Lüne (Saxon Wars)

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Lüne is the name for a location on or near the left lower reaches of the Elbe , which is mentioned almost exclusively in connection with the Saxon campaign of Charlemagne in 795.

background

From 794 to 799, Charlemagne undertook annual campaigns in the Saxon territory in order to consolidate his conquests there (cf. Sachsenkriege (Charlemagne) ). The same was true in 795, but that year he stayed in Aachen until July and then held an imperial assembly ( placitum ) in Kostheim near Mainz. From there he left for Saxony in autumn.

After Karl had devastated most of the country, he returned to Aachen with a large number of hostages to celebrate Christmas in 795.

Hliuni

On his campaign, Karl camped at a place in Hliuni to await the arrival of the Slavs allied with him, whom he had called for help.

Hliuni is usually translated as Lüne and this in turn relates to one of the three cores of Lüneburg , mostly to the later castle on the Kalkberg , which was occupied from 951 as the seat of the Billunger . However, the Elbe-Germanic name Hliuni corresponds to the Lombard word for place of refuge, so that it can also be a generic term instead of a specific place name.

In addition, only the Annales regni Francorum report from Hiluni:

  • According to the Annales regni Francorum, Karl is said to have reached the Elbe, to a place called Hliuni .
  • The Annales Laureshamenses, the Annales Einhardi and the Chronicon Moissiacense, on the other hand, name Bardowick, a few kilometers north of Lüneburg, or a castle there as a storage location, while the Annales Petaviani more generally name Bardengau .

Karl's stay in Lüne also led to the development of the legend that a statue consecrated by Caesar to Luna was destroyed.

Witzan

The Slavs who awaited Karl were the Abodrites who settled across the Elbe under their leader Witzan . However, Karl waited in vain, because Witzan had been killed by rebellious Saxons while crossing the Elbe. The Annales Laurissenses maiores write that Witzan was killed in Hliuni himself.

The Avars

In the camp, Karl received envoys from the leader of the Avars , who offered his submission and conversion to Christianity as well as his personal appearance.

Heimo

In the literature it is reported that Count Heimo (or Heimrich) fell in battle on May 5, 795 near Lüne on the Elbe. This second mention of Lune in the same year is doubtful. It is not supported by sources. In addition, it would have to precede Karl's campaign (and probably also the murder of Witzan). Heimo was one of the founders of the Lorsch Monastery in 764 , is attested in 772 and 782 as Count in Oberrheingau and in 778 as Count in Lahngau , and in 784 appeared as lay abbot of Mosbach ; he was the son of Count Cancor from the house of the Robertines and is the progenitor of the Franconian Babenbergs or Popponen .

swell

literature

Remarks

  1. ↑ Schieffer
  2. ↑ The information on July and autumn comes from the Annales mosellani: “… in eadem continue usque ad mensem Iulium quietus resedit. Postea vero autumni tempore iterum in Saxonis profectus,… “without mentioning Kostheim; Annales regni Francorum: “In quo etiam rex venit ad locum, qui dicitur Cuffinstang in suburbium Mogontiacensis urbis, et tenuit ibi placitum suum. Audiens vero, quod Saxones more solito promissionem suum, quam de habenda christinitate et fide regis tenenda fecerant, irritam fecissent, cum exercitu in Saxoniam ingressus est… “without mentioning the season.
  3. ↑ Schieffer also reports on "another demonstration of power in Paderborn room 795"
  4. ↑ Einhardi Annales: "Terra igitur magna ex parte vastata, ..."
  5. ↑ Annales mosellani: "... non modicam quantitatem nobilium atque ignobilium gentis illius secum adduxit."
  6. ↑ Annales regni Francorum 795: "in Gallias rediit et in palatio, qui vocatur Aquis, natalem Domini celebravit ..."
  7. ↑ Annales regni Francorum: “… ad locum qui dicitur Hliuni; ... "
  8. ^ "… Cum exercitu in Saxoniam ingressus est et usque ad fluvium Albim pervenit ad locum, qui dicitur Hliuni"
  9. ↑ "Domnus rex tamen resedens apud Bardunwih ..." or "Cumque in pago Bardengoi pervenisset, et iuxta locum qui Bardenwih vocatur positis castris ..." and again "... apud Bardunwih ..."
  10. ↑ "Bardinc pago"
  11. ^ Wilhelm Friedrich Volger , document book of the city of Lüneburg (document book of the historical association for Lower Saxony, 3 volumes 1872–1877)
  12. ↑ Annales mosellani: "qui ad eius auxilium venerat"
  13. ↑ Einhardi Annales "Witzinum regem Abodritorum, cum Albim traieceret, in dispositas a Saxonibus insidias in ipso flumine incidisse et ab eis esse interfectum."
  14. ↑ "et usque ad fluvium Albim pervenit, ad locum qui dicitur Hliuni, in quo tunc Witzin Abodritorum rex a Saxonibus occisus est"
  15. ↑ Annales Laurissenses: "... ibi etiam venerunt missi Tudun [a title, no name], qui in gente et regno Avarorum magnam potestatem habebat ..."
  16. ↑ Annales Laurissenses: "... qui dixerunt, quod idem Tudun cum terra et populo sue se regi dedere vellet, et eius ordinatione christianam fidem suscipere vellet."
  17. ↑ see Schwennicke and medieval lands ; no evidence for this information was found