Five year plan
A five-year plan , also a five -year plan or a 5-year plan, is a common instrument for planning economic activities in central administration economies . They usually contain allocations of funds and resources as well as specifications for production and services to be provided. The plans set many economic variables, including investments, prices, and wages.
The People's Republic of China , India and Vietnam still structure their economic planning in five-year plans.
One of the arguments put forward for drawing up plans was that market forces do not ensure that resources are distributed among the population in line with demand. The main point of criticism of plans is that they inhibit progress by preventing competition, that it is fundamentally impossible to grasp the complexity of an entire economy and to plan for years to come.
Applications
Bhutan
The Kingdom of Bhutan has been using five-year plans for the targeted development of the country since 1961. The goals of these plans so far have been B. Development of transport infrastructure, expansion of hydropower, promotion of industry and agriculture, reduction of poverty, as well as increasing independence and self-sufficiency. The "Commission for Gross National Happiness " is responsible for planning and overseeing it .
China
The People's Republic of China uses five-year plans to plan its economy. The 13th five-year plan is currently in force and will run from 2016 to 2020.
Germany
During the time of National Socialism there was the four-year plan from 1936 , which was occasionally compared with the five-year plan. However, equations are only possible to a limited extent, as the four-year plan was entirely geared towards the development of military armaments, while the five-year plan represented a comprehensive development concept for the entire economy. Of course, the different bases of the economy (here state-controlled, there nationalized industry) are of importance.
After a two-year plan (1949–1950), the GDR also opted for the five-year plan. After the first (1951–1955) and second (from 1958) five-year plan, the plan was to introduce the seven-year plan in 1959, which, however, was only to last until 1963 and was considered a perspective plan from 1963 to 1970 and was specified in individual annual plans. Five-year plans were drawn up by the State Planning Commission and contained allocations of funds or resources and specifications for production and services to be provided. The specification of the goods to be produced was not based on demand , but on the basis of central quantity specifications, which was pejoratively referred to as the ton ideology .
Five-year plans are currently being drawn up in Germany in accordance with BSWAG for the expansion of railways.
France
In France , annual plans have been drawn up since 1947, starting with the first plan from 1947 to 1953, the Monet plan. The tenth annual plan ran from 1989 to 1992. The future of planification is currently in the political deliberation process in France.
India
The Indian government set-1990s before liberalization on five-year plans. The first five-year plan was in force from 1954 to 1956.
Japan
The LDP governments in Japan also drew up five-year plans for the Japanese economy from 1955 to 1980 .
North Korea
In North Korea , for the first time since 1980, a five-year plan was announced in 2016 aimed at increasing the efficiency of key economic areas. One focus is on the energy sector. The aim is to raise the standard of living of the population and to improve the state of the internationally isolated economy. In addition, they want to expand the nuclear arsenal, but asserted that they would only be used in the event of a threat. The current five-year plan also provides for further satellites to be launched. This is the basis for the flight to the moon. It is hoped that this will happen within ten years.
Soviet Union
In the countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance , the five-year plan ( Russian пятилетка / pjatiletka , пятилетний план / pjatiletni plan ) was a common tool for planning economic activities. Since 1928, Gosplan , the Committee for Economic Planning of the Soviet Union , has been developing and supervising the five-year plans to build an armaments industry in the former agrarian state (see industrialization of the Soviet Union ). In 1956 a seven-year plan was even introduced in the Soviet Union , and the five-year plan was later reverted to. The twelfth and final five-year plan of the Soviet Union lasted from 1985 to 1990. The following 13th five-year plan was terminated prematurely in 1991 due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union . The asteroid (2122) Pyatiletka was named after the Soviet Union on the 50th anniversary of the Soviet Union's first five-year plan.
South Korea
South Korea also planned its economic upswing from 1961 under Park Chung-hee in five-year plans .
Czechoslovakia
In Czechoslovakia there were economic plans between 1947 and 1990:
- 1947–1948 - only two-year plan
- 1. Five-Year Plan 1949-1953
- 2. Five-Year Plan 1956-1960
- 3. Five-year plan 1961-1965 (canceled due to non-fulfillment)
- 4. Five-Year Plan 1966-1970
- 5. Five-Year Plan 1971-1975
- 6. Five-Year Plan 1976 - 1980
- 7. Five-Year Plan 1981-1985
- 8. Five-Year Plan 1986-1990
Business administration
Five-year or multi-year plans are used in business administration for strategic planning in organizations and companies. Another name is often used for this in order to avoid a reference to the planned economy five-year plans . Medium- and long-term goals are set, which is usually associated with political decisions. Funding programs are an instrument that is mainly used in market economies . An example of this is to 2006 four-year Framework Programs of the European Commission .
Web links
- Five year plan . In: GDR - Myth and Reality. Konrad Adenauer Foundation
literature
- Gernot Schneider: GDR economic miracle. 2nd edition 1990, Bund-Verlag
Individual evidence
- ↑ Gross National Happiness Commission, Royal Government of Bhutan: Five Year Plan ( Memento from November 27, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ), accessed on August 4, 2013
- ↑ Country information Bhutan from the Austrian Research Foundation for International Development , accessed on December 2, 2018
- ↑ Johnny Erling: China's 13th five-year plan stands for market economy. Die Welt , October 28, 2015, accessed February 15, 2016 .
- ^ Act on the expansion of federal railways. (PDF; 45 kB) Accessed April 5, 2013 .
- ↑ https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/international/nordkorea-kim-jong-un-festigt-seine-macht/13567960.html?ticket=ST-827529-ql0GndLyYRpksKbV0POz-ap1
- ↑ https://m.focus.de/politik/ausland/nordkorea-parteitag-stektiven-ausbau-des-atomwaffenarsenals-zu_id_5512464.html
- ↑ https://www.welt.de/vermischtes/article160311057/So-will-Nordkorea-den-Mond-erobern.html