission was again Nie Rongzhen, his deputy Grand General Chen Geng (陈赓, 1903–1961), rector of the Harbin Technical Military Academy (中国人民解放军 哈尔滨 工程 学院, today's University of Technology in national defense of the People's Liberation Army).

At the time, China also tried to build a modern navy with speedboats and nuclear submarines , but the Soviet Union refused to help. On the subject of nuclear weapons and missile technology, however, on the basis of the “Agreement between the Chinese Government and the Government of the Soviet Union on the Manufacture of New Weapons and Military Equipment and the Development of a Comprehensive Nuclear Industry in China” negotiated by Nie Rongzhen in Moscow in autumn 1957, for Active support of the socialist brother country for several years.

After a falling out between Mao Zedong and Nikita Sergejewitsch Khrushchev , the Soviet Union announced on June 20, 1959 that it would withdraw from the technology transfer agreement; by the end of August 1960 all Soviet advisers had left the country. In the few years, however, the Chinese scientists had learned a lot. On November 5, 1960, the first Chinese rocket, a replica of the Soviet R-2 short-range rocket, was launched from the Jiuquan Cosmodrome in the presence of Nie Rongzhen . On October 16, 1964, the first Chinese atomic bomb detonated at the Lop Nor nuclear weapons test site . The increasing number of projects - among other things, work was done on a medium-range missile inspired by the Soviet R-12 - also resulted in an expansion of the Defense Technology Commission. On May 15, 1965, a political department (政治部) under the direction of Colonel Zhu Qingyun (朱 卿 云, 1919-2007) and a logistics department (后勤部) under the direction of Major General Fan Ziyu (范子瑜, 1914–2002), which was responsible for supplying the technical colleges directly subordinate to the Defense Technology Commission, four research institutes, three military bases and three major projects.

General Zhang Aiping (far right on the field phone) after the detonation of the first Chinese atomic bomb on October 16, 1964

At the beginning of 1970 the responsibilities in defense technology research were changed. The Defense Technology Commission of the People's Liberation Army should no longer deal with the development of ordinary weapons, but only with cutting-edge technology. In addition to nuclear weapons and ICBMs, these included the satellite program - on April 24, 1970, the first Chinese satellite, Dong Fang Hong I, took off into space and work was already being carried out on reconnaissance satellites that could bring photos taken from orbit back to Earth - and that was very ambitious Shuguang project for a manned space flight. The pioneering reconnaissance satellites (尖兵, Pinyin Jiānbīng ) were a great success: between 1975 and 2005, a total of 22 satellites in the series were launched from the Jiuquan Cosmodrome, all of which - with one exception in 1993 - returned safely to Earth. The Shuguang spaceship, on the other hand, never got beyond a model made of wood and cardboard, and on May 13, 1972 the project was halted.

On July 13, 1973, Nie Rongzhen was replaced as chairman of the Defense Technology Commission by Tao Lujia (陶 鲁 笳, 1917-2011), a long-serving party cadre without technical training and always only active as a political commissar in the People's Liberation Army. In March 1975, General Zhang Aiping took over the chairmanship of the commission, who had already been one of the deputies of Nie Rongzhen since September 1959 and had played a key role in the "Two bombs, one satellite" project. On May 10, 1982 the Commission for Defense Technology of the People's Liberation Army with the Office for Defense Industry at the State Council (国务院 国防 工业 办公室) and the Commission for Scientific and Technical Equipment at the Central Military Commission (中央军委 科学 技术 装备 委员会) became the Commission for Science , Technology and industry for national defense united. Half a year later, on November 19, 1982, Zhang Aiping became Minister of Defense of the People's Republic of China .

Subordinate units

Universities:

Research institutes:

Military bases:

Projects:

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ 梅世雄 、 毛 俊: 第 一个 导弹 火箭 研究 机构 —— 国防部 五 院 ： 中国 航天 梦 的 起点. In: xinhuanet.com. July 10, 2016, accessed September 7, 2019 (Chinese).
  2. ^ Mori Kazuko: A Brief Analysis of the Sino-Soviet Alliance: The Political Process of 1957-1959. (PDF) In: Parallel History Project . Accessed September 7, 2019 .
  3. ↑ Stephen Uhalley Jr .: A History of the Chinese Communist Party. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford 1988, pp. 120 and 124-127.
  4. ↑ Mark Wade: DF-1 in the Encyclopedia Astronautica , accessed on September 7, 2019 (English).
  5. ↑ Mao aimed atomically. In: spiegel.de. June 26, 1967. Retrieved September 7, 2019 .
  6. ↑ 朱 卿 云 同志 逝世. In: news.sohu.com. March 17, 2007, Retrieved September 7, 2019 (Chinese).
  7. ↑ 开国 少将 范 子 喻. In: txhn.net. April 25, 2011, Retrieved September 7, 2019 (Chinese).
  8. ↑ Mark Wade: FSW in the Encyclopedia Astronautica , accessed on December 12, 2018 (English).
  9. ↑ 刘炳峰: 毛泽东 与 中国 “载人 航天” 事业 的 起步. In: calt.spacechina.com. June 14, 2016, Retrieved September 7, 2019 (Chinese).
  10. ↑ Mark Wade: Shuguang 1 in the Encyclopedia Astronautica , accessed on September 7, 2019 (English).
  11. ↑ The name means the Chinese atom bomb, detonated for the first time on October 16, 1964, the Chinese hydrogen bomb, detonated for the first time on June 19, 1967, and the Dong Fang Hong I satellite, launched on April 24, 1970. On September 18, 1999, the Celebration of the 50th anniversary of the People's Republic of China 23 scientists involved in the project, some posthumously, were awarded the Order of Merit “Two bombs, one satellite” (两弹一星 功勋 奖章).
  12. ↑ 历数 中国 八位 国防部长. In: news.sohu.com. February 5, 2010, Retrieved September 7, 2019 (Chinese).
  13. ↑ 中国 核潜艇 为何 叫 09X ： 揭秘 国家 第九 项 重大 工程. In: mil.news.sina.com.cn. November 21, 2013, accessed September 8, 2019 (Chinese).
  14. ↑ 大跃进 中国 曾 欲 造 世界 最强 战机 为何 最终 失败？ In: m.huanqiu.com. January 29, 2016, Retrieved September 8, 2019 (Chinese).
  15. ↑ 中国 空军 “1125 工程”. In: mil.huanqiu.com. May 17, 2012, accessed September 8, 2019 (Chinese).
  16. ↑ 开国 少将 范 子 喻. In: txhn.net. April 25, 2011, Retrieved September 8, 2019 (Chinese).