Livium
structure
The livium is a period of the Carboniferous in the history of the earth . It is the intermediate regional lower level (also used as a level by some authors) of the regional and global level of the Visa in Belgium . Expressed in absolute terms, the livium lasted from about 340 to about 336.5 million years. In the regional level / lower level structure of the Carboniferous in Belgium, the Livium comes after the Moliniacium and is replaced by the Warnantium , the upper regional lower level of the Viséum.
History and naming
The lower level or level is named after the place Lives , near Namur (Belgium). The type locality is a cliff and a quarry on the right bank of the Meuse, below the bridge of the Beez Strait over the Meuse. The Livium was originally proposed as a level by Raphael Conil , Eric Groessens and Henri Pirlet in 1977, but was mostly used as a lower level by later authors.
According to the Stratigraphic Table of Germany 2002, it is also available in Germany as a lower level of the Visa.
Definition and correlation
The base of the livium is defined by the first appearance of the foraminifera genus and species Koskinotextularia and Pojarkovella nibelis . Today the livium is correlated with the holkerium of English carbon .
The duration, beginning and end of the livium are uncertain and differ depending on the time scale used. According to Menning et al. (2000) it lasted from 337.5 to 334.5 million years, according to the Stratigraphic Table of Germany 2002 (STD2002) the livium ranges from about 340 to about 336.5 million years. In the Geological Time Scale 2004 (GTS2004) it has a duration of 6.7 million (from 338.9 to 332.2).
Breakdown
The livium can be correlated biostratigraphically with the foraminifera zone MFZ12. In the succession of rugose corals , it occupies the upper part of the RC5 and RC6.
swell
Individual evidence
- ↑ according to the Stratigraphic Table of Germany. These ages differ slightly from the ages in the International Stratigraphic Chart from 2009
- ↑ a b Poty & Hance (2006: p. 117ff.)
- ↑ see Weyer & Menning (2006: p. 28, table 1), comparisons of several time scales
- ^ Felix M. Gradstein et al .: A geologic time scale 2004 . 589 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge 2004. ISBN 0-521-78673-8 and ISBN 0-521-78142-6
literature
- Raphael Conil, Eric Groessens and Henri Pirlet: Nouvelle charte stratigraphique du Dinantien type de la Belgique. Annales de la Société géologique du Nord, 96: 363-371, Lille 1977 ISSN 0767-7367
- Édouard Poty and Luc Hance: Livium. Geologica Belgica 9 (1-2): 133-138, Brussels 2006 PDF
- Dieter Weyer and Manfred Menning: Geological time scale, stratigraphic nomenclature and magnetostratigraphy. In: Stratigraphie von Deutschland VI Unterkarbon (Mississippium) , series of publications by the German Society for Geosciences, 41: 27-50, Hannover 2006 ISBN 3-932537-37-8 .
Web links
- German Stratigraphic Commission, Manfred Menning (Hrsg.): Stratigraphische Tisch von Deutschland 2002 . Potsdam 2002, ISBN 3-00-010197-7 (1 sheet, Stratigraphie.de [PDF; 6.6 MB ]).