Novial
| Novial (-) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Project author | Otto Jespersen | |
| Year of publication | 1928 | |
| Linguistic classification |
||
| particularities | Isolating language whose vocabulary is based on Germanic and Romance. | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639 -1 |
- |
|
| ISO 639 -2 |
art (other planned languages) |
|
| ISO 639-3 |
nov |
|
Novial is a naturalistic, a posteriori planned language project that was presented by the Danish linguist Otto Jespersen in 1928 . After Jespersen's death in 1943, the project fell into oblivion; It received attention primarily because of the prominent founder of the language.
history
In 1907 Otto Jespersen belonged to a commission that was supposed to choose one of the existing planned languages, but then published Ido . With Novial he presented a project in 1928 with which - in his opinion - the lax rules of Esperanto and the strict rules of Ido should be avoided. It was a step towards the so-called naturalistic projects. In contact with Edgar von Wahl , Jespersen changed his project more and more in the sense of naturalistic ideas. “In practice, Novial did not play a role,” says Detlev Blanke. From 1929 to 1938 there was a magazine, "Mondo", later "Novialiste". Blanke sees the importance of the Novial in the precise linguistic justification of the project by its author.
Novial has experienced a certain renaissance through the Internet; there is a version of Wikipedia on Novial. The planned language project Lingwa de Planeta has explicitly taken up ideas from Novial and developed them further.
vocabulary
Novial's vocabulary is based on Romance and Germanic vocabulary. Overall, there are some similarities with Esperanto. Suffixes are used to derive adjectives from nouns and vice versa. Novial is notated phonemically. Compared to Esperanto , however, Novial is less structured in a schematic way, for example, it does not mark nouns with the same vowel. Novial is an isolating language : nouns and verbs are not declined or conjugated . Times are optionally indicated by suffixes or prepositions. Example: me did parla (= me parlad) - I spoke .
grammar
items
Novial only knows “li” as a definite article which cannot be changed. There is no indefinite article in Novial.
Nouns
The nouns end in -e in their basic form and are gender-neutral. Adding -o makes the noun masculine and adding -a makes the noun feminine.
Example: fratre = brother or sister, fratro = brother, fratra = sister
The plural in Novial is formed by adding -s to the stem of the noun.
Example: li fratras = the sisters.
The falls
The nominative corresponds to the basic form.
The genitive is formed either by placing the preposition “de” in front of it or by adding the ending -n to the stem. Examples: li tragedies de Shakespiere (the tragedies of Shakespeare ), men patron kontore (my father's office).
The dative is formed with the preposition "a". Example: Lo donad a me li libre. (He gave me the book.)
The accusative corresponds to the nominative , but in cases of doubt it can be expressed by adding the ending -m.
Personal pronouns
| person | German (nominative) | German (accusative) | Novial |
|---|---|---|---|
| First singular | I | me | me |
| Second singular | you | you | vu |
| Third singular (male) | he | him | lo |
| Third singular (female) | she | she | la |
| Third singular (male / female) | he she | him / her | le |
| Third singular (neuter) | it | it | lu |
| Impersonal | man | one | on |
| First plural | we | us | nus |
| Second plural | her | to you | vus |
| Third plural (male) | she | she | Come on |
| Third plural (female) | she | she | read |
| Third plural (male / female) | she | she | les |
| Third plural (neuter) | she | she | lus |
adjectives and adverbs
The adjectives are marked with an -i at the end, but the -i can also be omitted. In Novial, adjectives are immutable. They are neither differentiated according to gender, nor are there plural forms. Example: Bon jorne! (Hello!) Li oldi hause (The old house). Li hause es oldi (The house is old).
Adverbs are formed by adding -m to the i-form of the adjective and are always immutable. Example: Li fema kanta bonim (The woman sings well).
The verbal system
The basic form of the verbs in novial is used for present , infinitive and imperative . The verbs are generally not conjugated according to person, gender or number.
The simple past is formed by adding -d to the basic form or by prefixing “did”. Example: Me prendad or Me did prenda (I took).
The simple future ( future tense I ) is formed by placing sal in front of the basic form. Example: Vu sal prenda (you will take).
Novial has an active participle and a passive participle. The active participle is formed by adding -nt (if the stem ends in -e or -a) or -ent (if the stem ends in -u or -i). Examples: brulent (burning), ruptent (breaking)
The passive participle is formed by adding -t to the stem. Examples: brulat (burned), ruptet (broken)
Example: "Li dogs from the Baskerville family"
| Novial | German translation | |
|---|---|---|
| Watson : | Bon jorne, Doctor Mortimer. | Good afternoon, Doctor Mortimer. |
| Mortimer : | Bon jorne. Whether vu es sinioro Sherlock Holmes? | Good day. Are you Mr. Sherlock Holmes? |
| Holmes : | No, lo es men amike, doctoro Watson. | No, he's my friend, Doctor Watson. |
| Mortimer : | Plesure ke me renkontra vu, doctoro. Me sava vun nome. Sinioro Holmes, vu tre multim interesa me. | Nice to meet you, doctor. I know your name. Mr. Holmes, I am very interested in you. |
| Holmes : | Me observa fro vun fingre ke vu fuma. Bonvoli sida e fuma. Pro quu vu visita nus disdi? | I can tell by your finger that you smoke. Please sit down and smoke. Why are you visiting us today? |
| Mortimer : | Me have serious problems. Me realisa ke vu es li duesmi autoritate in Europe ... | I have a serious and extraordinary problem. I realized that you are the second authority in Europe. |
| Holmes : | Ya, sinioro! Que es unesmi? | Indeed? Who comes first |
| Mortimer : | Li laboros de Monsieur Bertillon sembla bon a siential home. | Monsieur Bertillon's work seems good to scientific people. |
| Holmes : | Dunke, pro quu vu non konsulta lo? | So why don't you consult him? |
| Mortimer : | Los sembla bon a siential home, ma me prefera konsulta vu in practice koses. Me espera ke me non ofense vu. | You seem fine to scientific people, but I'd rather consult you on practical issues. I hope this doesn't offend you. |
| Holmes : | Only pokim. Rakonta a nus li nature de vun problems. | Just a little. Tell us about the nature of your problem. |
literature
- Detlev Blanke: International planned languages . An introduction. In: Akademie-Verlag collection . tape 34 . Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1985.
- Pierre Janton: Introduction to Esperantology (original title: L'espéranto, translated by Günther Becker and Maria Becker-Meisberger). With an afterword to the 2nd edition and a bibliography by Reinhard Haupenthal. 2nd Edition. G. Olms, Hildesheim / New York, NY 1993, ISBN 3-487-06541-X (German first edition 1978).
- Otto Jespersen: An International Language . Translated from the English original by S. Auerbach. Winter, Heidelberg 1928.
- Otto Jespersen: Novial lexike - International dictionary . Winter, Heidelberg 1930.
Web links
- Novial ( Memento from January 23, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Otto Jespersen (1928)
- Novial Lexike - International Dictionary (1930)
- Summary of the version from 1930 ( Memento of February 1, 2003 in the Internet Archive )
- Thematic vocabulary with translations into Novial and German
- Yahoo Novial discussion group