Courier Marshal

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The Landbotenmarschall was from 1561 to 1795 in the Duchy of Courland and Zemgale and after 1795 in the Baltic Governments of Estonia , Courland and Livonia of the Russian Empire , the representative and spokesman for the assembled country messengers ( land messengers ).

State Parliaments in the Baltic States

The state parliaments in the Baltic States were the highest and regularly meeting of political representatives in the Duchy of Courland and Zemgale and in the later Baltic Governments . In the Duchy of Courland and Zemgale, the state parliament was convened by the ruling duke ; in the subsequent Russian governorates it was initiated by the governor-general responsible . In addition to the deputies of the Baltic Knighthoods , country messengers from the parishes were also sent to the state parliament. The resolutions that were submitted for decisions of national political importance had to be passed by a majority, all other local and regional decisions were the responsibility of the knighthood committees.

  • Coat of arms of the Estonia Governorate

  • Coat of arms of the Courland Governorate

  • Coat of arms of the Livonia Governorate

  • Jelgava Castle, seat of the messenger room

  • The knight house in Riga today (formerly the knight house Livonia and seat of the country messenger room)

Country messenger room

The meetings of the Courland Landtag were held in the so-called Landbotenstube, which first had its place in the ducal castle of Mitau, in the 18th century it was in the large city school in Mitau and from 1803 in the knight's house. In the governorate of Livonia the country messenger room was located in the Riga knight's house .

The messenger marshal

In Courland Landtag Landbote Marshal was elected as the head before it starts, the quasi the functions of a parliamentary speaker held. The election took place after the opening service in the sacristy of the Trinity Church in Mitau. The general voting rights stipulated that in the event of a tie, his vote was decisive. He was able to set up committees to deal with individual questions and conducted correspondence on state affairs during the state parliament . His deputy was elected in the first official act after the opening of the state parliament on the knight's house. The provincial law of the Baltic Sea Governments specifically describes in §§ 816 - 826 the tasks, his social position as well as duties and rights. In the fourth section "From the officials of the Courland Knighthood", paragraph V. "From the messenger marshals" it says:

"

  • 816. The MARSHAL OF THE COUNTRY is elected from among the members of the Deputies assembled at the Diet. (§ 511) Kurl. Landtag order of 1838, §§ 84, 86 and 175
  • 817. The main duty of the LANDMATER'S MARSHAL is to supervise the course of negotiations in the Landtag in accordance with the provisions contained in the second main part of this title. Ibid. 176
  • 818. In order to be able to supervise the deliberations and other affairs of the knighthood more freely, the COUNTRY MARSHAL is empowered to transfer his instructions to one of the deputies; but himself cannot under any circumstances take over the instruction of another parish. If the instruction given by him contains something dubious, it is not the deputy who takes over, but the LANDMATER'S MARSHAL himself who has to provide the necessary explanations. Ibid. § 155
  • 819. The COMMANDER MARSHAL determines the time of the meetings; opens and closes them; stipulate the order in which the things are to be presented and watch this order being observed. After proper discussion of the matter, he declares the deliberations closed and orders a vote. If the votes are equal, his own decides. Ibid.
  • 820. The LBN appoints the deputies ordered in § 304, and also forms the commission named in § 308, for the preparation of state parliament matters. Ibid. § 178
  • 821. The MARSHALMARSHAL ensures calm and decency in the congregation. Ibid. § 180
  • 822. While the LANDBOTENMARSCHALL generally looks to the legal order in the management, he also aims to ensure that the items presented to the state parliament for assessment are presented with the appropriate completeness and clarity. Ibid.
  • 823. The LANDMATER'S MARSHAL orders those meetings in which the deliberations take place only in the presence of the deputies, and at which the entry of the other members of the knighthood is prohibited. If necessary, it can demand the formation of a committee consisting of only a few deputies (§ 314) and determines the time of the meeting. Ibid. Section 181
  • 824. In accordance with the majority held in the assembly, the COUNTRY MARSHAL determines the peremtorical date for the acceptance of the motions from the parish assemblies as well as from the members of the knighthood in general. He also declares the state parliament to be closed and, if the assembly is dismissed after the first term has been closed, it determines the time of the second. Ibid.
  • 825. During the Landtag, the LANDMATER'S MARSHAL signs all papers relating to knighthood matters. It also unseals all incoming papers. Ibid. § 183
  • 826. After the end of the second meeting of the Landtag, the duties of the Landbotenmarschall cease. "
- Provincial law of the Baltic Sea Governments

Some well-known land messenger marshals

literature

  • Daniel Ernst Wagner : The history of East Prussia under the suzerainty of the Churhaus Brandenburg, and of Curland : 14.3, volumes 13-14 of General World History from Creation to the Present Time, Verlag Weidmann, 1777, original from the Austrian National Library , digitized Jan. 10, 2014
  • From the messenger marshal . In: Provincial Law of the Baltic Sea Governments, compiled on the orders of Lord and Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich : Translated from the Russian originals in the 2nd Department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery, Volume 2, Publisher: In the book printing of the 2nd derivation of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery, 1845, original from Bayerische Staatsbibliothek , digitized July 23, 2010 books.google.de

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The country messenger marshal. In: German legal dictionary (DRW) [1]
  2. ↑ See on this: Duke Ernst Johann von Kurland, Diary of the Sr. Hochfürstlichen Highness, our most gracious duke and sovereign Ernst Johann, extraordinairen Landtag , graciously written out on the 16th Martii 1767 , Verlag Liedtke, 1767, original from the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek , digitized July 21 2011 books.google.de
  3. ↑ The Landesbote were the members of the state parliament, members of the House of Representatives. In: (DRW), Paragraph IV. [2]
  4. ↑ Landtag, Ordinary. In: Baltic Legal Dictionary (L), Baltic Historical Commission [3]
  5. ↑ Landbote, parish deputy: The representative sent to the Courland Landtag from one parish each ... One L. was elected at the parish assembly who gave him instructions for the Landtag. In: Baltic Legal Dictionary (L), Baltic Historical Commission [4]
  6. ↑ The Knighthood Comité (this is the spelling of the Courland knighthood, at the beginning of the 19th century also "the Comité"). Representation of the Courland knighthood, governing body in the time between the provincial assemblies. In: Baltic Legal Dictionary (R), Baltic Historical Commission [5]
  7. ↑ Landtag, Landbotenstube. In: Baltic Legal Dictionary (L), Baltic Historical Commission [6]
  8. ↑ Kurl. LandtagO 1897 §§ 75–84, 107, 148 ff., 155, 172, BPR II §§ 303, 308, 313 ff., 524, 816–826; Ziegenhorn § 482. Compare: Baltic Legal Dictionary (L), Baltic Historical Commission [7]
  9. ↑ From the messenger marshal . In: Provincial Law of the Baltic Sea Governments,… Kaiserl. Russian law firm, Volume 2, 1845, see above [8]