Lingwa de Planeta
| Lingwa de Planeta | ||
|---|---|---|
| Project author | Dmitri Iwanow, Anastassija Lyssenko, Jelena Iwanowa, Asja Winogradowa | |
| Year of publication | 2006 | |
| speaker | unknown | |
| Linguistic classification |
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|
| particularities | Based on the 10-12 most widely spoken languages worldwide | |
Lingwa de Planeta (short forms: Lidepla, LdP) is a planned language project that was presented in 2006 by a group from Saint Petersburg . During a conference in Saint Petersburg on June 1, 2010, the so-called Basic Edition of LdP (set of rules) was determined to be binding and unchangeable. Lidepla is based on the vocabulary of the most widely spoken languages on earth: English , German , French , Spanish , Portuguese , Chinese , Russian , Hindi , Arabic and Persian and focuses on the spoken application. New vocabulary is evaluated and recorded according to principles of prosody . Bilingual dictionaries in various language combinations are available.
idea
The authors of this language project are convinced that in the future a world language of understanding will develop that will combine the characteristics of the most widely used languages. Lingwa de Planeta is understood as a prototype of such a language.
By including the important non-European languages, an attempt is made to take account of the principle of neutrality. The inclusion of elements from many national languages is seen as an important psychological factor that will improve the acceptance of such a language. All language elements are based on natural languages, with the original form being largely retained. Words are neither invented nor revived from dead languages.
Project team
The project leader and founder of the language is the psychologist Dmitri Ivanov [: ru: Дмитрий Иванов]. Linguists Asya Vinogradowa [: ru: Ася Виноградова] and Jelena Ivanova [: ru: Елена Иванова] supported the development of Lidepla in the initial phase. Anastassija Lyssenko [: ru: Анастасия Лысенко] joined the group in 2007 and became the main linguist of the project.
Language description
As in many other planned language projects, most of the vocabulary is of Latin origin because it is very widespread today. The form in which this is used is based on the models of Esperanto and Novial . English also plays an important role, with the pronunciation simplified on the one hand and the spelling of the pronunciation adapted on the other.
A striking feature is the inclusion of a significant part of non-Western vocabulary (mainly of Chinese, Indian, Arabic and Slavic origin). This comprises around 20% of the total vocabulary. Since this is mainly used for important words in everyday language use, this proportion is likely to be perceived as significantly higher.
Phonology
Lidepla has 17 base consonants (b, d, g; p, t, k; w, f; s, ʃ; x; d͡ʒ, d͡z; m, n, r, l) and 3 optional ones (v; t͡ʃ; ŋ). A distinction between the phonemes w - v and d͡ʒ - t͡ʃ is not absolutely necessary. Words are not confused if the pronunciation is the same. The phoneme ŋ is spoken as in German.
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nasal | m | n | (ŋ) | |||||||||||
| Plosive | p | b | t | d | k | ɡ | ||||||||
| Affricates | d͡z | t͡ʃ / d͡ʒ | ||||||||||||
| Fricative | w | f | ( v ) | s | ʃ | x | ||||||||
| Approximant | r | l | ||||||||||||
Lidepla knows 5 vowels (a, e, i, o, u).
| front | back | |
|---|---|---|
| closed | i | u |
| half closed | e | O |
| to open | a | |
Alphabet and pronunciation
The Lidepla alphabet is based on the Latin script and contains 25 letters.
- c only appears in the letter combination ch,
- q is not used,
- y is read like i, but never emphasized
- ch, j, z are the affricates t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, d͡z: chay - tea, jan - to know, to - be busy,
- x is read as gs (also possible as s between vowels): examen - examen,
- the combination sh corresponds to the German sch (as in "Schuh"): shi - ten,
- the combination ng at the end of a word is spoken velar nasally (ŋ): feng - wind.
The basic rule of stress is: the vowel before the last consonant (or "y") is stressed: máta (mother), família (family), akshám (evening), ruchéy (Bach). Lidepla tries to keep the emphasis on international words. Therefore there are some exceptions:
some endings (-um, -us, -er, -en; -ika, -ike, -ula) are never stressed, a doubled vowel is always stressed (as in adyoo - bye).
vocabulary
Most of the words in Lidepla were generated from international words of Latin origin. They come mainly from the languages English, Russian, Chinese, Arabic and Hindi. There are no fixed endings for different parts of speech, so that almost every word can be integrated without any problems (the words are adapted to the Lidepla phonology and do not retain the original orthography). Currently (2014) the Lidepla dictionary contains around 4,000 entries with around 10,000 different words. The number is growing all the time.
The following principles are taken into account when adding new words:
- short words without complex consonant sequences are best
- the word must be common and / or phonetically familiar for speakers of different national languages. For example, the word “darba”, of Arabic origin, is similar to the Russian “удар” ([udar]) and the Chinese “da”. A certain similarity can be seen to the English "strike" and the Hindi "prahar".
In some cases, a Lidepla sentence sounds almost like a sentence in a national language:
- "Brata snova dumi om to." - The brother thinks about it again. (Russian)
- “Ta bu yao shwo.” - He / she does not want to speak. (Chinese: Tā bù yào shuō)
- “Way yu go bak?” - Why are you going back? (English)
- “Me jan ke mata pri pi chay.” - I know that mother likes to drink tea. (Hindi)
- “Pa sabah me safari.” - I'll leave in the morning. (Arabic)
grammar
The Lidepla grammar is based on 3 rules.
Rule of belonging to a class of speech
Each Lidepla word belongs to a word class (noun / noun, verb, adjective, adverb, etc.). Derivatives are formed by affixes and particles:
- lubi (love, verb)
- luba (love, noun)
- lubi-she (loving, adjective)
- lubi-shem (loving, adverb)
There are no fixed endings for the word classes, but certain endings are preferred. This is how most verbs end in "i"; Verbs with other endings are e.g. E.g .: jan - know, shwo - speak.
Derivation
New words can be formed through affixes and particles. For example:
- somni - to sleep
- en-somni - to fall asleep
- somni-ki - slumber, doze off
- ek-somni-ki - suddenly fall asleep
- gro-somni - sleep deeply
- mah-somni, somnisi - lull you to sleep
- somni-she - asleep [adj., act. Participle]
- somni-shem - asleep, in a sleeping way [adv.]
- somni-ney - slept [adj., pass. Participle]
- somni-nem - slept [adv.]
- somni-yen - asleep, while sleeping
- somnishil - sleepy
- somnilok - sleeping place
- somninik - sleepyhead [fig.]
Rule of constant form
The word form does not change. Special particles express grammatical meaning, e.g. B .:
- me lubi - i love
- ela lubi - she loves
- yu ve lubi - you will love
- me wud lubi - i would love
- lubi ba - love!
The only two exceptions are:
- the plural (kitaba - book => kitabas - books, flor - flower => flores - flowers),
- the verb “to be” has its own forms: bi (to be) / it (am, are, is, are, are) / am (was, were, were, were).
Principle of necessity
The use of special particles or the plural is optional if the meaning is clear from the context. For example:
- Yeri me miti ela (I met her yesterday). Manya me miti ela (I'll meet her tomorrow).
- Me vidi mucho kinda (I see a lot of children). Me vidi kindas (I see children).
Direct word order rule
The order of words in a sentence is usually straightforward, ie subject - predicate - object, the attribute comes before the noun, prepositions come before the associated noun group. When the word order is changed, this is indicated by the use of special particles, e.g. B. "the" (in front of the object). Example: Ela lubi lu (she loves him). Den lu ela lubi (she loves him).
stability
After it was first published in 2006, the language was further developed with the involvement of employees from several countries. As a result, the “Basic Edition of LdP” was published in June 2010, which can be regarded as very stable. It comprises a vocabulary of a few thousand words with references to English, Russian and Esperanto (German under construction). A very extensive and detailed grammar with many examples is available.
Currently (2014) more than 15 people participate extensively in the language (i.e. work on vocabulary and grammar, translate and write original texts, including songs), not counting those who take part in discussions.
Lidepla is used for real communication, mainly on the internet (Facebook, Yahoo, etc.). Around 10–15 people speak the language, around 50 can use it for communication. There are many translated texts, some of them longer ones, such as Alice in Wonderland ( Lewis Carroll ) and Sailor Rutherford among the Maori (Nikolai Tschukowski, son of Kornei Tschukowski , from Russian); also some fairy tales and short stories. There are songs written / translated and sung in Lidepla, e.g. B. an album by the professional musician Jonny M, as well as cartoons and films with subtitles, e.g. B. the popular Russian film Iwan Wassiljewitsch changes his profession .
Example text
(Our father)
Nuy Patra kel es pa swarga,
hay Yur nam santefai,
hay Yur reging lai,
hay Yur vola fulfill
i pa arda kom pa swarga.
Dai ba a nu nuy pan fo jivi sedey
e pardoni ba a nu nuy deba,
kom nu pardoni toy-las kel debi a nu.
Bye dukti nu inu temta
e protekti nu fon bada.
Web links
- Project website (English / Russian) with a detailed language description, dictionary, introductory course and sample texts
- "Lideplandia"
- "Video-materiales de LdP konferensa 01.06.2010" (Youtube Link-ID: av_KluHsKAc) Video-materiales de LdP conference from June 1st, 2010 which was also dedicated to the publication of the Basic Edition of LdP (binding set of rules, foundation).