Apprenticeship

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In the Middle Ages, the apprenticeship fee was a payment to be made by the parents of a craft apprentice to the training master for instruction, food and accommodation.

Historical meaning

The apprentice was usually included in the master's household for the duration of the training. The amount of the tuition fee was set either by the guilds or by the teacher himself. If the parents could not or not fully raise it, the apprentice was usually obliged to "work it off" during a correspondingly extended apprenticeship period.

Attempts were also made by paying an apprenticeship fee to bring certain groups into skilled trades, for example through Jewish educational associations, which paid Christian masters higher fees for accepting Jewish apprentices from poor families.

With industrialization and the freedom of trade, the guilds and with them the apprenticeship fees fell into disrepair. In free contractual agreements between the teachers and their apprentices or their parents, the pure work performance at the expense of the training came to the fore. With that the apprenticeship lost its importance. The Prussian trade regulations and the Reich trade regulations no longer provided for it.

When the demand for skilled workers in industry increased at the end of the 19th century, this led to a revitalization of the training system. The skilled crafts apprentices, who were mostly trained for their own needs, received more and more often a so-called education allowance.

At the 10th congress of the German trade unions in 1919 a declaration on the regulation of the apprenticeship system was passed, which saw the apprenticeship relationship as an employment relationship and the apprenticeship remuneration as a wage and should accordingly be regulated in a collective agreement. Up to 1928 around 20% of the collective agreements in industry and trade contained provisions on apprenticeship and apprentice remuneration. The trade unions were, however, in competition with the chambers of skilled trades institutionalized in the Crafts Act in 1897 , which claimed the regulation of the apprenticeship system and prevented collective bargaining agreements with their own guidelines. This was accompanied by a fundamental dispute about the function and amount of a payment during the training. The unions emphasized the remuneration character for work done, the training companies saw them only as an aid to cover the living costs of the apprentice.

In 1943, a uniform educational allowance was made mandatory for all apprentices, and this could not be exceeded. Increasing rates were planned from year to year, additionally staggered according to age groups and local classes.

Since 1969, the training allowance has been regulated in the Vocational Training Act (BBiG), which repealed the 1943 regulation. According to Section 17 (1) BBiG, trainees are to be granted appropriate remuneration. According to Section 17 (2) BBiG, the remuneration is not appropriate if it falls below certain minimum amounts. According to the case law of the Federal Labor Court, it fulfills three functions. It is intended to provide financial support for the trainee and his / her parents responsible for maintenance, to ensure the formation of a sufficient number of qualified specialists and to “reward the trainee” to a certain extent.

Even if the apprenticeship fee in the narrower sense is no longer charged, there are a number of professional fields, e.g. B. Educators to whom the BBiG does not apply and where the student bears the costs of the training himself.

Phrase

The expression “to pay the hard way”, alluding to its historical significance, means something like “to suffer damage through inexperience” and to make sense of this damage.

literature

  • Gerhard Deter: Between guild and freedom of trade: legal history of the independent craft in Westphalia in the 19th century (1810–1869) . Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 2015. ISBN 3-515-10850-5

Web links

Wiktionary: Lehrgeld  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Karlheinz Schunk: The training allowance with special consideration of distribution structure and wage-specific characteristics. Bonn, Univ.-Diss. 1976.
  2. ↑ Ursula Beicht: Long-term development of the collectively agreed training allowance in Germany. Series of publications by the Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training Bonn 2011, p. 7. ISBN 978-3-88555-902-3
  3. ↑ Christa Berg: Handbuch der deutschen Bildungsgeschichte : 18th century, from the late 17th century to the reorganization of Germany around 1800 . CH Beck, 2005, p. 181
  4. ↑ cf. Dieter Görs: The role of the trade unions in the social change of the 19th century. In: Wolf-Dietrich Greinert (Ed.): Vocational training and social change, Bielefeld 1996, pp. 267–290.
  5. ^ The new general trade order for the Prussian monarchy. 1845, vol. 95, no. CII./Miszelle 1 (pp. 393-413). Digitization of the Polytechnic Journal, accessed on May 17, 2020.
  6. ↑ Expert commission on costs and financing of vocational training: costs and financing of extra-curricular vocational training . Final report. Information from the Federal Government, BT-Drs. 7/1811 of March 14, 1974, p. 8.
  7. ↑ Rolf Arnold, Joachim Münch: Questions and Answers on the Dual System of German Vocational Training, ed. from the Federal Ministry for Education, Science, Research and Technology, 1995.
  8. ↑ cf. Peter John, Detlef Perner: Employee participation and participation in self-government organizations in the economy using the example of the development of self-government in the craft - content, development, results and current status. Hans Böckler Foundation , 2012.
  9. ↑ cf. Pay the hardship. Hundt wants to share apprenticeships Der Tagesspiegel , June 7, 2003.
  10. ↑ Order for the standardization of educational allowances and other benefits for apprentices and apprentices in the private sector of February 25, 1943. Reichsarbeitsblatt I p. 164
  11. ↑ Section 106, Paragraph 1, No. 4 of the Vocational Training Act of August 14, 1969, Federal Law Gazette I p. 1112
  12. ↑ Appropriate training allowance - and the Verkehrsanschauung Rechtslupe.de, October 1, 2015.
  13. ↑ Funding program planned: Training to become an educator could soon become more attractive Münchner Merkur , December 18, 2018.
  14. ↑ Lehrgeld, das duden.de, accessed on May 17, 2020.
  15. ↑ Have to pay hardship redensarten-index.de, accessed on May 17, 2020.