Bardowick
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Coordinates: 53 ° 18 ' N , 10 ° 24' E |
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| Basic data | ||
| State : | Lower Saxony | |
| County : | Luneburg | |
| Joint municipality : | Bardowick | |
| Height : | 8 m above sea level NHN | |
| Area : | 23.27 km 2 | |
| Residents: | 7013 (Dec. 31, 2019) | |
| Population density : | 301 inhabitants per km 2 | |
| Postal code : | 21357 | |
| Area code : | 04131 | |
| License plate : | LG | |
| Community key : | 03 3 55 004 | |
| LOCODE : | DE BWC | |
| Address of the municipal administration: |
Schulstrasse 12 21357 Bardowick |
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| Website : | ||
| Mayor : | Heiner Luhmann ( CDU ) | |
| Location of the municipality of Bardowick in the Lüneburg district | ||
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Bardowick (Low German: Bewick ) (occasional spellings in old documents: Bardowieck , Bardowiek , Bardewyk , Bardewyck ) is a patch in the Lüneburg district in Lower Saxony and one of seven member communities of the Bardowick municipality .
Geographical location
Bardowick is located on the left bank of the Ilmenau between Winsen (Luhe) and Lüneburg . In relation to Lüneburg, Bardowick has largely assumed the character of a suburb and is growing together with the city in the north of Lüneburg. The distance from Bardowick to the city center is around five kilometers. Bardowick and the towns of Reppenstedt , Vögelsen and Adendorf as well as Deutsch Evern and Wendisch Evern form a more densely populated area around the core city of Lüneburg with a total of around 30,000 inhabitants.
History up to the middle ages
Bardowick is one of the oldest places in Lower Saxony , which was first mentioned in a document in 795 in the so-called Einhardsannalen . It is controversial, but likely, that Bardowick got its name from the Lombards who lived here. The name researcher Hans Bahlow traces the place name back to a Germanic word (bard / bart), which meant swamp, morass. The Lombards invaded the Roman Empire at the beginning of the Marcomann Wars in AD 166. Later, part of them migrated south and founded in Northern Italy ( Lombardy ) the Longobard Empire in 568. From about the 2nd century BC to the 3rd century AD, the Longobards settled on the Lower Elbe, where they were in the north by the Saxons and in the east by Slavic peoples were harassed. A part of the Lombard population remained on the lower Elbe and became part of the Saxon tribe. In the 8th century, the name " Bardengau " appeared in Saxon literature for the first time , which like the place name "Bardewic" to the Era of the Longobards in northern Germany.
The history of the village of Bardowick has been unequivocally documented since 795 AD. According to contemporary chronicles, Charlemagne set up camp in the immediate vicinity of Bardowick in 795 to fight the Saxons with an army. Bardowick became the seat of a royal ambassador who watched over trade on the highways and waterways to the east. In 805, the Diedenhofen capitular stipulated that Franconian merchants had to pass through Bardowick on their way to the Slavic areas north of the Elbe . Since the export of weapons and war material was prohibited, they were controlled here. Thanks to Bardowick's location on the Slavic border, which is economically and geographically convenient, the place finally rose to become the central transshipment point for east-west and north-south trade. In 805, Charlemagne confirmed Bardowick as the starting point for long-distance trade with the Slavs. At the time , the Ilmenau flowing through Bardowick was only navigable between Bardowick and the Elbe. This waterway represented a connection to the open sea . Later, after the ascent of the upstream Lüneburg to the salt city , the valuable salt extracted there was transported on this route by the Bardowick boatmen. Increasingly, merchants came to Bardowick and settled there. In terms of area, the city grew into one of the largest centers in Northern Germany and was considerably larger than the historic city center of Lüneburg.
In addition to trade, Bardowick also gained increasing political and religious importance. After Charlemagne (747–814) had subjugated all of Saxony, Bardowick became the seat of a clerical monastery and expanded as a border town against the "pagan" Slavs. It is still controversial to this day whether the Bardowick cathedral was ever a bishopric, but the oldest Bardowick church was certainly a collegiate monastery, where a larger number of clergy worked. Extensive administrative tasks were added to their missionary tasks. So Bardowick became the ecclesiastical center of the Bardengau.
In 919 the Saxon ruler Heinrich I became king. His son Otto the Great appointed Hermann Billung Bardowick's governor in 951. In recognition of his services, Billung was given the title of duke in 963. As a result, the economic importance of Bardowick continued to grow, in 972 Emperor Otto I granted city rights, Bardowick obtained customs and (probably from 965) minting law , which has been clearly documented since 1114 and was exercised until 1182. Thanks to the salt extracted in Lüneburg and transshipped and duty-paid in Bardowick, the town experienced an enormous economic boom. The walled area of 1700 × 750 meters corresponded to a very important city at that time.
Bardowick lost its key role as a trading center when Henry the Lion became Duke of Saxony in 1142. On the one hand, he wrested the city of Lübeck , which was important for the control of the Baltic Sea region, from Count Adolf II von Schauenburg , which received city rights in 1158 and increasingly took on Bardowick's political and economic role. On the other hand, the Ilmenau became navigable as far as Lüneburg, so that the Lüneburg saltworks could henceforth dispense with salt handling in Bardowick. Many of the merchants who settled there moved to Lübeck, to the displeasure of the Bardowickers.
In 1176, Emperor Friedrich I Barbarossa moved against Lombardy in Italy. After Henry the Lion refused to support the emperor, the duke was ostracized by him in 1180 and exiled to his brother-in-law Richard the Lionheart in England for three years in 1182 . With the exception of his estates around Lüneburg and Braunschweig , Heinrich the Lion lost all of his possessions. On the way into exile, he was refused admission by the bardowickers, who felt neglected by their master.
Back in Saxony - the emperor had meanwhile set out on his third crusade - he began the initially unsuccessful siege of Bardowick on October 26, 1189. It was not until October 28th (other sources speak of October 29th) that Heinrich succeeded in storming the city. According to legend, an ox is said to have waded through the Ilmenau in front of the soldiers' eyes, thus showing the besiegers a shallow spot in the river. Except for the churches and the chapels, Bardowick was completely destroyed. Heinrich put the inscription on the cathedral: "Vestigia leonis" ("Trace of the lion"), which was incorrectly changed to "Leonis Vestigum" ("The lion's trace") during a restoration in the 1960s. During an excavation at the end of 2016 in the center of Bardowick, dark discolorations were found in the soil, which indicate a fire. Archaeologists believe it is possible, subject to further investigation, that there is evidence of the destruction of 1189.
Although the destruction of Bardowick looks like a revenge for the refusal to admit Heinrich in 1182, this view does not stand up to serious historiography. Bardowick was now a bastion of the rightful successor and rival of the disempowered Heinrich, Duke Bernhard , whose overthrow should have been in the foreground. Nonetheless, the city's decline is less due to the destruction in 1189 than to its decline in importance as an economic metropolis. Bardowick never got back to his old size. Although the place was rebuilt in the following 50 years, there was no longer a closed cityscape. In place of trade, agriculture, especially vegetable growing, became increasingly important.
In 1371 there was a big fire in Bardowick. The old cathedral was almost completely destroyed. The church was later rebuilt in the three-aisled brick Gothic style typical of Lüneburg . Until the end of the 14th century Bardowick had the legal status of a village , since the 15th century the place has been called a patch .
Modern times
In 1529, with the Reformation, Protestant worship was introduced in Bardowick, but the monastery did not accept Protestant teaching until 1543.
In the second phase of the Thirty Years' War , because of its location close to the military roads, troops who had to be taken care of by the residents were quartered in Bardowick. The place was plundered by soldiers several times, in 1626 and 1627 the Danish troops set two large fires.
20th century:
In 1934, in a referendum, the Bardowickers provided evidence of their decent demeanor. The German-Hanoverians proved to Nazi Mayor Schiemann that he had committed election fraud, resulting in a judicial conviction. During the Second World War , Bardowick was spared from fighting. On May 19, 1945 the so-called “Polish Pentecost” was rung in by the crier Martin Menke. All residents had to leave the village by Pentecost Sunday, May 20, 4 p.m. The place was referred to by 5,000 Poles, who were former prisoners of war and forced laborers. This so-called Poland year ended on March 29, 1946 with the reintroduction of Mayor Kuchel into his official duties.
Religions
The St. Peter and Paul Cathedral and the church in St. Nikolaihof belong to the Evangelical Lutheran parish of St. Peter and Paul . The Catholic St. Marianus Church , built in 1971, was demolished; A palliative care center ( hospice ) of the same name was built in its place in 1997/98 , which also includes a chapel . There is also a congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses in Bardowick.
politics
The area of Bardowick belongs to the state electoral district 49 Lüneburg and the federal electoral district 38 Lüchow-Dannenberg - Lüneburg .
Culture and sights
In Bardowick is the Gothic hall church Dom zu Bardowick St. Peter and Paul , built in the 14th century. The medieval residential complex St. Nikolaihof was initially Lüneburg's leper colony . With the decline in leprosy , the St. Nikolaihof became a residential home for the elderly and the poor. On the outskirts there is a Dutch mill in the direction of the B4 . The mill is still fully functional and can be visited.
The legend of the Bardowick buttocks homage has been handed down locally .
Economy and Infrastructure
Today, Bardowick focuses on agriculture , especially asparagus , and is known regionally for this. Bardowick is also the center of the largest carrot growing area .
Every year the Bardowicker elect a young citizen to be the root queen.
education
In Bardowick there is a high school, the Hugo Friedrich Hartmann School, a primary school and two kindergartens.
traffic
There is a motorway connection to Hamburg via the federal motorway 39 . Bardowick also located on the Hanover-Hamburg railway and has a small station, the metronome trains (RB 31) of the hourly from the metronome railway company in the relation Luneburg - Hamburg-Harburg is operated. Local public transport with buses is operated by HVV.
Personalities
Sons and daughters of the church
- St. Marian von Bardowick († 782), deacon and messenger of faith on the lower Elbe
- David Heinrich Köpken (1677–1731), Lutheran theologian, librarian and rector of the University of Rostock
- Eleonora Maria Jauch (1732–1797), daughter of the First Canon of Bardowick Johann Christian Jauch (1702–1788), is the ancestor of a well-known offspring. Her son was the Lübeck mayor and poet Christian Adolph Overbeck (1755-1821). Her grandson was the painter Friedrich Overbeck (1789–1869).
- Karl Schneider-Carius , formerly Karl Schneider (1896–1959) was a meteorologist , climatologist and professor . He worked as director of the Geophysical Institute of the University of Leipzig .
- Jerry Zeniuk (* 1945), painter
- Hans Paul (* 1954), a German paparazzo
- Hans-Jörn Brandenburg (* 1957), German musician and composer
Personalities who have worked on site
- Hugo Friedrich Hartmann (1870–1960), painter
literature
- BARDOWICK. In: Georg Dehio : Handbook of German Art Monuments . Bremen Lower Saxony. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich / Berlin 1992, ISBN 3-422-03022-0 , pages 184-187.
- Sabine Peters: Bardowick - a short historical outline. In: Flecken Bardowick - Festschrift for the 1200th anniversary
- Jürgen Peter Ravens : From Bardengau to the Lüneburg district. Lueneburg 1985
- Christian Schlöpken, Chronicon or description of the city and the Bardewick monastery, before and after the destruction , Lübeck 1704 ( full text )
- Marianne Pagel, Christa Wilkens Wilkens: The modern development of a northern German township - Bardowick from the 16th to the 19th century , 3 volumes, Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Vienna 2005, ISBN 978-3-631 -30573-7
- Urs Boeck: The Bardowick Cathedral . DKV art guide No. 280, (series of the Klosterkammer Hannover, issue 4), Deutscher Kunstverlag, Berlin, Munich, 11th revised. Edition February 2010, ISBN 978-3-422-02256-0
- Hans-Cord Sarnighausen: A coat of arms of Lüneburg in Bardowick , in: Heimatkalender Jahrbuch für die Lüneburg Heath 2014, pp. 46–48.
- Hans-Cord Sarnighausen: A coat of arms from Lüneburg in the Nikolaihof Bardowick (Laffert, Tzerstede, Stöterogge), in: Der Heidewanderer Uelzen No. 10/2014 of March 8, 2014, pp. 39-40; Citizens' Association Lüneburg: Red-White-Blue Folder 2014 , pp. 48–55.
- Almut Bouchon: Polish rule in Bardowick or accommodation for DPs? History of a place in Lower Saxony 1945–1946 , Lüneburg 1984
Web links
- Website about Bardowick
- Bardowick windmill
- Britta Probol: On the trail of the Middle Ages in Bardowick at ndr.de on October 13, 2015
Individual evidence
- ↑ State Office for Statistics Lower Saxony, LSN-Online regional database, Table 12411: Update of the population, as of December 31, 2019 ( help ).
- ^ Hans Bahlow: Deutschlands Geographische Namenwelt , Frankfurt, 1965, p. 26
- ↑ Gerhard Meyer: on the history of the Bardowick mint in: Hamburg Contributions to Numismatics, Issue 16 - 1962, edited by Walter Hävernick and Gert Hatz, Hamburg 1962, p. 237 ff.
- ↑ Archaeologists on the footsteps of Heinrich the Lion in: Landeszeitung für die Lüneburger Heide from January 2, 2017
Cities: Bleckede | Luneburg . Other communities: Adendorf | Amelinghausen | Neuhaus Office | Artlenburg | Bardowick | Barendorf | Barnstedt | Barum | Betzendorf | Boitze | Brietlingen | Dahlem | Dahlenburg | German Evern | Echem | Embsen | Handorf | Hittbergen | Hohnstorf (Elbe) | Kirchgellersen | Lüdersburg | Mechtersen | Melbeck | Nahrendorf | Networks | Oldendorf (Luhe) | Broken wheel | Rehlingen | Reinstorf | Reppenstedt | Rullstorf | Scharnebeck | Soderstorf | Südergellersen | Thomasburg | Tosterglope | Vastorf | Birds | Wendisch Evern | Westergellersen | Wittorf .