National major scientific and technical projects

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National major scientific and technical projects ( Chinese  國家 科技 重大 專項  /  国家 科技 重大 专项 , Pinyin Guójiā Kējì Zhòngdà Zhuānxiàng ) is a funding program for high technology that was launched in 2006 and initially limited to 2020. Projects in the ten eligible civilian areas are overseen by the Ministry of Science and Technology and the State Commission for Development and Reform , while projects in the six military areas are overseen by the National Agency for Science, Technology and Industry in National Defense and the Department of Weapons Development at the headquarters Military commission . For the planned extension of the program until 2035, the Ministry of Science and Technology invited all interested citizens to express their views and make suggestions in February 2019.

history

The funding program is based on the “Outline of a national program for the medium and long-term development of science and technology (2006–2020)” adopted by the State Council of the People's Republic of China in February 2006 (《国家 中长期 科学 技术 发展 规划 纲要 （2006–2020年）》), which was implemented immediately afterwards, at the beginning of the 11th five-year plan (2006–2010). At that time, the State Council identified eleven main areas in which funding should be provided by the Ministry of Finance :

  • energy
  • Water and natural resources
  • environment
  • Agriculture
  • Industrial manufacturing
  • traffic
  • Internet
  • Birth Control and Health
  • Urban development
  • Food security and civil protection
  • National defense

In addition, there were the following technology areas, which have already been funded through the 863 program:

In contrast to the 863 program, the State Council now also wanted to promote basic research, not only in areas such as mathematics and chemistry, but also on things such as climate change and ways of responding to it on site, or the development of natural disasters in complex systems, their prediction and possible containment. This relatively broad range of funding led to a large number of government-funded projects in which the specific benefit was not always apparent. For this reason, the funding guidelines were tightened in December 2014 with the “Far-reaching reform of the programs (major projects, foundations, etc.) for science and technology funded by the central government's finance ministry” (深化 中央 财政 科技 计划 （专项 、 基金 等） 管理 改革). In the “National Scientific and Technical Large-Scale Projects” category, only a limited number of strategically important top projects should be funded and, above all, coordination with the other funding programs (program 863, National Foundation for Natural Sciences, etc.) should take place in order to avoid parallel research. The departments responsible for the individual programs should communicate with one another, allocate the projects applied for to the most suitable program in each case and ensure that the individual research groups were informed about the results of their colleagues and were able to include them in their own work.

Projects

In the current version of the funding program there are ten civil and six military project areas. Nuclear energy and space travel are subordinate to military agencies in China, but are discussed publicly. Two of the military project areas, however, are secret.

Electronic components, high-quality universal chips and back-end software

Equipment and complete processes for the manufacture of integrated circuits on a large scale

  • Overcoming the difficulties with the systems in the range 45–22 nm
  • Development of processes for the production of complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOS) in the 32–22 nm range as well as special processes for the 90–65 nm range
  • Feasibility studies for the range 22-14 nm

New generation broadband cellular networks

Numerically controlled machine tools of high quality

Development of oil and natural gas fields and underground gasification

  • Search for oil and gas fields
  • Increase in production in underground gasification
  • Development and construction of utilities for deep-sea oil fields
  • Increase in the recovery rate for secondary oil extraction by flooding to 3 - 5%
  • Increase the recovery rate in offshore oil fields with heavy crude oil to 5%
  • Improvement of prospecting and development techniques

Containment and elimination of water pollution

  • Developing wastewater treatment technologies for the highly polluting industries on the three rivers Huai He , Hai He and Liao He , the three lakes Tai Hu , Chao Hu and Dian Chi , the Yangtze River and the Three Gorges Reservoir
  • Development of technologies for the treatment of heavily polluted rivers and eutrophic lakes
  • Development of technologies to curb water pollution from agricultural land
  • Development of technologies for drinking water treatment
  • Development of technologies for the assessment of environmental risks and remote measurement systems for early warning
  • Elimination of the occurrence of level V- wastewater (no longer suitable even for agricultural purposes)

Breeding of transgenic plants

Development of important drugs

Prophylaxis and cure of dangerous infectious diseases

Twin-engine narrow-body aircraft

Comac C919

Nuclear power plants with pressurized water reactors and high temperature reactors

High resolution earth observation system

Comprehensive system for high-resolution earth observation (CHEOS) with satellites , aircraft and high-altitude platforms in the stratosphere , with data centers in Chengdu , Lanzhou , Wuhan , Xi'an and Beijing .

Beidou satellite navigation system

Since the Beidou satellite navigation system also provides specially secured military navigation signals, not only for the People's Liberation Army , but also for the Pakistani nuclear forces ( Pakistan Strategic Forces Command ), the details of the funding were secret until 2017. Since March of that year, however, progress reports on the project have at least been published.

Manned space travel and lunar exploration

The manned space program of the People's Republic of China and the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program were originally on the program 863 promoted. With the start of the national scientific and technical large-scale projects in spring 2006, both programs were incorporated into the new system. From the 12th five-year plan (2011–2015), the Changzheng 5B launch vehicle was added, which is supposed to transport modules for the planned large space station into orbit. From the 13th five-year plan (2016-2020), the following projects will also be funded:

costs

Considerable amounts of money are spent on the national large-scale scientific and technical projects. In 2013, for example, the central government's Ministry of Finance funded 620 individual projects in nine civilian areas (the first ten listed above excluding oil and natural gas) with a total of 12.85 billion yuan, with local governments contributing 3.36 billion. That is, the state spent a total of 16.21 billion yuan, plus 13.62 billion yuan with which state or private companies partially financed projects (one yuan corresponds to about one euro in terms of purchasing power). In 2013, 55% of all funded projects were located at companies, 28% at research institutes and 17% at universities. The regional distribution is very different: in 2013 83% of all supported companies and institutions were located in eastern China, 9% in western China and 8% in the central level . The funding is increasing steadily. In 2014, 558 individual projects in the same nine civil areas were funded by the central government with 18.3 billion yuan, while local governments and companies themselves contributed 25.4 billion. In that year, 66% of all projects were in companies, 27% in research institutes and 7% in universities.

In 2006–2015, the central government's Treasury Department spent a total of 127.4 billion yuan on civil and military projects, more than half of it in the ten civilian project areas in 2011–2015, plus 208 billion yuan from local governments and corporations . With this investment, the 240,000 scientists and technicians involved in the projects added 1.4 trillion yuan in value, and 11,000 patents were granted. In principle, foreign companies or institutions can also participate in large civil projects as part of a consortium, assuming part of the costs, but any patents that may be granted go to the Chinese partners. For example, the Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research - UFZ , the Water Technology Center of the German Gas and Water Association and numerous other institutions, supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research , have been working since May 7, 2015 as part of the “Containment and Elimination of water pollution ”in the three projects SINOWATER, SIGN and UrbanCatchments to improve the water quality of the three lakes Tai Hu , Chao Hu and Dian Chi as well as the river Liao He .

Future projects

The projects currently funded are designed in such a way that they will come to an end when the 2020 program expires. A continuation of the funding of major scientific and technical projects is planned. 16 new project fields are currently being considered:

All of these funding fields are initially limited to 2030, but can be extended until 2035. With the exception of Artificial Intelligence, which was officially adopted in November 2017, the above list is a basis for discussion. In February 2019, the Ministry of Science and Technology invited all interested citizens to express their opinion and make suggestions for improvement.

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

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  2. ^ National S&T Megaprojects. In: chinainnovationfunding.eu. Retrieved September 16, 2019 .
  3. ↑ 关于 开展 “众 筹 科技 2035 ： 我 为 国家 中长期 科技 规划 建言 献策” 的 说明. In: advice2035.most.gov.cn. Retrieved September 17, 2019 (Chinese).
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