Latin breed

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The Latin race is a concept of racism that postulates a racially unified Romansh group of people.

Concept history

The term appears as early as the beginning of the 19th century, for example as “  race latine  ” in the Germaine de Staël's Germany handbook ( De l'Allemagne , 1810/1813). This is rooted in the French Revolution , when a Gallic (French) “ race ” of the bourgeoisie were juxtaposed with the Frankish race of the aristocracy. which can be traced back to historians such as Henri de Boulainvilliers ( Histoire de l'ancien gouvernement de la France , 1727; Essai sur la noblesse de France , 1732). This term of race, as used by Augustin Thierry ( Sur l'antipathie de race qui divise la nation française , 1820), is primarily meant in an ethnic and cultural sense, not primarily in biological terms. Until the 1940s, however, the view was established that the conflict between the European races was a central force in human history, albeit in different terms, namely a Gallic- Celtic race for Western Europe and a pelagic race for Southern Europe (ancient Greeks and Romans).

The concept of a « raza Latina » begins in the 1830s, in the context of the increasing US dominance in Central and South America, in contrast to American Anglo-Saxonism , a ladinidad as a self -image , and a rapprochement with Europe after the demarcation of outgoing colonialism . This term ultimately leads to the term Latin America and Pan-Latinism . It is less important in the racial distinction between whites and indigenous people, blacks and mixed race ( mestizo , mulatto , creole ) , which emphasizes a commonality between people of European origin, but can be found in the discourse in Mexico .

It appears later in France. Authors such as Joseph Arthur de Gobineau ( Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines , 1853–55) still emphasize Aryan race concepts . The magazine Revue des Races Latines (1857–64) , for example, was influential in French Romanism . Personalities such as Michel Chevalier or Gustave Le Bon ( Les lois psychologiques de l'évolution des peuples. 1894) also influenced Latin American nationalism by setting themselves apart from the Anglo-Saxon race .

It was only after the defeat in 1871 that the doctrine of Franco-German hereditary enmity also gained importance in French nationalism, that attempts were made to contrast the Germanic race with a Latin one in a biological sense , which together with a Celtic race shaped the national identity of France. Pananglizism and Pan-Slavism also appear in the 1870s . In addition, thoughts from the racial theory of decadence increasingly appear , which try to explain the inferiority of France against Germany and Great Britain at the time, as well as the Latin Americans against the Americans.

The term remained seldom in German racism. Friedrich Nietzsche uses the term Latin race ( Beyond Good and Evil , 1886), but also in a psychological-cultural sense, not a biological-racist one. The National Socialist race theory according to Hans F. K. Günther developed the concept of the Western (Mediterranean) and Dinaric (Southeast European) race in order to justify the intermingling in the fringes of the German-speaking area, which is not denied by Nazi ideology. In Italian fascism , too , the concept of a “ razza Latina ” - similar to the Risorgimento of the 19th century - plays a subordinate role, as it was not very suitable to explain a unity or supremacy of Italy. Here one referred more to the concepts of the cultural and civilizational Latinity . In Europe there was neither in the 19th nor in the 20th century pan-Romanism worth mentioning in the sense of a unity of all Romance ethnic groups.

literature

  • Käthe Panick: La race latine. Political Romanism in France in the 19th century (= Paris historical studies. Volume 15). Röhrscheid, Bonn 1978, ISBN 3-7928-0410-7 .
  • Joseba Gabilondo: Genealogía de la “Raza Latina”: para una teoría atlántica de las estructuras raciales Hispanas. In: Revista Iberoamericana. Vol. LXXV, Núm. 228, 2009, pp. 795-818 ( article pdf , revista-iberoamericana.pitt.edu).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Hubert Fehr: Teutons and Romanes in the Merovingian Empire: Early historical archeology between science and contemporary events. (= Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde - supplementary volumes . Volume 68). Verlag Walter de Gruyter, 2010, ISBN 978-3-11-021461-1 , p. 109 f ( limited preview in Google book search).
  2. ↑ a b c d Oliver Trey: The development of race theories in the 19th century: Gobineau and his essai "The inequality of the human races". disserta Verlag, 2014, ISBN 978-3-95425-684-6 , pp. 62 ff, esp. pp. 65–67 ( limited preview in Google book search).
  3. ^ A b c John Morán González, Laura Lomas: The Cambridge History of Latina / o American Literature. Cambridge University Press, 2018, ISBN 978-1-316-87367-0 , The discourse of raza Latina…. P. 212. ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  4. ↑ a b Maike Thier: The View from Paris: 'Latinity', 'Anglo-Saxonism', and the Americas, as discussed in the Revue des Races Latines, 1857–64. In: Size Matters: Scales and Spaces in Transnational and Comparative History. (= The International History Revie. Volume 33, Issue 4). 2011, pp. 627-644 ( abstract, tandfonline.com ).
  5. ^ A b c Karl Hölz: The foreign, the own, the other: The staging of cultural and gender identity in Latin America. Erich Schmidt Verlag, 1998, ISBN 3-503-04917-7 , p. 161. ( limited preview in Google book search).
  6. ↑ Wolfgang Matzat: Latin American Identity Drafts: Essayistic Reflection and Narrative Staging. Gunter Narr Verlag, 1996, ISBN 3-8233-5164-8 , p. 135. ( limited preview in Google book search).
  7. ^ Ernest [Antoine Aime] L'Seilliere: Le Comte de Gobineau Et L'Aryanisme Historique. Paris 1903. ( https://archive.org/details/lecomtedegobinea00seiluoft/ Volltext, archive.org; Reprint: Nabu Press, 2014, ISBN 978-1-294-55673-2 ).
  8. ^ Gustave Le Bon: Les lois psychologiques de l'évolution des peuples. Félix Alcan, Paris, 1894; German The basic psychological laws of the development of nations. 1894.
  9. ^ Charles Seignobos : Histoire sincère de la Nation française. Essai d'une histoire de l'évolution du peuple français. 1933; German z. B. History of the French Nation. Verlag J. Kohl, Bad Kreuznach 1947, there p. 23 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
  10. ^ A b Hermann von Laer, Klaus-Dieter Scheer: Culture and cultures. (= Vechtaer Universitätsschriften. Volume 23). LIT Verlag, Münster 2004, ISBN 3-8258-8313-2 , p. 141 ( limited preview in Google book search).
  11. ↑ Friedrich Nietzsche: Beyond Good and Evil. z. B. Eighth main section Völker und Vaterländer , in the edition 195: Volume 2, p. 725 ( text on zeno.org); also elsewhere.
  12. ↑ Gerd Schank: "Race" and "Breeding" in Nietzsche. (= Monographs and texts on Nietzsche research . Volume 44). Verlag Walter de Gruyter, 2000, ISBN 3-11-016872-3 , p. 93 ff ( digitized, Google, full view ).
  13. ↑ Werner Stegmaier: Nietzsche's Liberation of Philosophy: Contextual Interpretation of the fifth book of the "happy science". (= Nietzsche Today / Nietzsche Today ). Verlag Walter de Gruyter, 2012, ISBN 978-3-11-026976-5 , p. 364 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
  14. ^ Giorgio Israël, Pietro Nastasi: Scienza e razza nell'Italia fascista. (= Biblioteca storica ). Publishing house Soc. Ed. Il Mulino, 1998, ISBN 88-15-06736-1 ;
    Giorgio Israël: Il fascismo e la razza: la scienza italiana e le politiche razziali del regime. (= Biblioteca storica ). Il mulino, 2010, ISBN 978-88-15-11612-3 .