University of Defense Science and Technology

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国防 科技 大学
National University of Defense Technology
founding 1953
Sponsorship Central Military Commission
place Changsha , People's Republic of China
Rector Deng Xiaogang (邓小刚)
Students 15,700
Employee 2930
Website english.nudt.edu.cn

The University of Science and Technology of the National Defense of the People's Liberation Army ( Chinese  中國人民解放軍 國防 科技 大學  /  中国人民解放军 国防 科技大学 , Pinyin Zhōnggúo Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn Guófáng Kējì Dàxué ) in Changsha , Hunan Province , known abroad as the National University of Defense Technology , therefore often abbreviated to “NUDT”, it is one of the best universities in China. In 1996 it belonged to the first group of educational establishments designated as Universities of Excellence within the framework of “ Project 211 ”. The university is directly subordinate to the Central Military Commission , but unlike the Military College (国防大学), which is also subordinate to the ZMK, and the Military Academy (军事 科学院), particularly talented civilians from selected provinces are accepted there after an entrance examination.

history

Chinese People's Liberation Army Military Academy of Engineering

Chen Geng, 1952–1961 rector of the Academy of Engineering

On March 18, 1952, Chief of Staff Nie Rongzhen and his deputy Su Yu submitted a "Report on the Establishment of a Military Academy of Engineering" (关于 成立 军事 工程 学院 的 报告) to the Central Military Commission. After Zhou Enlai , Zhu De and Lin Biao , vice chairmen of the ZMK, studied the report and found it to be good, Mao Zedong , chairman of the Central Military Commission, gave his approval on March 26, 1952. The approval for the establishment of the "Military Academy of the Chinese People's Liberation Army for Engineering" (中国人民解放军 军事 工程 学院) was granted.

A good two months later, on June 3, 1952, Prime Minister Zhou Enlai wrote to Nikolai Alexandrovich Bulganin , then one of the Deputy Chairmen of the Council of Ministers of the USSR , asking him to be experts and advisers for a military engineering college with five faculties (air force, artillery, navy, Tanks, pioneers) to China. On July 11, 1952, Mao Zedong appointed General Chen Geng (陈赓, 1903–1961) as rector of the academy under construction. On August 22, 1952, the Central Military Commission set up a ten-person preparatory committee headed by Chen Geng, which began its work in Beijing on September 1, 1952, i.e. at the beginning of the academic year. At the same time, the Soviet Union sent more than 300 experts from all disciplines to help set up the academy and to stay in the country until the break with China in the summer of 1960.

The Central Military Commission had decided in June 1952 to locate the Academy of Engineering in Harbin , Heilongjiang Province , the teaching and administrative staff should initially be from cadres of the 2nd Infantry College in Chongqing (西南 军区 第二 高级 步兵 学校), the military science laboratory in Nanjing (华东军 区 军事 科学 研究室) and the 3rd Corps of the Chinese People's Volunteer Army in North Korea (中国 人民 志愿军 第三 兵团). On November 24, 1952, the Central Military Commission issued an instruction to all units to select 300 assistants and 1,000 students from their ranks for the new academy. On April 25, 1953, construction began on the Military Academy buildings in Harbin, and on September 1, 1953, teaching began. Today this counts as the official founding day of the University for Science and Technology of National Defense.

Faculty of Rocket Technology

The Chinese People's Liberation Army's military engineering academy was not small. By the preliminary completion of construction work in 1955, 5,000 workers had erected a total of 167 buildings on the campus with an area of ​​180,000 m², from single-storey sheds to seven-story buildings. 47% of the total floor area of 410,000 m² was used for teaching purposes, 39% for accommodation ， 7% for offices ， the rest for kitchens, dining rooms and other functional buildings. The total construction cost was 3.5 million yuan. For comparison: in 1955, a lieutenant in the People's Liberation Army was paid 60 yuan a month, and a general received 425 yuan. After Defense Minister Peng Dehuai had set up the " 5th Research Institute " in Beijing in 1956 , which from 1957 under the direction of Qian Xuesen dealt with the development of the Chinese atomic bomb, and on April 11, 1958, the construction of the Jiuquan Cosmodrome began. a faculty for rocket technology (导弹 工程系) was set up at the academy in October 1958, a faculty for NBC defense (原子 化学 防护 系) in June 1960 , and a faculty for nuclear technology (原子 工程系) in August 1961 , the one was to play a crucial role in setting up the Lop Nor nuclear weapons test site , as well as a faculty for electronics (电子 工程系).

Until then, all students were soldiers who were sent to the academy by their units for further training. In May 1962, however, this system was changed on the instructions of Zhou Enlai: only high school graduates were accepted directly from civilian life. Three years later, on October 21, 1965, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China approved a motion by the Central Military Commission to remove the Chinese People's Liberation Army's military academy for engineering from its jurisdiction and, with effect from January 1, 1966, to subordinate it to the Defense Technology Commission of the People's Liberation Army However, at a meeting of the ZMK on December 19, 1965, this was postponed to April 1, 1966 with the approval of Zhou Enlai.

Harbin Academy of Engineering

With the detonation of the first Chinese atomic bomb on October 16, 1964, the People's Liberation Army had increased its reputation and Defense Minister Lin Biao's position was strengthened, which sought to politicize the army, also against the background of the United States' entry into the war in Vietnam on August 7, 1964 At a meeting on November 18, 1965, Lin Biao coined the term “ primacy of politics ” (突出 政治), which in his interpretation primarily implies the study of the words of Chairman Mao Tsetung and a return to the traditions of defensive people's war , practicing hand-to-hand combat and night fighting. The academy, which made the atomic bomb possible, was criticized as "one of the four most apolitical and backward units of the entire army" (全军 四个 不 突出 政治 的 落后 单位,), with effect from April 1, 1966, it was excluded from the People's Liberation Army and renamed "Academy of Engineering Harbin" (哈尔滨 工程 学院). This was more of a symbolic act. Liu Juying (刘居英, 1917–2015), major general of the People's Liberation Army until the ranks were abolished in May 1965, remained rector of the academy, and the Defense Technology Commission , the new sponsor of the university, was also a unit of the People's Liberation Army.

Although the staff were collectively discharged from the army, the lecturers, now as civilians, taught the same content as before April 1, 1966. The original artillery faculty had been relocated to Wuchang in June 1960 , the armored faculty in May 1961 to Xi'an , and the pioneer faculty in June 1961 also to Xi'an. After a faculty for electronic data processing and a faculty for foreign students had been established with the reorganization on April 1, 1966, the Harbin Academy of Engineering had the following faculties when it was founded:

  • Aircraft construction (航空 工程系)
Propaganda group for Maoism
  • Nuclear technology (原子 工程系)
  • Shipbuilding (舰船 工程系)
  • Electronics (电子 工程系)
  • Rocket technology (导弹 工程系)
  • Electronic data processing (电子 计算机 系)
  • Foreign students (外国 留学生 系)
  • Experimental factory (实验 工厂)

Soon after, the Cultural Revolution broke out, and as a regular civil university, the Academy suffered as much as any other educational institution in the country. On May 11, 1966, a "Cultural Revolutionary Leadership Group" (文化大革命 领导 小组) was set up at the academy at the direction of the leadership of the Heilongjiang National Association of the CCP, and on July 22, 1966 a "Working Group of the Heilongjiang Provincial Committee of the CCP" (中共 黑龙江 省委 工作 队) the academy. This was expelled on January 31, 1967 by the "United Assault Commission of the Red Revolutionary Rebels of the Armaments Industry" (军工 红色 造反 者 联合 接管 委员会), and this in turn on August 29, 1968 by the "Workers Propaganda Squad for Maoism" (工人 毛泽东 思想宣传 队). Despite the civil war-like conditions, the Academy of Engineering was able to successfully complete over 100 research contracts, including calculations for the horizontal stabilizer of the J-6 fighter aircraft (歼 －6), the improvement of the seaworthiness of the Chinese submarines, drive calculations for the torpedo boat 027 I (27Ⅰ 型钢质 单 水翼 导弹 快艇), the Volkstransistorrechner 441-B (441 － B 晶体管 化 通用 电子 计算机, the forefather of the Tianhe supercomputers ) and much more.

Changsha Polytechnic Academy

In 1969, after the incident on the Ussuri, tensions with the Soviet Union had intensified to such an extent that Defense Minister Lin Biao issued his "Order No. 1" (林 副 统帅 一号 战斗 号令, Pinyin Lín Fùtǒngshuài Yīhào Zhàndòu Hàolìng ) on October 18, 1969 had Chinese nuclear missiles ready for launch. In this order, Lin Biao not only ordered that all military units should be widely dispersed, but also that the important institutes should immediately be relocated inland, the so-called "Third Front" (三 线), a project that had been ongoing since 1964. On December 4, 1969, the Academy of Engineering was informed for the first time by the Defense Technology Commission of the People's Liberation Army that it was also scheduled for relocation on the instructions of the Central Military Commission . The details followed on December 20th:

  • The Faculty of Aircraft Construction came to Xi'an
  • The nuclear engineering faculty came to Chongqing along with a large part of Harbin Polytechnic University
  • The shipbuilding faculty and the experimental factory remained in Harbin
  • The electronics, rocket science, electronic data processing faculties and foreign students came to Changsha along with the administration

A number of organizational changes took place before the actual move. First of all, on February 15, 1970, the four remaining faculties of the Academy of Engineering were subordinated to the Seventh Ministry of Mechanical Engineering . Then the academy was remilitarized. On May 2, 1970, the dormitories of the academy, i.e. the barracks, were again subordinated to the Defense Technology Commission, and two days later, on May 4, the Shenyang military district of the People's Liberation Army (中国人民解放军 沈 阳 军区). On June 15, 1970, the name of the college was changed to "Changsha Polytechnic Academy" (长沙 工学院) by a joint decision of the State Council and the Central Military Commission and it was placed under the Guangzhou Military District of the People's Liberation Army. In August 1970, the Central Military Commission finally decided that the Hunan Provincial Command of the People's Liberation Army (中国人民解放军 湖南省 军区), responsible for the local People's Militia , Reserve , Mobilization, etc., should be jointly responsible for the Changsha Polytechnic Academy with the Seventh Ministry.

In October 1970, one by one, the four faculties began moving to Changsha; On November 8, 1970, the barracks of the 84th Pontoon Bridge Regiment were assigned to them by the Guangzhou Military District as accommodation . Since the space in the barracks was very cramped, the more than 200 members of the data processing faculty moved on their own initiative to an agricultural school in the Mapoling (马坡岭 街道) street district of the Furong district (at that time located on the eastern outskirts of Changsha), which was closed at the beginning of the Cultural Revolution . The old campus in Harbin, which has now grown to 640,000 m² floor space, was handed over to the Heilongjiang Provincial Command of the People's Liberation Army with almost 100,000 items of furniture.

As a result of the cultural revolution, teaching had practically come to a standstill. On December 3, 1971, however, the State Council of the People's Republic of China decided that the Changsha Polytechnic Academy should train the technical staff for the Seventh Ministry, which, in addition to developing ICBMs, was also responsible for Chinese space travel (April 24, 1970 was the first Chinese satellite Dong Fang Hong I launched). In addition, the academy was to oversee the research institutes and military bases subordinate to the Defense Technology Commission as well as the 2nd Artillery Corps (today's rocket forces of the People's Liberation Army ). Teaching began on April 8, 1972. By the time of Mao's death and the end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976, five cohorts were accepted, from which more than 1500 graduates emerged.

In addition to teaching, research and development work was also carried out. For example, the academy developed the self-propelled rocket launcher 74 (74 式 火箭 布雷 车), which could fire five anti-tank missiles with a range of 1.5 km twice with an interval of 15 seconds. In addition, the “1 MegaFLOP path tracking computer” (百万 次 航天 测量 中心 处理 计算机), or “Computer 151” (151 机) for short , was developed in Changsha for the “ Project 718 ”, another ancestor of today's supercomputers from the late 1970s was installed in the orbit tracking ship Yuan Wang 1 and provided excellent service during the first long-range test of the Dongfeng 5 ICBM on May 18, 1980, as well as during the launch of China's first geostationary satellite Dong Fang Hong 2-2 on April 8, 1984 and on April 15 and 27 September 1988 during tests with the Julang-1 medium-range missile launched by the submerged nuclear submarine Changzheng 6 .

National Defense Science and Technology University of the Chinese People's Liberation Army

As early as November 13, 1972, the party committee of the Changsha Polytechnic Academy had written to Mao Zedong, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China , the Central Military Commission and the leadership of the Guangzhou Military District to be officially reintegrated into the People's Liberation Army. However, all letters went unanswered. The only change was that on July 3, 1973, Chongqing Polytechnic University was dissolved; the old nuclear engineering faculty was moved to Changsha and reintegrated into the academy.

After the overthrow of the Gang of Four on October 6, 1976, the State Council and the Central Military Commission decided on March 20, 1977 that the expulsion of educational institutions from the army by the left-wing extremists Generals Huang Yongsheng and Wu Faxian should be reversed. On July 23, 1977, Deng Xiaoping , Chief of Staff of the People's Liberation Army since July 17 and responsible for science and technology as part of the Four Modernizations (科学 技术 现代化), received two representatives from the Changsha Polytechnic Academy at his home and explained that he had already In 1975, before his third dismissal , he had intended to establish an elite university for science and technology in national defense, which would only accept students with a high school diploma, in contrast to the procedure that has been customary since 1970 for workers, peasants and soldiers' students (工农兵 学员) who only had to have attended the lower grades of high school. Deng recommended that the academy representatives, now that times had changed, submit a formal application to convert their institution into such a university.

It did so on August 25, 1977, and on September 1, 1977, Deng Xiaoping, deputy chairman of the Central Military Commission since August 19, noted on the cover sheet of the motion: “Agree. Comrade Zhang Aiping should take care of the details. ”The motion then went to the party chairman and prime minister Hua Guofeng , defense minister Ye Jianying and other high-ranking politicians, all of whom supported him. As a result, a conference was held in Beijing from September 26th to 30th, 1977 with representatives of the Defense Technology Commission of the People's Liberation Army , the Second Ministry of Mechanical Engineering (nuclear technology), the Seventh Ministry of Mechanical Engineering (missiles), the 2nd Artillery Corps and the Polytechnic Changsha Academy held, where the concrete steps for the conversion of the academy into a technical military college were discussed. The actual establishment of the "University of Science and Technology of the National Defense of the Chinese People's Liberation Army" (中国人民解放军 国防 科学 技术 大学) took place on October 1, 1978 by joint resolution [1978] 110 of the State Council and the Central Military Commission of June 6, 1978, the national holiday. From then on, lecturers and administrative employees were considered soldiers on active duty. However, students did not have to join the army and did not wear uniform. The rector of the university was Zhang Yun (张衍, * 1917–2003), political commissar of the University of Electrical Engineering and Electronics in Xi'an and major general of the People's Liberation Army until the ranks were abolished in 1965.

The National Defense Science and Technology University was one of the 14 priority colleges for which the State Council approved expansion activities on September 25, 1984. The number of courses was increased from 23 to 25, on January 30, 1985 a graduate school (研究生 院) was established, one of the first in the country. A realignment then took place in early 1986. While the university was commissioned when it was founded in 1978 to primarily train personnel for the armaments industry, it should now primarily train technical personnel for the troops as part of the modernization of the People's Liberation Army. This focus was formalized on June 30, 1989, three weeks after the suppression of the student protests in Beijing , by decision of the Central Military Commission. From then on, all newly admitted students automatically became soldiers upon matriculation (older cohorts were not affected by this).

Entrance gate 2014

On June 18, 1999, by resolution of the Central Military Commission of April 26, 1999, the Changsha Artillery Academy (长沙 炮兵 学院), the Changsha Pioneer Academy (长沙 工程兵 学院) and the Changsha Political Academy (长沙 政治 学院) with the University of Science and Technology of National defense united and this directly subordinated to the Central Military Commission. This was just an organizational reform, the old facilities were retained. The university now had four campuses:

  • Kaifu , Deya Street, the original Polytechnic Academy
  • Tianxin , Kaifu Street, the original artillery academy
  • Kaifu, Fuyuan Street, the original pioneer academy
  • Tianxin, Middle Furong Street, the original political academy

The last reorganization for the time being took place in 2016/17, when numerous military academies were merged into three universities directly subordinate to the Central Military Commission as part of the far-reaching reform of national defense and the military . The following institutions are affiliated with the University of Defense Science and Technology:

  • Academy for International Relations of the People's Liberation Army (中国人民解放军 国际 关系 学院), Nanjing
  • Academy of Communications Technology of the People's Liberation Army (中国人民解放军 国防 信息 学院), Wuhan
  • Academy of Communications Technology of the People's Liberation Army (中国人民解放军 西安 通信 学院), Xi'an
  • Academy of Electrical Engineering of the People's Liberation Army (中国人民解放军 电子 工程 学院), Hefei
  • Institute of Meteorology and Oceanography of the Technical University of the People's Liberation Army (中国人民解放军 理工 大学 气象 海洋 学院), Nanjing
  • 63. Research Institute [communications engineering] of the People's Liberation Army Technical University (中国人民解放军 理工 大学 第六 十三 研究所), Nanjing

The Chinese name of the extended university was shortened to the acronym中国人民解放军 国防 科技 大学, which still means "University of Science and Technology of the National Defense of the Chinese People's Liberation Army". Major General Deng Xiaogang (邓小刚, * 1960) became the rector of the university. Since 2011, he has been the deputy rector of the National Defense University for Science and Technology, a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and an expert in numerical fluid mechanics . Xi Jinping , chairman of the Central Military Commission, presented the university with its new flag at a ceremony in the PLA building in Beijing on July 19, 2017. Today the university has foreign lecturers and sends talented students to civil universities abroad to broaden their horizons. However, the majority of the students are soldiers, both Chinese and foreign, who come to Changsha as part of military exchange programs. For example, in the 2019/20 academic year, a total of 360 high school graduates with civil status were accepted, and 1,530 high school graduates (1,459 men, 71 women) as officer candidates .

Faculties

The University of Defense Science and Technology currently (2019/20 academic year) has the following faculties, at which 2,930 lecturers (almost 300 professors) supervise around 15,700 students, including 8,900 engineering students and 6,800 doctoral and post- doctoral students :

research

The focus of the research activities at the University of Science and Technology of National Defense lies in the development of key technologies, weapon systems and equipment in order to increase the deterrent power and the real combat capability of the People's Liberation Army. In addition, one deals with the construction of supercomputers . For example, in September 2009, funded by the 863 program , the first PetaFLOP computer in China, known as “Tianhe-1”, was the fifth fastest computer in the world at the time. After some improvements, the computer achieved a continuous performance of 2.566 × 10 15 floating point operations per second in September 2010 , making it, under the name " Tianhe-1A ", the fastest computer in the world at that time . A year later, the Tainhe-1A was overtaken by a Japanese computer on the list of the fastest computers in the world, but in June 2013 the " Tianhe-2 ", also funded by the 863 program, achieved a continuous output of 33.9 PetaFLOPS take back this place and hold it until June 2016. That year, with the support of the Ministry of Science and Technology and in collaboration with the National Center for Supercomputers in Tianjin, the university began developing the ExaFLOP computer " Tianhe-3 ". The test operation of the prototype installed in Tianjin began in July 2018, and by January 2019 it had already been launched by over 30 research institutes of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , the Chinese Research and Development Center for Aerodynamics, the Beijing Research Institute for Suborbital Spaceplane Systems of the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology etc. used.

Since 2001 , the Kylin server operating system has been developed and improved, initially from the 863 program, and from 2006 onwards from the Fund for National Scientific and Technical Large-Scale Projects . The same programs funded the development of the Feiteng microprocessors (飞腾 处理器), which were used in 1996 in the 13 GigaFLOP supercomputer Yinhe-3 (银河 —Ⅲ) for hardware acceleration . The Tianhe-1A uses 2048 processors of the FT-1000 variant, an eight-core processor with a clock frequency of 1 GHz , which was ready for use in March 2010 . The Tianhe-2 uses 4096 processors of the FT-1500 variant, each with 16 main processor cores and 1.8 GHz clock frequency. These processors are manufactured by Phytium Technology Corporation in Tianjin (天津 飞腾 信息 技术 有限公司), a subsidiary of the China Electronics Corporation (中国 电子 信息 产业 集团), a centrally managed company .

Space travel is another focus of the National Defense Science and Technology University. In addition to training personnel for the cosmodromes, research is currently being carried out primarily for the Shenzhou program. For example, a computer program was developed with which, on the basis of data that was previously determined during ground tests, the dynamic processes in the event of a malfunction of the launcher during the launch and ignition of the rescue missile can be simulated, which is at the tip of the Changzheng 2F is mounted. In addition, simulators were developed for the landing pad system of the manned space program, with which the devices used there for the flight path control of the return capsule can be tested. For at Zhai Zhigang spacewalk during the Shenzhou-7 used mission Feitian suit developed the University one woven into the fabric antenna.

Web links

Commons : National Defense Science and Technology University  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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Coordinates: 28 ° 13 ′ 9.5 ″  N , 112 ° 59 ′ 25.5 ″  E