Central Military Commission

The Central Military Commission is based in the VBA building in Beijing

The Central Military Commission , or ZMK for short ( Chinese  中央 軍事 委員會  /  中央 军事 委员会 , Pinyin Zhōngyāng Jūnshì Wěiyuánhuì ) is the highest military commanding body in the PRC . With its 15 departments, it essentially fulfills the same tasks as the Ministry of Defense in other countries . The Ministry of Defense of the People's Republic of China is for formal representational purposes only.

history

republic

Recognizing that since the Whampoa Military Academy was founded in 1924, an increasing number of members of the Chinese Communist Party have been involved in working among soldiers, such as Zhou Enlai as a lecturer in the Academy's Political Department, suggested Wang Yifei (王一飞, 1898–1928), who had studied at the Frunze Military Academy in Moscow since February 1925 , proposed to then General Secretary Chen Duxiu in September 1925 to create a special military commission in the CCP. Chen accepted the proposal, and in October 1925 the 4th Central Executive Committee (the party structure, which has been called the " Central Committee " since 1927 ) at its first expanded session decided to establish a "Central Commission on Military-Specific Activities" (中央 军事 运动 委员会, Pinyin Zhōngyāng Jūnshì Yùndòng Wěiyuánhuì ). Wang Yifei and his fellow Moscow student Yan Changyi (颜 昌 颐, 1898–1929) were commissioned with the preparatory work, the first head of the commission was Zhang Guotao (张国焘, 1897–1979). In December 1925, the name of the party structure was changed to "Central Military Department " (中央 军事 部, Pinyin Zhōngyāng Jūnshìbù ), the new head was Major General Zhou Enlai.

During the Kuomintang campaign against the Beiyang government and Northern Militarists , begun on July 9, 1926, with the aim of reunifying China, the CCP organized workers and peasants made a significant contribution to the military victory. The increased importance of military work found its formal expression at the end of 1926 when the military department was renamed "Central Military Commission" (中央 军事 委员会, Pinyin Zhōngyāng Jūnshì Wěiyuánhuì ), the same name it bears today. The management was still held by Zhou Enlai, his official title was now "Secretary" (书记, Pinyin Shūjì ). After the break with the Kuomintang and the Nanchang uprising led by Zhu De , Zhou Enlai and Liu Bocheng on August 1, 1927, the CCP-affiliated units of the National Revolutionary Army withdrew to the Jinggang Mountains on the border between Jiangxi and Hunan , where Mao Zedong arrived with his 1000 men in early October after the failed autumn harvest uprising . After the unification of all troops, the Red Army had a strength of 10,000 men in April 1928. After the 6th CCP Congress held in Moscow for security reasons, the Central Military Commission was renamed the Central Military Department again in July 1928. Department head was initially Yang Yin (杨 –, 1898-1929). After his death on August 30, 1929, Zhou Enlai took over the management of the military department again. One of his first acts was to assemble a special force that murdered Bai Xin, who betrayed Yang to the Kuomintang in August, late on November 11th.

The base in the Jinggang Mountains had to be evacuated in December 1928, and Mao Zedong and Zhu De withdrew with their troops to the Jiangxi - Fujian - Guangdong border area . Smaller bases have been set up in central China. In 1930 there were then a total of 15 such military bases, the Red Army had grown to 60,000–70,000 men. Of course there were also a number of people with character deficiencies, many poorly educated farm boys, as well as men who lost their jobs in the textile factories etc. after the outbreak of the global economic crisis in 1929 and who had joined the Red Army more out of desperation than out of political conviction. In December 1929 Mao Zedong had written his famous essay "On the Correction of Wrong Views in the Party" (纠正 党内 错误 思想) for the 9th Congress of the 4th Army Corps (Zhu De), of which he was political commissar, in Gutian . There he pointed out, among other things, indiscipline, subjectivism and individualism in the troops and emphasized the need to subordinate the military to politics. The text of the essay was adopted on December 29th as the final document of the conference and thus initially applied to the 4th Army Corps. Three months later, in March 1930, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China followed Mao's recommendations, renaming the military department the "Central Military Commission" and determining that this party's organ was the highest commanding authority for military affairs. The primacy of politics and absolute control of the army by the party were thus formally established. Zhou Enlai continued to serve as secretary of the Central Military Commission.

On November 7, 1931, the 14th anniversary of the October Revolution , the 610 delegates of the 1st All-China Soviet Congress in Ruijin proclaimed the Chinese Soviet Republic (中华 苏维埃 共和国, Pinyin Zhōnghuá Sūwéi'āi Gònghéguó ). This was a real state, with a constitution, its own currency (with Lenin on the 1 yuan note) and its own tax offices. The Ministry of Defense of the young republic was the Central Military Commission, called "Central Revolutionary Military Commission" (中央 革命 军事 委员会, Pinyin Zhōngyāng Gémìng Jūnshì Wěiyuánhuì ) from November 25, 1931 . Its chairman was now Lieutenant General Zhu De , his deputies Wang Jiaxiang (王稼祥, 1906–1974) and Lieutenant General Peng Dehuai . The commission originally had 6 departments:

• Military operations (作战 科, Pinyin Zuòzhàn Kē )
• Enlightenment (侦察 科, Pinyin Zhēnchá Kē )
• Transport (交通 科, Pinyin Jiāotōng Kē )
• Mobilization (动员 科, Pinyin Dòngyuán Kē )
• Education (教育 科, Pinyin Jiàoyù Kē )
• Administration (管理 科 Pinyin Guǎnlǐ Kē )

In the years that followed, the organization became much more detailed , with departments for geodesy (地面 侦察 科, Pinyin Dìmiàn Zhēnchá Kē ), encryption and decryption of radio messages (机要 译 电 科, Pinyin Jīyào Yìdiàn Kē ) etc.

When, in December 1936, after the Long March, the 2nd and 4th Front Armies of the Red Workers 'and Peasants' Armies merged with the 1st Front Army in Yan'an , Mao Zedong, up to then Political Commissar (政治 委员, Pinyin Zhèngzhì Wěiyuán ) took over in the 1st Front Army, chaired the Central Revolutionary Military Commission. After the 7th CCP Congress in Yan'an (April 23 - June 11, 1945), at which Mao cemented his leadership role, the Military Commission was approved by the National Military Council in August 1945 in connection with the Chongqing negotiations Kuomintang to be demarcated in "Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China" (中共中央 军事 委员会, Pinyin Zhōng Gòng Zhōngyāng Jūnshì Wěiyuánhuì ) renamed, the chairmanship was retained by Mao Zedong. Another renaming took place in early 1949, when the victory over the Kuomintang was foreseeable. In order to make the overall Chinese claim clear, the commission was now called "Revolutionary Military Commission of the Chinese People" (中国 人民 革命 军事 委员会, Pinyin Zhōngguó Rénmín Gémìng Jūnshì Wěiyuánhuì ). Mao Zedong continued to chair.

People's Republic

The three gates of honor building at 20 Jingshan Street , the headquarters of the ZMK from 1949 to 1999, today used to receive foreign military personnel.

With the "Joint Program of the Political Consultative Conference of the Chinese People", a kind of interim constitution, which was adopted by the Political Consultative Conference of the Chinese People on September 29, 1949, the "Revolutionary Military Commission of the People" was elevated to the rank of a constitutional organ. Article 20 states there: “The People's Republic of China will set up uniform armed forces, namely the People's Liberation Army and the units of the People's Police. They are under the command of the People's Revolutionary Military Commission of the Central People's Government. ”This means that with the establishment of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949, the former party structure became a state authority. The head of the agency was Mao Zedong. Since Mao was also chairman of the Central People's Government (中央 人民政府, Pinyin Zhōngyāng Rénmín Zhèngfŭ ), i.e. his own superior, this was a purely formal subordination. Otherwise there was also continuity in terms of personnel. Of the 5 deputy chairmen of the People's Revolutionary Military Commission, 3 ( Zhu De , Zhou Enlai and Peng Dehuai ) were already represented in the Military Commission of the Chinese Soviet Republic from 1931.

The Military Commission (at that time the People's Republic of China did not yet have a Ministry of Defense) had its first practical test in the Korean War . Since Mao wanted to avoid a direct war between China and the USA, the "Chinese People's Volunteer Army" (中国 人民 志愿军, Pinyin Zhōngguó Rénmín Zhìyuàn Jūn ) was set up, 200,000 men and women who crossed the border on October 19, 1950 under the command of Peng Dehuai crossed to Korea. The North Korean-Chinese forces actually managed to push the US-led coalition back to the 38th parallel, but the losses were substantial. By the ceasefire on July 23, 1953, around 300,000 Chinese had died.

On September 20, 1954, the 1,226 delegates to the 1st National People's Congress passed the first ordinary constitution of China. Article 42 states: "The chairman of the People's Republic of China has the supreme command of the armed forces of the country and is chairman of the National Defense Council." "Chairman of the People's Republic of China" (中华人民共和国 主席, Pinyin Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Zhǔxí ) was the name of the President at the time, ie Mao Zedong. Article 27 (6) stipulated that the President would propose his deputies and the remaining members of the Defense Council, who would then have to be confirmed by the National People's Congress and, under Article 28, may also be dismissed. The President was also elected and dismissed by the People's Congress. The "People's Revolutionary Military Commission" was abolished. The National Defense Council was only an advisory body; The People's Congress created a Ministry of Defense (国防部, Pinyin Guófángbù ) for the administrative work of the then 4 million strong People's Liberation Army, which always had to be headed by an active officer. Peng Dehuai became the first defense minister.

On September 28, 1954, the Politburo of the Communist Party of China decided to set up its own "Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China" (中共中央 军事 委员会, Pinyin Zhōng Gòng Zhōngyāng Jūnshì Wěiyuánhuì ), which is located below the Politburo or the Secretariat of the Communist Party China (中国 共产党 中央 书记处, Pinyin Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng Zhōngyāng Shūjìchù ) was settled. The chairman was Mao Zedong. The party's newly created ZMK was tasked with leading the People's Liberation Army and the other armed units of China ( People's Militia and People's Armed Police ). In general, the decisions of the Politburo, the Secretariat and the party ZMK itself should be passed on to the units under the name of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party via internal channels (内部 系统, Pinyin nèibù xìtǒng ). In the case of orders and instructions that had to be published, this was done under the name of the Cabinet (国务院, Pinyin Guówùyuàn ) or the Ministry of Defense. Since Peng Dehuai, as vice-chairman of the party-ZMK, directed its day-to-day business and was defense minister at the same time, this was easy to accomplish.

After Mao's death on September 9, 1976, Hua Guofeng , his successor as party chairman, took over the leadership of the CCP's Central Military Commission. After Hua's detachment in connection with the trial against the Gang of Four , Deng Xiaoping took over the military commission in June 1981 ( Hu Yaobang became party chairman ). As early as 1980, when the Central Committee of the CCP had decided to revise the Chinese constitution in the course of coming to terms with the Cultural Revolution , proposals from the population were submitted to the Secretariat of the Constitutional Amendment Commission (宪法 修改 委员会 秘书处, Pinyin Xiànfǎ Xiūgǎi Wěiyuánhuì Mìshūchù ), the Central Military Commission to be detached from the party and converted into a state authority. This was discussed heatedly in various bodies for two years until the National People's Congress finally passed the new constitution on December 4, 1982 . There, under Article 93, an additional "Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China" (中华人民共和国 中央 军事 委员会, Pinyin Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Zhōngyāng Jūnshì Wěiyuánhuì ) was introduced parallel to the Central Military Commission of the party . The division of powers between the two military commissions was not further elaborated there, and they have always been carried out in personal union since Deng Xiaoping , but since the term of office of the state military commission corresponds to that of the National People's Congress and this is responsible to the People's Congress, a certain parliamentary control is guaranteed here .

This is not just a theoretical possibility. When, in March 2003, the 2,946 members of the 10th National People's Congress who were present were to confirm Jiang Zemin , who was already considered a promoter of corruption and incompetent in military matters, as chairman of the state military commission, he received 98 votes against and 122 members abstained. For comparison: Hu Jintao was elected President at the same meeting with only 4 votes against and 3 abstentions, Wen Jiabao as Prime Minister with 3 votes against and 16 abstentions. In March 2005, three years before the end of his term, Jiang Zemin voluntarily resigned from chairing the state military commission and handed over the post to Hu Jintao; Hu had already taken over the leadership of the party ZMK in September 2004 from Jiang Zemin.

function

Due to the personal identity between the Central Military Commission of the CCP and the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China, from the chairman to the deputies to the (currently 4) members, the ZMK is an integrated party and state organ; Orders to the troops are generally issued in the name of the "Central Military Commission" without specifying whether it is the party ZMK or the state ZMK. Its task is to coordinate defense policy and formulate the military doctrine of the People's Republic of China. It has the supreme command of all armed forces in the country, i.e. the People's Liberation Army , the People's Militia and the People's Armed Police . The second important function of the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China is the supervision of the armed forces and the mediation of the current party line to the troops.

The post of Chairman of the Central Military Commission is considered to be one of the key positions in the People's Republic of China. Since 1983, all heads of state have made it a point to hold this post.

structure

In 2015, by order of Xi Jinping, military reform took place that came into effect on January 1, 2016. There the originally 7 military districts (军区, Pinyin Jūnqū ) were combined into 5 "war zones" (战区, Pinyin Zhànqū ), the 4 main departments of the People's Liberation Army (General Staff, Politics, Logistics, Armaments) were integrated into the 15 departments that were under the leadership of the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China. So the organization of the Chinese military currently looks like this:

Central Military Commission 中央 军事 委员会

State Council 国务院

Law firm 办公厅

Logistics Association 联勤 保障 部队

Military court 军事 法院

Military Academy 军事 科学院

Ministry of Defense 国防部

General Staff 联合 参谋部

Public Prosecutor 军事 检察院

Military College 国防大学

Ministry of Veterans 退役 军人 事务 部

Political Work Department 政治 工作 部

Technical University 国防 科技 大学

Logistics Department 后勤 保障 部

Weapons Development Department 装备 发展 部

Department of Education 训练 管理 部

People's Mobilization Department 国防 动员 部

Popular mobilization Commission 国家国防动员委员会

Disciplinary Committee 纪律 检查 委员会

Political and Legal Commission 政法 委员会

Science and Technology Commission 科学 技术 委员会

Strategic Planning Office 战略 规划 办公室

Office for Reform and Establishment Plan 改革 和 编制 办公室

International Cooperation Office 国际 军事 合作 办公室

Auditing Office 审计署

Financial management 机关 事务 管理 总局

War zone east 东部 战区

Army 陆军

Internal security 武警 内 卫 总队

War zone west 西部 战区

Navy 海军

Mobile Corps 武警 机动 总队

War zone south 南部 战区

Air Force 空军

Coast Guard 武警 海 警 总队

War zone north 北部 战区

Missile Forces 火箭 军

War zone middle 中部 战区

Electronic warfare 战略 支援部队

People's Liberation Army 中国人民解放军

Armed People's Police 中国 人民 武装警察 部队

People's Militia 中国 民兵

The 15 departments of the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China, in turn, have numerous sub-departments. Here are two examples:

• Office (中央军委 办公厅, Pinyin Zhōngyāng Jūnwěi Bàngōngtīng )
  • Office of the Chairman of the Central Military Commission (中央军委 主席 办公室, Pinyin Zhōngyāng Jūnwěi Zhǔxí Bàngōngshì ). This is an entire office wing that takes up half a floor of the VBA building (八一 大楼, Pinyin Bā Yī Dàlóu ) at 7 Fuxing Street .
  • Secretariat (秘书 局, Pinyin Mìshūjú )
  • Political Work Office (政治 工作 局, Pinyin Zhèngzhì Gōngzuò Jú )
  • Bureau of Secrecy and Archiving (保密 和 档案局, Pinyin Bǎomì hé Dàng'àn Jú ). This office corresponds to the Freiburg Military Archives , with a focus on the history of the revolution.
  • Property management (管理局, Pinyin Guǎnlǐjú )
    • Property management for the VBA building in Beijing
    • Property management for the ZMK office in Beidaihe , the vacation spot of the cadres.

• Joint General Staff (中央军委 联合 参谋部, Pinyin Zhōngyāng Jūnwěi Liánhé Cānmóubù )
  • Law firm (办公厅, Pinyin Bàngōngtīng )
  • Political Work Office (政治 工作 局, Pinyin Zhèngzhì Gōngzuò Jú )
  • Task Force Command (作战 局, Pinyin Zuòzhànjú ). The operational command center has its actual headquarters, the "operational command center" (作战 指挥中心, Pinyin Zuòzhàn Zhǐhuī Zhōngxīn ), also known as "Command Post Westberge" (西山 指挥所, Pinyin Xīshān Zhǐhuīsuǒ ), in the mountains north of the Summer Palace , in the street district of Qinglongqiao, residents Community Xianghongqi, Dongsimu Cun first
  • Office for maneuver planning (战略 战役 训练 局, Pinyin Zhànlüè Zhànyì Xùnliàn Jú )
  • Intelligence Service (情报 局, Pinyin Qíngbào Jú )
    • Political Department (政治部, Pinyin Zhèngzhì Bù )
    • Main office (综合 局, Pinyin Zōnghéjú )
    • Office 1 (第一 局, Pinyin Dì Yī Jú )
    • Office 2 (第二 局, Pinyin Dì Èr Jú )
    • Office 3 (第三 局, Pinyin Dì Sān Jú )
    • Office 4 (第四局, Pinyin Dì Sì Jú )
    • Office 5 (第五 局, Pinyin Dì Wǔ Jú )
    • Office 6 (第六 局, Pinyin Dì Liù Jú )
    • Office 7 (第七 局, Pinyin Dì Qī Jú )
    • Military attaché office (武官 局, Pinyin Wǔguān Jú ). This service coordinates the work of the military attachés at the Chinese embassies abroad.
    • Satellite Reconnaissance Office (航天 侦察 局, Pinyin Hángtiān Zhēnchá Jú )
    • Technical office (技术 局, Pinyin Jìshù Jú )
    • Archive (资料 局, Pinyin Zīliào Jú )
    • Peacekeeping Office (维 和 局, Pinyin Wéihé Jú ). This service is responsible for the intelligence support of the peacekeeping missions of the United Nations with Chinese participation, for example in southern Lebanon or in Darfur .
    • Data processing (计算机 所, Pinyin Jìsuànjī Suǒ )
    • Vehicle fleet (汽车 队, Pinyin Qìchē Duì )
  • Office for satellite navigation (导航 局, Pinyin Dǎoháng Jú )
  • Telecommunications Bureau (信息 通信 局, Pinyin Xìnxī Tōngxìn Jú ). Now that the construction of the military telecommunications network has largely been completed, the main task of this service center is to secure the telecommunications connections between the units in such a way that they function smoothly even in the event of war.
  • Bureau for Cartography, Meteorology and Hydrology (战场 环境 保障 局, Pinyin Zhànchǎng Huánjìng Bǎozhàng Jú )
  • Demand Planning Office (军事 需求 局, Pinyin Jūnshì Xūqiú Jú )
  • Personal Protection Office (警卫 局, Pinyin Jǐngwèi Jú )
    • Administration (管理 处, Pinyin Guǎnlǐchù )
    • Personal Protection Department (警卫 处, Pinyin Jǐngwèi Chù )
    • Medical Care Department (卫生 保健 处, Pinyin Wèishēng Bǎojiàn Chù )

Chairperson

In November 2012, Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, was also elected chairman of the ZMK at the CCP's 18th Congress.

Chair of the Central Military Commissions

	ZMK of the CPC	ZMK of the PR China
Zhang Guotao	October 1925 – December 1925
Zhou Enlai	December 1925 – July 1928
Yang yin	July 1928 – August 1929
Zhou Enlai	September 1929 – November 1931
Zhu De	November 1931 – December 1936
Mao Zedong	December 1936 – September 1949
Mao Zedong		October 1949 – September 1954
Mao Zedong	September 1954 – September 1976
Hua Guofeng	October 1976 – June 1981
Deng Xiaoping	June 1981 – November 1989	June 1983-April 1990
Jiang Zemin	November 1989 – September 2004	April 1990 – March 2005
Hu Jintao	September 2004 – November 2012	March 2005 – March 2013
Xi Jinping	since November 2012	since March 2013

Web links

• Members of the People's Revolutionary Military Commission of the Central People's Government (1949–1954) (Chinese)
• Members of the current ZMK from party and state (Chinese)

swell

1. ↑ The Kuomintang and the government it heads in Canton had already had a military commission (军事 seit) since July 1917, also known as the "National Military Council" in German, which was responsible for leading the National Revolutionary Army from 1925 .
2. ↑ 何立波: 第 一个 提议 组建 中央军委 的 人. In: http://www.sohu.com/ . August 2, 2017, Retrieved October 29, 2018 (Chinese). 
3. ↑ Stephen Uhalley Jr .: A History of the Chinese Communist Party. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford 1988, p. 31.
4. ↑ Stephen Uhalley Jr .: A History of the Chinese Communist Party. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford 1988, pp. 34-40.
5. ↑ 杨 殷. In: http://www.china.com.cn/ . September 22, 2002, accessed October 31, 2018 (Chinese). 
6. ↑ 钟 明: 东方 第一 大 暗杀 ， 白鑫 就 诛. In: http://cul.china.com.cn/ . August 20, 2011, accessed October 31, 2018 (Chinese). 
7. ↑ Stephen Uhalley Jr .: A History of the Chinese Communist Party. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford 1988, pp. 40f.
8. ↑ Zhu Hong: Gutian: Red History, Green Future. In: http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/ctgerman/ . Retrieved November 1, 2018 . 
9. ^ Mao Zedong: On Correcting Mistaken Ideas in the Party. In: https://www.marxists.org/ . December 29, 1928, accessed November 1, 2018 . 
10. ↑ Stephen Uhalley Jr .: A History of the Chinese Communist Party. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford 1988, pp. 45f.
11. ↑ Stephen Uhalley Jr .: A History of the Chinese Communist Party. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford 1988, pp. 48-51.
12. ↑ Stephen Uhalley Jr .: A History of the Chinese Communist Party. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford 1988, pp. 64-68.
13. ↑ Mao Zedong: On the Chungking Negotiations. In: https://www.marxists.org/ . October 17, 1945, accessed November 3, 2018 . 
14. ↑ 1949 年 《中国 人民 政治协商会议 共同 纲领 ». In: https://news.qq.com/ . November 17, 2011, accessed November 4, 2018 (Chinese). 
15. ^ General guidelines of the Political Consultative Council. In: http://www.verfassungen.net/ . September 29, 1949, accessed November 4, 2018 . 
16. ↑ Stephen Uhalley Jr .: A History of the Chinese Communist Party. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford 1988, p. 84.
17. ↑ In addition there was the fact that the people's volunteers serving in Korea were sorely lacking in China themselves. For example, 4,000 railway employees from Shanghai alone reported to Korea, which exacerbated the already considerable transport bottlenecks in China. 15% of all Chinese doctors were in Korea; Back then there was 1 doctor for every 10,000 people in China. Stephen Uhalley Jr .: A History of the Chinese Communist Party. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford 1988, p. 100.
18. ↑ 中华人民共和国 宪法 (1954 年). In: http://www.npc.gov.cn/ . September 20, 1954, accessed November 6, 2018 (Chinese). 
19. ↑ Constitution of the People's Republic of China. In: http://www.verfassungen.net/ . September 20, 1954, accessed November 6, 2018 . 
20. ↑ Stephen Uhalley Jr .: A History of the Chinese Communist Party. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford 1988, p. 219.
21. ↑ 陈斯喜, 刘松山: 宪法 确立 国家 中央 军事 委员会 的 经过. In: http://www.calaw.cn/ . March 10, 2013, accessed November 7, 2018 (Chinese). 
22. ↑ 中华人民共和国 宪法 (1982 年). In: http://www.npc.gov.cn/ . December 4, 1982, Retrieved October 28, 2018 (Chinese). 
23. ↑ Constitution of the People's Republic of China. In: http://www.verfassungen.net/ . December 4, 1982. Retrieved October 28, 2018 . 
24. ↑ Stephen Uhalley Jr .: A History of the Chinese Communist Party. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford 1988, pp. 207f.
25. ↑ 江泽民 连任 中国 中央军委 主席 时 有 98 张 反对票. In: http://culture.dwnews.com/ . March 13, 2018, Retrieved November 7, 2018 (Chinese).  Of the 2,984 seats in the 10th People's Congress, 2,178 were held by the CCP, 480 by the mainland Kuomintang , and the rest were splinter parties and non-party MPs.
26. ↑ 中共中央 军事 委员会 、 中华人民共和国 中央 军事 委员会. In: http://www.mod.gov.cn/ . Retrieved November 7, 2018 (Chinese). 
27. ↑ 陈斯喜, 刘松山: 宪法 确立 国家 中央 军事 委员会 的 经过. In: http://www.calaw.cn/ . March 10, 2013, accessed November 7, 2018 (Chinese). 
28. ^ White Paper of the Armed Forces of the People's Republic of China. In: http://german.china.org.cn/ . Retrieved November 7, 2018 . 
29. ^ ^{A b} Sebastian Heilmann: The political system of the People's Republic of China . Springer-Verlag, Wiesbaden 2015, ISBN 978-3-658-07227-8 , pp. 134 .
30. ↑ Minnie Chan: PLA to announce overhaul: five 'strategic zones' will replace regional commands, most army HQ to be scrapped. In: https://www.scmp.com/ . December 20, 2015, accessed November 8, 2018 . 
31. ↑ 国防部 新闻 事务 局 官 微 发布 中央军委 机关 英文 译名. In: http://www.cnr.cn/ . January 15, 2016, accessed November 8, 2018 (Chinese). 
32. ↑ 齐心协力 筑 平台 潜心 尽力 育 “工匠” —— 市 教育局 王新刚 副 处长 、 旅游 学校 陈作亮 校长 一行 访 北京 人民大会堂 、 中央军委 办公厅 八一 大楼. In: http://www.sohu.com . December 13, 2016, accessed November 13, 2018 (Chinese). 
33. ↑ 李宣良 、 黎 云: 习近平 在 军委 联合 作战 指挥中心 视察. In: http://www.gov.cn . April 20, 2016, accessed November 13, 2018 (Chinese). 
34. ↑ 锻造 维 和 卫勤 的 “特种兵”. In: http://news.ifeng.com . December 24, 2014, accessed November 11, 2018 (Chinese). 
35. ↑ Huang Panyue: Chinese peacekeepers conduct medical examinations for students in southern Lebanon. In: http://eng.chinamil.com.cn . October 19, 2018, accessed November 11, 2018 . 
36. ↑ Huang Panyue: China's peacekeeping helicopter in Sudan transfers wounded foreign soldier. In: http://eng.chinamil.com.cn . October 17, 2018, accessed November 11, 2018 . 
37. ↑ 董晓波 任 中央军委 联合 参谋部 信息 通信 局 副 局长. In: http://news.ifeng.com . May 31, 2016, accessed November 11, 2018 (Chinese). 
38. ↑ Xi Jinping new party leader of China . SF Tagesschau, November 15, 2012