Kraier

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Schematic rigging for a kraier from Fredrik Henrik af Chapmans (1721–1808) Architectura Navalis Mercatoria from 1768.

The Kraier was a type of sailing ship from the 14th to 16th centuries; the earliest documented mention is dated 1341. Various sources and the only representations are only preserved from the period after 1600 and can be found until the 18th century.

No concrete information is available about the external appearance of this type. In the documents only sporadic information about specific characteristics of this type of ship can be found. According to contemporary documents ( recesses and documents from the Hanseatic League , city ​​books ), the capacity in the Middle Ages was between 15 and 100 loads .

The first pictorial representation can be found on a map of the Netherlands from 1602. More recent writings from the 18th century unanimously emphasize the rodless masts of this type. Therefore, Kraier of a different kind were called "Stengekreier" ( Emder Seebriefregister 1570 ). Little is known about the other external appearance, as the few pictorial representations are too schematic.

The ship type was widespread in the North and Baltic Seas from England via Norway to the areas of the Teutonic Order and was used in parallel to the Koggen , the Holk , Schnigge and Balinger . While in the late Middle Ages these vehicles were occasionally used for military purposes, they are later listed in the fleet lists only as transport ships or fire engines. They appear in Denmark , Sweden and the German territories. Six Kraier are mentioned as transport ships for the siege of Stralsund (1711) . Ships of this type can be traced back to the end of the 18th century.

A wreck described in 1360 as a crayer lies in the delta of the Southampton Water in the Solent . Another wreck, which has been identified as krejar or barge and has already been investigated, lies in Göta älv near Älvsborg ; it is said to date from around 1570.

The contemporary sources also contain the spellings kreger, kreyer, cregher, graiort, kragere, cragh, craejers, crack.

See also

proof

  1. ↑ Alfred Dudszus: The big book of ship types. P. 167.
  2. ^ Krause Günter: merchant shipping of the Hanseatic League. P. 150.
  3. ^ Konrad Fritze, Günter Krause: Sea Wars of the Hanseatic League. P. 197.
  4. ^ Hagedorn, p. 9.
  5. ↑ Jodocus Hondius, Peter Kaerius: Geo Graphica XVII. Inferioris Germaniae Regionum Tabula, de integro multis in locis emendata. Amsterdam 1602 ( Leiden University Library , Bodel Nijenhuis collection, inv. No. 009-11-028 / 031); illustrated in: Mirror of Empire. Dutch marine art of the seventeenth century. The Minneapolis Institute of Arts, Minneapolis 1990, p. 373.
  6. ↑ cf. the universal encyclopedia of Krünitz : economic encyclopedia or general system of the state, city, house and agriculture : keyword Kreyer .
  7. ↑ for example in Stade, cf. the shipping register in Claus Tiedemann: The shipping of the Duchy of Bremen in the time of Sweden.
  8. ↑ On the European language variants around 1800 cf. Johann Hinrich Röding: General dictionary of the navy in all European sea languages ​​with complete explanations. Nemnich, Hamburg & JJ Gebauer, Halle, 1793-1798, Vol. I, pp. 909-910.

literature

  • Walther Vogel: History of German shipping. Berlin 1915.
  • Jørgen HP Barford: Orlogsflåden på Niels Juels tid 1648-1699. Copenhagen 1963.
  • Timm Weski: Fiction or Reality? Notes on the archaeological evidence of late medieval ship names. In: Skyllis 2.2, 1999, pp. 96-106.
  • HJ Kühn: Stranded near Uelvesbüll. Husum 1999.
  • Erik Norberg (ed.): Karlskronavarvets Historia. Vol. 1. Karlskrona 1993.
  • Krause Günter: Hanse merchant shipping. Klatschmohn Verlag, Rostock 2010, ISBN 3-941064-12-6 .
  • Alfred Dudszus: The big book of ship types: Ships, boats, rafts under oars and sails, steamers, motor ships, marine technology. Pietsch Verlag, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-613-50391-3 .
  • Konrad Fritze, Günter Krause: Sea Wars of the Hanseatic League. The first chapter of German naval war history. Brandenburgisches Verlagshaus, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-89488-090-2
  • Claus Tiedemann: The shipping of the Duchy of Bremen in the time of Sweden (1645-1712). (Individual publications by the Stader Geschichts- und Heimatverein eV, Vol. 22). Stade 1970.
  • Staffan von Arbin: Har vi funnit ”slotsens krejare”? Without a location, 2015. ( digitized on academia.edu).