China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology

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The China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology ( Chinese  中国 运载火箭 技术 研究院 , Pinyin Zhōngguó Yùnzài Huǒjiàn Jìshù Yánjiūyuàn , commonly the English abbreviation CALT ), for historical reasons also called "First Academy" (一 院), is the management company of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation for the launch vehicle business area , both in the civil and military sectors. The company's headquarters are located in the Donggaodi (东 高地 街道) street in Beijing's Fengtai District , on Nanyuan Street and Dahongmen Street.

history

On October 15, 1957, the Chinese Deputy Prime Minister Nie Rongzhen and Mikhail Georgievich Pervukhin , Vice Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR , signed the “Agreement between the Chinese Government and the Government of the Soviet Union on the Manufacture of Novel Arms and Military Equipment and the Development of a Comprehensive Nuclear Industry in China". Then called Grand General Su Yu (粟裕, 1907-1978), Chief of the General Staff of the People's Liberation Army and his deputies Grand General Huang Kecheng (黄克诚, 1902-1986) and Grand General Chen Geng (陈赓, 1903-1961) on October 30, 1957 a meeting , at which, apart from them, Lieutenant General Wang Zheng (王 诤, 1909–1978), head of the Telecommunications Department at the Central Military Commission of the CPCH , Lieutenant General Zhu Ming (朱明, 1903–1964), Political Commissar of the said department, Li Qiang (李强, 1905–1996), commercial attaché at the Chinese Embassy in Moscow, Major General An Dong (安 东, 1918–1966), Secretary General of the Aviation Commission, Qian Xuesen , Head of the 5th Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense , Major General Gu Jingsheng (谷 景 生, 1913 –2004), Political Commissar at the 5th Research Institute, Major General Liu Bingyan (刘秉彦, 1915–1998), Deputy Head of the 5th Research Institute, and Lieutenant General Lin Shuang (林 爽, 1917–2001), also Deputy Head of the 5. Research institute, participated. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss the implications of the October 15th treaty, in particular how missile research in China should be organized under the new conditions. Right from the start, the meeting participants agreed that leadership in the new structure should be taken over by the Defense Ministry's 5th Research Institute.

On November 15, 1957, Defense Minister Peng Dehuai called on Prime Minister Zhou Enlai and made him a proposal. Two branch institutes (分院) should be set up below the level of the 5th research institute: the 1st branch institute should deal with missiles (surface-to-surface missiles, anti-aircraft missiles, anti-ship missiles ), the 2nd branch institute with electronics. Zhou Enlai accepted the proposal and on November 16, 1957, appointed Qian Xuesen, in addition to his post as director of the 5th Research Institute, to the director of the 1st Branch, and Major General Liu Bingyan became his deputy. Major General Gu Jingsheng was appointed Political Commissar of the 1st Branch and Deputy Political Commissar of the 5th Research Institute; his old post as political commissar there received Major General Liu Youguang (刘有光, 1914-2001). This is considered the foundation day of the Chinese Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology.

On November 5, 1960, Qian Xuesen and his group of researchers launched the first Chinese rocket, later called "Dongfeng 1", on the Jiuquan Cosmodrome . The Dongfeng 2A medium-range missile followed on June 29, 1964, and the first Chinese atomic bomb detonated on October 16, 1964 at the Lop Nor nuclear weapons test site . The range of tasks and the number of staff at the 5th Research Institute had grown continuously. Thereupon the National People's Congress decided on January 4, 1965 at the end of the first session of the third legislative period, on the proposal of Prime Minister Zhou Enlai , to outsource the missile activities from the Ministry of Defense to a separate ministry. The 5th Research Institute was renamed the “Seventh Ministry of Mechanical Engineering” (第七 机械 工业 部, Pinyin Dì Qī Jīxiè Gōngyè Bù ); The authority was headed by Lieutenant General Wang Bingzhang (王秉璋, 1914-2005), head of the 5th Research Institute since 1962, with Qian Xuesen as one of his deputies. In addition to the development of ICBMs , space travel was now defined as the Ministry's area of responsibility for the first time: it was responsible for the scientific research, development, testing and manufacture of spacecraft as well as the expansion and construction of cosmodromes. The previous 1st branch institute became the “1. Academy of the Seventh Ministry of Mechanical Engineering ”(第七 机械 工业 部 第一 研究院). Despite numerous restructuring at the ministry level, this name is still used today. In addition, the institute was approved in February 1989 by the then Ministry of Aerospace Industry (航空 航天 工业 部, Pinyin Hángkōng Hángtiān Gōngyè Bù ) to also use the name "Chinese Academy for Launch Vehicle Technology ".

Company description

The CALT comprises eight institutes, a development and production department and two production sites as well as a hospital and several holding companies and investments in various technology companies. CALT employs a total of 33,000 people, including seven members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, as well as several thousand senior technicians and engineers. Today CALT manufactures the different versions of the Langer Marsch launcher , but also - in the Qinghua engineering factory Changzhi (长治 清华 机械 厂) - cosmodrome equipment, pipeline modules, wind turbines, special vehicles and industrial plants. CALT also manufactures the DF-5 intercontinental ballistic missile . In 2015, the company achieved total sales of 42.5 billion yuan and a net profit of 2.71 billion yuan with around 33,000 employees. The head office in Beijing is organized as follows:

  • Administration (院 办公室)
  • Strategic Planning Department (发展 规划 部)
  • Weapons department (武器 部)
  • Space Department (宇航 部)
  • Business Management and Investment Department (经营 投资 部)
  • Technology Development Department (技术 发展 部)
  • Scientific Research Planning Department (科研 计划 部)
  • Quality Assurance Department (质量 保证 部)
  • Finance Department (财务 部)
  • HR department (人力资源部)
  • Department for Ideological and Political Work (思想 政治 工作 部)
  • Department for ensuring administrative work (行政 保障 部)
  • Compliance Department (纪检 监察部)
  • Audit and Risk Management Department (审计 与 风险 管理 部)
  • Mass Processing Department (群众 工作 部)
  • Department for former employees and retirees (离退休 工作 部)
  • Tactical Weapons Department (战术 武器 事业 部)

There are also four cross-departmental centers:

  • Research and Development Center (研究 发展 中心)
  • Logistics center (物流 中心)
  • Press center (新闻 中心)
  • Training center (教育 中心)

In addition, there are currently (2019) two temporarily set up departments.

  • Office for brand management (型号办公室)
  • Office for the management of the expansion of capacities (能力 建设 指挥部)

Since 2017, the Chinese Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology has been hit by bad luck. First of all, on July 2, 2017, the newly developed Changzheng 5 launcher rocket failed due to an incorrectly designed turbo pump in the engine . A 7-ton communications satellite crashed into the Indian Ocean. On the morning of March 11, 2018, the CCP operating cell of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (中国 航天 科技 集团 有限公司 党组), the group's general works council , so to speak , appeared in Donggaodi and removed Li Hong (李洪, * 1964), since 2007 Chairman of the Executive Board of the Academy for Launch Vehicle Technology, from his post. His previous deputy Hao Zhaoping (郝 照 平, * 1968) was appointed as Li Hong's successor. Then a launch of the revised launcher, planned for January 2019, had to be postponed to July 2019. However, this start did not materialize either. On June 21, 2019, the CCP operating cell of the parent company reappeared in the CALT headquarters and convened a cadre meeting to "put the management level of the Academy for Missile Technology back in order" (对 火箭 院 领导 班子 进行 了 调整). Hao Zhaoping was removed from office and Wang Xiaojun (王小军, * 1969), the previous head of the research and development center, was appointed as the new chairman of the board. On December 27, 2019, the rocket finally launched.

Research and Teaching

In addition to the research and development center, where current projects are dealt with, CALT also has several research institutes for basic engineering research:

  • Research Institute for Space Systems, Beijing (北京 宇航 系统工程 研究所), also known as "Department 1" or 一部
  • Research Institute for Systems of Suborbital Spacecraft , Beijing (北京 临近 空间 飞行器 系统工程 研究所), also known as "Institute 10" or 10 所
  • Research Institute for Automatic Control in Space, Beijing (北京 航天 自动控制 研究所), also known as "Institute 12" or 12 所
  • Changzheng Spacecraft Research Institute, Beijing (北京 航天 长征 飞行器 研究所), also known as "Institute 14" or 14 所
  • Research Institute for Cosmodrome Technology, Beijing (北京 航天 发射 技术 研究所), also known as "Institute 15" or 15 所
  • Research institute for high-precision dynamo - electric control devices, Beijing (北京 精密 机电 控制 设备 研究所), also known as "Institute 18" or 18 所
  • Research Institute for Changzheng Information Technology, Beijing (北京 航天 长征 科技 信息 研究所), also known as "Institute 19" or 19 所
  • Research Institute for Measurement and Testing Technology in Space, Beijing (北京 航天 计量 测试 技术 研究所), also known as "Institute 102" or 102 所
  • Research institute for environments with high material stress, Beijing (北京 强度 环境 研究所), also known as "Institute 702" or 702 所
  • Research Institute for Materials and Technology in Space (航天 材料 及 工艺 研究所), also known as "Institute 703" or 703 所

In 1981 a graduate school (研究生 院) was founded at the Academy for Launch Vehicle Technology, with the right to award doctoral degrees. Today, CALT offers 10 courses there for prospective graduate engineers, 2 courses for doctoral students and 6 positions for postdocs . Between 1981 and 2016, a good 1,500 engineering degrees and doctorates were awarded, which corresponds to an average of around 43 graduates per year. Two of them are now members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Since the students write their diploma or doctoral theses at the research institutes, sometimes also in the departments of the head office, they often stay with the company after graduation. For example, Wang Xiaojun, CEO of CALT since 2019 , came to the graduate school after studying engineering at the University of Science and Technology of National Defense in Changsha , where he graduated with a thesis on rocket construction, and attended one there PhD thesis on ICBM design prepared by the weapons department. Then, in August 1995, he joined the weapons department as a regular employee, first as deputy head, then as head of the 11th laboratory there, after several other promotions, finally head of the weapons department, then head of civil launchers in addition to weapons systems responsible research and development center.

In addition to the graduate school that awards regular academic degrees, since December 2009 CALT has also had a kind of vocational training center, the Changzheng Academy (长征 seit), in which, on the one hand, advanced training courses are held for the company's workers and, on the other hand, customers and suppliers are given technical training become. More than 100 courses are currently held there each year, some with up to 100 participants.

In addition, since 1985 CALT has been supporting the maintenance and expansion of the Youth Museum for Science and Technology Donggaodi (东 高地 青少年 科技 馆) in Wanyuan Street, a few hundred meters east of the headquarters, which was founded in 1979 with generous donations. On April 25, 2011, CALT established the Qian-Xuesen Youth Space Academy (钱学森 青少年 航天 科学院) there, together with the Beijing Schools Commission and Science Commission, the Beijing Science and Technology Association and the Fengtai District Government. On November 10th, the satellite "Fengtaier Jugend 1" (丰台 少年 一号), developed and built there by high school students under expert guidance and named after the city district, successfully took off from the Jiuquan Cosmodrome into space.

As early as 1959, on the initiative of Qian Xuesen, the space kindergarten (航天 幼儿园) was founded, initially as a factory kindergarten (the main city spacecraft factory, where ICBMs and the smaller Chanzheng models are manufactured, is located directly behind the headquarters). Unlike regular kindergartens, this one is also open during the summer and winter holidays and there are “post-kindergarten care groups” (离 园 看护 班), where parents know that their children are safely supervised in the event of overtime or field work on cosmodromes. The space kindergarten is now under the control of Wanyuan Raumfahrtindustrie und -handel GmbH, a subsidiary of CALT, and, in addition to the original facility, has five branch kindergartens in different parts of Beijing and in Tianjin, organized according to the same principle . A good 380 kindergarten teachers look after over 2200 children in a total of 70 groups.

subsidiary company

CALT has a number of subsidiaries (which in turn have subsidiaries):

  • Hauptstätdtische Raumflugkörper GmbH (首都 航天 机械 有限公司, also known as "Factory 211" or 二 一一 厂)
  • Wanyuan Space Technology GmbH, Beijing (北京 航天 万 源 科技 有限公司)
  • Wanyuan Space Industry and Trade Ltd. (航天 万 源 实业 有限公司)
  • Asia-Pacific Mobilfunksatelliten GmbH (中国 亚太 移动 通信 卫星 有限 责任 公司)
  • Changzheng Chemieanlagenbau AG (航天 长征 化学 工程 股份有限公司)
  • Raumfahrtsonderfahrzeug GmbH, Tai'an (泰安 航天 特种车 有限公司)
  • China Energine International (Holdings) Limited (中国 航天 万 源 国际 （集团） 有限公司)
  • Changzheng Technologiegeräte GmbH, Tianjin (天津 航天 长征 技术 装备 有限公司)
  • Changzheng Technologieentwicklung GmbH, Tianjin (天津 航天 长征 技术 发展 有限公司, also known as Changzheng Raketenbau GmbH or 天津 航天 长征 火箭 制造 有限公司)
  • Chinarocket GmbH (中国 长征 火箭 有限公司)
  • Relia GmbH, Tianjin (天津 航天 瑞莱 科技 有限公司)
  • Ruitech GmbH, Tianjin (航天 长征 睿 特 科技 有限公司)
  • Beijing Long March High-Tech Company (北京 长征 高科技 公司)
  • Graduate School (研究生 院)
  • Changzheng Academy (长征 学院)
  • Main Space Hospital, Beijing (北京 航天 总 医院)

Web links

Individual evidence

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  3. ^ Mori Kazuko: A Brief Analysis of the Sino-Soviet Alliance: The Political Process of 1957-1959. (PDF) In: Parallel History Project . Retrieved August 5, 2019 .
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  6. ↑ The first ministry was actually responsible for mechanical engineering, the second concentrated civil and military nuclear activities, the third was responsible for aviation, the fourth for electronics, the fifth for tanks and artillery, the sixth for shipbuilding, and the eighth for agricultural machinery.
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  17. ↑ 蒋晨锐: 郝 照 平 任中国 运载火箭 技术 研究院 院长 ， 李明华 任 院 党委 书记. In: thepaper.cn. March 12, 2018, Retrieved August 6, 2019 (Chinese). This was a more symbolic act that was not directed against Li Hong personally. A good seven months later, on October 31, 2018, Li Hong was appointed Deputy General Manager to manage the parent company. 李洪 同志 任中国 航天 科技 集团 有限公司 副总经理 、 党组 成员. In: spacechina.com. October 31, 2018, accessed August 6, 2019 (Chinese).
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  34. ↑ 首都 航天 机械 公司 是 清 政府 创办 的 第一 家 飞机 修造 厂. In: calt.com. August 30, 2016, Retrieved August 5, 2019 (Chinese).
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  36. ↑ 弯道 超车！ 火箭 院 首都 航天 机械 有限公司 高端 镁 合金 铸造 工艺 国内 领先. In: calt.spacechina.com. June 8, 2018, accessed November 13, 2019 (Chinese).
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  40. ↑ Profiles. In: china-ceco.com. Retrieved August 5, 2019 .
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Coordinates: 39 ° 48 ′ 0.7 "  N , 116 ° 24 ′ 31.3"  E