Control technology
The control technology combines the data streams of the subordinate levels, the field or individual cells, such as signals from measurement , control and regulation technology , in order to control and monitor the entire manufacturing process .
The control technology finds its place in the control room of a company in the form of a control system .
In the automation pyramid , the control system belongs to the control level. The term control technology is broader and also includes the control and operations management level, and in some cases also the field level.
Control technology in different areas of application
The term control technology is used in different application areas. The term control technology is mostly seen as a collective term for the following three areas:
- Field level
- Control level
- Management level
In addition, the terms include application-specific aspects.
| term | scope of application |
|---|---|
| Process control technology | process technology |
| Network control technology | Supply networks for electricity / gas / water / district heating |
| Operations control technology | Rail transport |
| Building control technology | Building automation |
| Production control technology | manufacturing engineering |
Norms
Control technology terms
|
DIN IEC 60050-351 |
|---|---|
| Area | Control technology |
| title | International Electrotechnical Dictionary - Part 351: Control technology |
| Brief description: | Basic concepts of control technology |
| Latest edition | 2014-09 |
| ISO | - |
|
|
DIN V 19222 |
|---|---|
| Area | Control technology |
| title | Control technology terms |
| Brief description: | Basic concepts of control technology |
| Latest edition | 2001-09 (withdrawn) |
| ISO | - |
The standard IEC 60050 -351 International Electrotechnical Dictionary - Part 351: Control technology defines the basic terms of control technology, including process and management. In Germany, it replaces DIN V 19222 : 2001-09 as the DIN standard DIN IEC 60050-351 .
" Introduce
appropriate measures to or in a process to achieve specified goals"
IEC 60050 describes the control level as "the entirety of all control facilities of the same rank in a control hierarchy" and defines some levels and mentions others in examples. Together, the level structure results as shown in the UML class diagram. Individual levels can be omitted in the applications.
Typical application examples for control technology include:
- Production control technology
- Process control technology
- Flow processes
- Batch processes
- Production control technology
- General cargo processes
- General cargo processes workshop production
- Power plant control technology
- Network control technology
- Building control technology
- Traffic control technology
- Communication control technology
Relevant standards
Numerous standards are important for control technology. Here are some examples:
| standard | title |
|---|---|
| ATV-DVWK-M 253 | Automation and control technology on wastewater systems |
| CLC / TR 61158 | Digital data communication in control technology - fieldbus for industrial control systems |
| DIN 19223 (withdrawn) | Control technology - Rules for the naming of measuring devices - 6.2009 replaced by DIN EN 62419 |
| DIN 19226 (withdrawn) | Control technology; Control engineering and control engineering - 6.2009 replaced by DIN IEC 60050-351 |
| DIN 19227-1 (withdrawn) | Control technology; Graphic symbols and letters for process control technology - 1.2010 replaced by DIN EN 62424 |
| DIN 43735 | Control technology - electrical temperature sensors for resistance thermometers and thermocouples |
| DIN 43772 | Control technology - metal protective tubes and neck tubes for machine glass thermometers, dial thermometers, thermocouples and resistance thermometers - dimensions, materials, testing |
| DIN 44030 | Control technology; Light barriers and light switches |
| DIN V 19222 (withdrawn) | Control technology - terms - 6.2009 replaced by DIN IEC 60050-351 |
| DIN V 19233 (withdrawn) | Control technology - process automation - automation with process computer systems, terms - 6.2009 replaced by DIN IEC 60050-351 |
| DIN V 19247 (withdrawn) | Control technology - equipment for the use of oxygen in process technology |
| DIN V 19249 | Control technology - Safety of non-electrically operated devices, facilities and systems and non-electrical device parts of electrically operated devices - General requirements |
| DIN VDE 0119 | State of the railway vehicles - control technology |
| EN 45510 | Guide to the procurement of equipment for power plants |
| EN 61069 | Control technology for industrial processes - determination of system properties for the purpose of assessing the suitability of a system |
|
IEC 61158 IEC 61784 |
Digital data communication in control technology - fieldbus for industrial control systems |
| EN 62424 | Representation of tasks in process control technology - flow diagrams and data exchange between IT tools for flow diagram creation and CAE systems |
| IEC 60050-351 | International Electrotechnical Dictionary - Part 351: Control technology |
| IEC 60671 IEC 60880 IEC 61513 IEC 62138 |
Nuclear power plants - control technology for systems with safety-related importance |
| IEC 62264 (EN 62264) | Integration of corporate IT and control systems |
| IEC 62443 | IT security for industrial control systems |
history
As early as the 1950s, the first control systems were implemented using relay technology and analog technology and used for regulation, simple control technology and remote control. Some of these were operated on control panels .
In the 1960s, connection-programmed electronic controls increasingly replaced relay technology and process computers, especially from the company DEC from the PDP series, were used for process control tasks. At that time, mosaic control rooms were used for larger, hard-wired illuminated circuit diagrams for manual operation, which can be more easily adapted for system modifications.
With the advent of programmable logic controllers (PLC) in the 1970s, simple control tasks were shifted from the process computer to these. In the 1980s and 1990s, PLCs increasingly replaced the process computer on the control level.
In the 1980s, UNIX solutions, primarily based on System V , also replaced special process computer solutions in the higher levels.
The standardization of the Ethernet (e.g. OSI model ) helped it achieve a breakthrough in control technology. From the mid-1980s, Ethernet is increasingly used to network PLCs and host computers.
Personal computers were originally not intended for use in control technology, but penetrated control technology as an industrial PC version at the end of the 1980s and in the 1990s. This trend intensified with the introduction of Microsoft Windows NT and continues to this day, but has not been able to supplant the PLC, although it was predicted by some experts. During the same period, fieldbuses were developed which led to a considerable reduction in the cost of field wiring and which therefore quickly became established.
In the 1990s, began networking of control islands with each other and with other EDP systems . That is why open standards for data exchange, such as B. OPC , gained great importance. For the networking of the control systems , also with other EDP systems, TCP / IP has largely established itself as communication.
These trends continued after 2000 and increased the requirement for interoperability and platform independence, which has led to further standardization efforts (e.g. PROFINET , Ethernet for networking at the field level) and service-oriented approaches in control technology.
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Olof Leps: The construction of operating and control systems . In: Hybrid test environments for critical infrastructures . Springer Vieweg, Wiesbaden, 2018, ISBN 978-3-658-22613-8 , pp. 25–39 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-658-22614-5_3 ( springer.com [accessed December 30, 2018]).