Pan-Slavism
The Panslawismus (also Allslawische movement) is a form of pan-nationalism and dates from the early 19th century as romantic nationalism . Its aim was the cultural , religious and political unity of all Slavic peoples in Europe .
Walked in from the Pan-Slavic movement 20th century the Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia forth. Since the collapse of these states, Pan-Slavism has been seen as a political failure.
aims
Pan-Slavism arose from the ideas of nationalism and romanticism, the latter, in contrast to the Enlightenment and rationalism, equating political unity and sovereignty with cultural homogeneity.
The goals of the Pan-Slavists ranged from the cultural exchange between the Slavic peoples via a loose confederation of states to the establishment of a homogeneous Slavic state. The question of the borders of a Slavic empire with or without Russia was hotly debated, which is reminiscent of similar efforts for a greater or lesser German empire . The leadership role of Prussia in the German Reich from 1871 onwards also finds a certain correspondence in the Russian claim to leadership over all Slavic peoples or that of Serbia over the Slavs in the Balkans .
history
Origins and literary Pan-Slavism
Already in the 17th century who wrote Croatian Russian travelers Juraj Križanić a number of political, theological, linguistic and historical works in which he to a union of all Slavs called under Russian leadership. He started from a counter-Reformation standpoint, which called for a union of the Church and condemned Muslim Ottomans and Protestant Germans . However, he was a loner who failed to spark a movement.
Pan-Slavism emerged as a romantic tendency within the Slavic peoples in the pre-March era , as a reaction to the repression of the Restoration . Some of the earliest manifestations of the Pan-Slavic idea within the Habsburg monarchy can be traced back to Jan Kollár and Pavel Jozef Šafárik . The starting point of the movement was German romantic nationalism (Herder and his popular definition).
The term “Pan-Slavism” was used for the first time in 1826 when the Slovak Jan Herkel called for a common Slavic language in which a literature that all Slavs could understand (“sive verus panslavismus”) could be written. This first phase was primarily a literary idea that was not yet accompanied by political demands.
Political movement
The political movement originated in the multi-ethnic state of Austria, which was ruled by the Habsburgs ( Austria-Hungary from 1867 ) and in the Ottoman Empire , where millions of Slavs lived. The models of the Pan-Slavists were the German nationalists, whose definition of the term “ people ” was adopted. Johann Gottfried Herder already attributed a uniform character to the Slavs. The Slovak poet Jan Kollár and others, on the other hand, insisted on the diversity of Slavic peoples and developed the demand for a cultural unity from this.
In Poland , " messianism " developed, according to which the Polish nation died a martyr's death for the ideals of the French Revolution . From this point of view, Slavism is embodied in Poland alone. This view was essentially represented by Adam Mickiewicz . Including Russia was abandoned with increasing anti-Russian tendencies after the November uprising.
In 1848 a Slavic Congress was held in Prague , at which the concept of Austro-Slavism appeared. As a result, during the March Revolution, the Whitsun uprising in Prague took place against the Austrian rule in Bohemia . However, the uprising was soon put down by the Austrian troops. At the congress, the movement adopted a flag that revived as Pan-Slavic colors in most of the flags of later Slavic nations, and chose a hymn , " Hej Sloveni " by Samuel Tomášik , which is based on the Polish national anthem " Mazurek Dąbrowskiego " and later became the national anthem Yugoslavia became. Observers judged the Prague Congress to be anti-Austrian, anti-Ottoman and anti-Russian at the same time.
Russian Pan-Slavism
Russia originally stayed out of the movement because it was both an occupying power in Slavic states, such as Poland , and an ally of the Habsburgs. The Slavophiles played a major role in founding the movement, although they originally focused only on Russia. Only with the loss of the Crimean War did Russia adopt the Pan-Slav movement as its own in order to strengthen its influence in Central Europe and the Balkans in the course of growing imperialism . Russia was elevated to the power of a future All-Slav empire. Nikolai Danilewski conceived this in detail by declaring the predominance of Germanic-Romanic Western Europe to be over. Russia supported the uprisings of the Slavic peoples in the Balkans, which led to the Balkan Crisis and eventually the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 . In Serbia , Russia found an ally for its plans.
In the course of the increased development towards pan-Russianism , i.e. the superiority of the Russian Slavs and the associated Russification campaigns , a policy of oppression against Poland prevailed. This claim to supremacy, together with individual national movements (influenced by Pan-Slavism), such as the Illyrian movement in Croatia, led to the increasing division of the pan movement.
During the First World War , the Pan-Slavist idea proved to be helpful for Russia in that it motivated some Slavic soldiers, especially from the Habsburg army, to defeat. At the end of the First World War almost all Slavic peoples were independent, but there was no intended establishment of a great Slavic empire. On the one hand, the existence of non-Slavic minorities, such as Hungarians , Germans , Lithuanians and Romanians , made it difficult to establish national borders; on the other hand, the national interests of Poles (see Józef Piłsudski's " Intermarum "), Czechs and Serbs prevented unification. Eventually Russia also turned away from the Pan-Slavist idea, not least because some of the Bolsheviks branded it as racist nationalism. Ultimately, the Pan-Slavists had to be satisfied with the establishment of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
End of Pan-Slavism
When all Slavic nations came under the domination of the communist Soviet Union after the end of the Second World War , this was justified in Poland and Czechoslovakia by Soviet pan-Slavism. From 1948 onwards, the appeal to Pan-Slavism in the Eastern Bloc was gradually ended; its place was increasingly being replaced by the ideology of the “socialist friendship of peoples”, which now also included non-Slavic nations. The decline of Pan-Slavism relativized the right to exist of the Slavic multinational states Czechoslovakia , Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union and prevented their "organic growth". In addition to the violent repression of minorities, it was an important factor in the collapse of these states at the end of the 20th century.
With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, there were also efforts to unite Romania and Moldova and to this day put the Republic of Moldova to the acid test in the conflict with its East Slavic minorities (see Transnistria conflict ). This conflict is thus to a large extent the result of the clash between Pan-Slavism and Pan-Romanism .
Today, Pan-Slavism is considered to have failed politically, but culturally successful: As in other romantic-nationalist movements, scholars created lasting values with the development of history , philology and folklore to strengthen the national sense of togetherness.
Pan-Slavic languages
The similarity of the Slavic languages inspired many to create a Pan-Slavic language. The most famous are Slovio and Inter-Slavic .
See also
- Triune Russian people
- Slavic epic , cycle of paintings by Alfons Mucha
literature
- Michael Boro Petrovich: The emergence of Russian Panslavism: 1856-1870 . New York 1958 (overview work on early Russian Pan-Slavism).
- Andreas Moritsch (ed.): The Prague Slavic Congress 1848 . Böhlau, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2000, ISBN 3-205-99288-1 ( sehepunkte.de - Historical Beginnings of Organized Pan-Slavism).
- Manfred Sapper, Volker Weichsel, Stefan Troebst (eds.): Lonely together: The Slavic idea after Pan-Slavism . In memory of Hans Lemberg (April 28, 1933 - December 3, 2009) (= German Society for Eastern European Studies [Hrsg.]: Eastern Europe . Volume 59/12 ). Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-8305-1707-8 .
- Alojz Ivanišević: Pan-Slavism . In: Konrad Clewing, Holm Sundhaussen (Ed.): Lexicon for the history of Southeast Europe . Böhlau, Vienna et al. 2016, ISBN 978-3-205-78667-2 , p. 693-695 .
Web links
- Lars Karl, Adamantios Skordos: Pan-Slavism. In: European History Online . Institute for European History (Mainz) , 2013, accessed on August 29, 2013 .
- Wolfgang Eismann, Peter Deutschmann: National movements in the 19th century. Retrieved on January 7, 2020 (work for the University of Graz with a focus on Pan-Slavism and the national movements in Eastern and Eastern Central Europe).
Individual evidence
- ↑ The independence of Kosovo is not yet taken into account on this map. Kosovo has an Albanian-speaking majority of the population.
- ^ A b c d Pan-Slavism in Christopher John Murray: Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era. 1760-1850. Routledge, 2013, ISBN 9781135455781 , p. 849.
- ^ Robert John Weston Evans, Chapter Nationality in East-Central Europe: Perception and Definition before 1848. Austria, Hungary, and the Habsburgs: Essays on Central Europe, c.1683-1867. 2006, p.
- ↑ Mirjana Hennig: Identity delimitations in Bosnia and Herzegovina: With special consideration of the national identity formation of the Bosniaks. 2013, ISBN 9783732256594 , p. 122
- ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original from July 16, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ "Slavs chapter" , Section IV. Of the 16th book of the Philosophy of the History of Mankind
