District (Baden)

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Map of the Grand Duchy of Baden with the administrative units around 1890

The county was in the state of Baden 1809-1952 used for various spatial administrative units with different tasks Terminus .

The district as the central instance of the Grand Duchy of Baden

From 1809 (effective from 1810) to 1864, the district in the Grand Duchy of Baden was a central instance of the state administration without self-administration tasks.

Central instance 1809 to 1832 (district directorates)

The organizational rescript of November 26, 1809 provided the first exhaustive regulation of the newer administrative organization in Baden. At the middle level, the previous three provinces were abolished and replaced by ten districts following the French model. The district directorates in the Grand Duchy of Baden supervised the 66 regional and 53 civil district offices . The competencies and organs of the districts were specified in Appendix D to the organizational rescript.

A district directorate was headed by a district director who was assisted by at least two district councilors. Of these, one should each be from the legal and state police subject and the other from the state economy subject. The appointment was made by the Ministerial Conference, the collegial body of all ministers, at the suggestion of the Minister of the Interior or Finance. The staff of the district directorates also consisted of district secretaries, registrars, auditors, registry lists or scribes and a clerk.

Of the 10 districts resolved in 1809 and established in 1810, only 6 remained when the reform in 1832 took place.

  • Seekreis
  • Triple circle
  • Kinzigkreis
  • Murg and Pfinz district
  • Neckar District
  • Main and Tauber district

The Odenwälderkreis was abolished in 1810 and the offices were assigned to the neighboring districts. The Wiesenkreis was dissolved in 1815 and added to the Dreisamkreis. The Danube district was abolished in 1819 and the offices were divided between the See and Kinzig districts. The Murgkreis was also abolished in 1819 and the offices were divided between the Kinzigkreis and the Pfinz and Enzkreis (from 1819 Murg and Pfinzkreis).

Central instance 1832 to 1864 (district governments)

On May 1, 1832, the remaining six districts were dissolved and replaced by four newly founded districts to save costs. The authority was no longer called the district directorate , but the district government . The old Seekreis (seat: Constance) remained unchanged. The new Upper Rhine District (seat: Freiburg) was formed from the Dreisamkreis and parts of the previous Kinzigkreis . The greater part of the Kinzigkreis was merged with the Murg and Pfinzkreis, as well as the city district of Karlsruhe, and from this the Central Rhine District (seat: Rastatt) was formed. The Neckar District and the Main and Tauber Districts formed the new Lower Rhine District (seat: Mannheim). Each of the districts received a district government headed by a government director. The district government also included government councils and government assessors. The district government of the Upper Rhine District was z. B. equipped with a total of 37 positions.

The district governments were responsible for all subject areas belonging to the state administration: supervision of the offices ( district offices ), supervision of most of the local and district foundations, granting of indigenous people (home law), trade concessions, service and criminal police and others.

With the law concerning the organization of the internal administration of October 5, 1863, effective October 1, 1864, the four old circles were dissolved and the middle administrative level was abolished.

At the Ministry of the Interior, positions were set up for four ministerial representatives, called state commissioners, who were to serve as replacements for the central authorities that were no longer available. These “traveling supervisory bodies” were each assigned a state commissioner district, and they had to take their seat in their district capital. The tasks of the state commissioners were included in the executive ordinance of the laws on the organization of internal administration; in particular the establishment and responsibility of the authorities and the procedure concerning July 12, 1864.

The district as a local self-governing body from 1864 to 1939

The law on the organization of internal administration of October 5, 1863 created district associations as an association of municipalities for self-administration tasks. These district associations each comprised the communities in the area of ​​several administrative districts and created new self-governing bodies in parallel with the lower state administrative authorities (district offices). As a supervisory authority, the state district offices and the new districts trained as self-governing organizations were assigned four state commissioners with the rank of ministerial councilors as supervisory bodies. The district magistrate of the Local District, the seat of the district was in the territory, was also Kreishauptmann . With the district assembly , there was already a committee with largely indirectly elected representatives of the district members, which enabled them to participate in district matters to a certain extent.

The Baden district order of the Republic of Baden of June 19, 1923 confirmed the district division made in the Grand Duchy (11 districts) and again defined the districts as self-governing bodies that were still subject to state supervision by the state commissioners. There was also a district assembly whose members (district deputies ) were now directly elected. The district assembly also elected a district council , which, as a narrow body, had to decide on the business of the district when the district assembly did not meet. The circle was headed by a district chairman who was elected by the district assembly.

In the course of National Socialist conformity, the district assemblies were abolished in 1935 and the district councils lost the right to make decisions in 1936 and became advisory bodies.

The districts that existed in Baden between 1863 and 1939 were only self-governing bodies without state administrative tasks and therefore did not correspond to today's districts. The district offices that existed in Baden until 1939 had no self-administration tasks, but only state administrative tasks and therefore did not correspond to today's rural districts.

The district as a lower state authority and self-governing body from 1939

Through the law on district self-government in Baden (district regulation) of June 24, 1939, the previous districts were dissolved on June 15, 1939 and the new districts took their place. The processing of the business of the previous districts was incumbent on the districts at the seat of the previous districts. The previous districts as an association of local self-government and the state district offices were thus replaced by the new districts as lower state administrative districts ( organ lending ) and at the same time self-governing body . A total of 27 districts were created in Baden in 1939. The special solution in Baden with administrative authorities and self-governing bodies that existed in parallel was thus abolished and the organization was adapted to the Prussian model. At the same time, the National Socialist regime had created a uniform administrative structure which, due to the abolition of elected representative bodies, also complied with the Führer principle . The head of a district was the district administrator. This designation had been used in Baden since 1924 for the heads of the district offices (previously Oberamtmann ).

After the Second World War , the districts continued to exist in the French occupation zone as German authorities that had to meet the requirements of the occupying power. With Ordinance No. 60 on the elections to the district assemblies in Baden of September 2, 1946, the French occupying power in the state of Baden regulated the electoral process and the competencies of the district assemblies for the 18 (southern) Baden districts.

After the formation of the state of Baden-Württemberg in 1952, the districts were assigned to a new central instance ( administrative districts ). When the discussion about a district reform began in 1969, there were 63 rural districts in addition to the 9 urban districts. As a result of the district reform in Baden-Württemberg on January 1, 1973, the number of districts was set at 9 urban districts and 35 rural districts, reducing the number of rural districts by almost half.

See also

literature

  • Karl Stiefel : Baden 1648 - 1952. II. District municipal administration. Volume II, Karlsruhe 1979, pp. 1133-1145.
  • Cornelius Gorka: The prehistory. Official bodies, higher offices, districts and their interest groups until 1945. Baden. In: 50 Years of the Baden-Württemberg District Assembly published by the Baden-Württemberg District Assembly, Stuttgart 2006, pp. 12–18 pdf 11.8 MB; accessed on February 28, 2018
  • Wolfgang Sannwald: 1973 The great district reform. In: 50 Years of the Baden-Württemberg District Assembly published by the Baden-Württemberg District Assembly, Stuttgart 2006, pp. 51–59 pdf 11.8 MB; accessed on February 28, 2018
  • Georg Fuchs: The District Administrator: Career Paths , Position, Management and Understanding of Office , 3.2.2 The Baden District Chief, Oberamtmann and District Chief , p. 67–69 Digitized with limited access
  • Christoph J. Drüppel: State direction and self-administration. Head offices, district offices and district offices in Baden, Hohenzollern and Württemberg from 1810 to 1972. Baden. in: Wolfram Angerbauer (Red.): The heads of the higher offices, district offices and district offices in Baden-Württemberg from 1810 to 1972 . Published by the working group of the district archives at the Baden-Württemberg district assembly. Theiss, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8062-1213-9 , pp. 16-18 .

Web links

Wikisource: Official gazettes of the district governments  - sources and full texts

Legal bases

1809/10
1832
1863/64
1923
1926
1936
1939
1946
1955
1971
1987

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Grand Ducal Baden Government Gazette No. XXXXIX. dated December 2, 1809, p. 395
  2. ↑ Appendix D: Composition and authorization of the district authorities Großherzoglich Badisches Regierungsblatt No. LII. dated December 23, 1809, pp. 447-463
  3. ↑ Grand Ducal Baden Government Gazette No. XLIX. of December 4, 1810, p. 355
  4. ↑ Grand Ducal Baden Government Gazette No. XX. November 8, 1815, pp. 125-126
  5. ^ Grand Ducal Baden Government Gazette No. VIII. Of March 16, 1819, p. 33
  6. ^ Grand Ducal Baden State and Government Gazette 1832, p. 133
  7. ↑ Court and State Handbook of the Grand Duchy of Baden. 1834, p. 218
  8. ^ Grand Ducal Baden Government Gazette 1863, p. 399
  9. ↑ For the enforcement ordinance, see Grand Ducal Baden Government Gazette 1864, p. 333
  10. ↑ Enforcement Ordinance for the Law on the Organization of Internal Administration; in particular concerning the establishment and responsibility of the authorities and the procedure. IV. From the state commissioners. In: Grand Ducal Baden Government Gazette No. XXXI. dated July 30, 1864
  11. ^ Act concerning the organization of internal administration. V. From the district associations and the district associations. In: Grand Ducal Baden Government Gazette. No. XLIV. dated October 24, 1863
  12. ↑ Baden Law and Ordinance Sheet No. 50 of 23 August 1923
  13. ↑ see Stiefel p. 1138
  14. ↑ Baden Law and Ordinance Sheet No. 11 of June 28, 1939
  15. ↑ Ordinance for the implementation of the district regulations of June 24, 1939. In: Badisches Gesetz- und Verordnungs-Blatt no. 11 of June 28, 1939
  16. ↑ see Stiefel p. 1139
  17. ↑ see Fuchs p. 68
  18. ↑ Announcement of September 20, 1924. Changes in official titles. In: Badisches Gesetz- und Verordnungs-Blatt no. 54 of September 30, 1924, pp. 267–268
  19. ↑ Ordinance No. 60 on the elections to the district assemblies in Baden of September 2, 1946. In: Official Gazette of the Baden State Administration. French occupation. No. 15 of September 20, 1946
  20. ^ First law on administrative reform (district reform law) of July 26, 1971, § 1 urban and rural districts