Mahayana sutras
The Mahayana Sutras are Buddhist discourses ( sūtra ), which are recognized as canonical , especially by the Mahayana schools . They were from the 1st century BC. Recorded. Based on the canon of early Buddhist writings ( Pali canon ) written in Pali , the collection of Mahayana Sutras is also called the Sanskrit canon . Most of these scriptures are originally written in Sanskrit or BHS (Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit). They form the basis for the various schools of Mahayana Buddhism , with certain sutra forming the basis for the individual schools; for example Lotus Sutra for Nichiren Buddhism , Heart Sutra and Diamond Sutra for Chan and Zen Buddhism, and the three Pure Land Sutras for Pure Land Buddhism .
Mahayana Buddhists assume that these scriptures - apart from some scriptures of Chinese origin - are authentic accounts of the doctrine as taught by the Buddha. Theravada Buddhists, on the other hand, consider the texts to be apocryphal . Tibetan Buddhists divide the esoteric teachings of the Buddha into 3 categories: the Hinayana , as well as the two Mahayana directions Prajnaparamita (perfecting wisdom) and Tathagatagarbha (Buddha nature).
Sutras
The most famous Mahayana scriptures include:
-
Prajnaparamita sutras
- Aṣṭasāhasrikā Sutra , Sutra in 8,000 lines (slokas), translated into Chinese by Lokṣema between 168 - 188
- Pañcavimśātisāhasrikā-Prajñāpāramitā-Sutra , Sutra in 25,000 lines, about 100 years after the Aṣṭasāhasrikā-Sutra
- further variants of the Prajna Paramitra Sutra: in 100,000, 18,000, 2,500, 700, 500 lines
- Heart Sutra (50 lines) (Prajñāpāramitā Hridaya Sūtra [of the highest wisdom])
- Diamond Sutra (300 lines) (Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra) (金剛 般若 波羅 經)
- Lotus Sutra (Saddharmapundarīka Sūtra)
- Vimalakirti Sutra (Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa Sūtra)
- Avatamsaka Sutra
- Nirvana Sutra
- Lankavatara Sutra
- Samadhiraja Sutra Sutra of the King of Concentration
- Suvarnabhasottamasutra The Sutra of the Golden Light
- Samadhinirmocana Sutra
- Lalitavistara Sutra
- Brahmajāla-Sutra (Japanese: Bommo-kyō ). This contains the ten main commandments and forty-eight others that form the ethical basis of Mahayana.
- Śūrṅgama Sutra . Originally written in Sanskrit in the 1st century, it describes, among other things, the successive stages to attain deepest enlightenment. Partial translation by Dwight Goddard in: A Buddhist Bible, 1935
- Ullambana Sutra
- Medicinal Master Sūtra (Japanese: 薬 師 經 Yakushi-kyō ) see Bhaisajyaguru , the Medicine Buddha
- Platform Sutra (Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch, i.e. Huï-neng ). The only Zen sutra. Certainly not written by Huï-neng
- The Three Sutras of the Pure Land
- Great Pure Land Sutra Sukhāvatīvyūha-Sūtra, (Chinese: 無量壽經, wúliángshòu jīng; Japanese Muryōju-kyō), Sutra of Immeasurable Life
- Small Pure Land Sutra Amitabha Sutra, (Chinese: 阿 彌陀 經, amituo jing; Japanese Amida-kyō), Amida Sutra
- Meditation sutra Amitāyurdhyāna-Sûtra, (Chinese: 觀 無量壽經, guan wuliangshou jing; Japanese Kanmuryōju-kyō), contemplation sutra
The five works of Buddha Maitreya on Asanga / Vasubandhu :
- Mahayanasutralamkara jewelry of the Mahayana Sutras
- Dharmadharmatavibhaga Discrimination of Givens from their True Being
- Ratnagotravibhaga also Uttara Tantra Shastra - to Buddha-nature
- Abhisamayalamkara
- Madhyāntavibhāga
See also
- Buddhist canon (literature)
- Pali canon
literature
- Dalai Lama : The Heart Sutra. The Buddhist Way to Happiness . OW Barth bei Scherz, Frankfurt am Main 2004, ISBN 3-502-61138-6 (Comments on the Heart Sutra from the 14th Dalai Lama)
- Thich Nhat Hanh : The Diamond Sutra: Commentaries on the Prajnaparamita Diamond Sutra . 2nd Edition. Theseus, Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-89620-098-4 (sutra text + commentary.)
- Birgit Schweiberer (Ed.): Sutra of the Golden Light: the Arya-Mahayana Sutra of the Holy Golden Light, which is called the mighty King of Sutras . Diamant-Verlag, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-9810682-2-X (Suvarnabhasottamasutra)
- Peter Pfandt: Māhāyana Texts Translated into Western Languages - A Bibliographical Guide . EJ Brill, Cologne 1986, ISBN 3-923956-13-4
- Nanjo Bunyu, A Catalog of the Chinese Translations of the Buddhist Tripitaka, Oxford 1883; Digitized version (14.6 MB; PDF)
- Moriz Winternitz : History of Indian Literature . Leipzig, 1920, Vol. 2: The Buddhist literature and the sacred texts of the Jainas. Digitized
Translations
- Cowell, EG; Vagaakkedikā or Diamond Cutter; in: Sacred Books of the East (XLIX, pp 109-144); Oxford 1894 (Clarendon), reprint: New York 1969 (Dover).
- Gemmell, William (transl.): The Diamond Sutra, Trübner, London 1912 Digitized
- Margareta von Borsig (ex.): Lotos Sutra - The great book of enlightenment in Buddhism. Herder Verlag, new edition 2009. ISBN 978-3-451-30156-8
- Katō Bunno, Tamura Yoshirō, Miyasaka Kōjirō (tr.), The Threefold Lotus Sutra: The Sutra of Innumerable Meanings; The Sutra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Law; The Sutra of Meditation on the Bodhisattva Universal Virtue , Weatherhill & Kōsei Publishing, New York & Tōkyō 1975 Digitized (1.4 MB; PDF)
- Kubo Tsugunari, Yuyama Akira (tr.) The Lotus Sutra . Revised 2nd ed. Berkeley, Calif. : Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2007. ISBN 978-1-886439-39-9 digitized version (1.6 MB; PDF)
- Yamamoto, Kosho (transl.), Page, Tony (ed.), The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra in 12 Volumes, Nirvana Publications, London (1999-2000). Digitized version (PDF; 2.6 MB)
- Torakazu Doi: Kegon Sutra. The Flower Garland Sutra. Volume I. Angkor Verlag, Frankfurt 2008; ISBN 978-3-936018-32-5 . (Avatamsaka Sutra)
- Torakazu Doi: Kegon Sutra. The Flower Garland Sutra. Volume II. Angkor Verlag, Frankfurt 2008; ISBN 978-3-936018-33-2 .
- Lu K`uan Yü (Charles Luk), The Surangama Sutra, Brighthill Buddhist Center Sri Lanka (Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc.), without date of publication Digitalisat (PDF; 2.0 MB)
- McRae, John (2004). The Sutra of Queen Śrīmālā of the Lion's Roar and the Vimalakīrti Sutra. Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research. ISBN 1886439311 digitized version ( Memento from September 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
- Hisao Inagaki , Harold Stewart (transl.): The Three Pure Land Sutras, Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research 2003. ISBN 1-886439-18-4 digitized ( Memento from December 25, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 1.2 MB)
- Gable, Rolf, transl. (2006), The Vairocanābhisaṃbodhi Sutra, Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, ISBN 978-1-886439-32-0 digitized ( memento from March 22, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 1.6 MB)
- Zimmermann, Michael (2002), A Buddha Within: The Tathāgatagarbhasūtra ( Memento November 11, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), Biblotheca Philologica et Philosophica Buddhica VI, The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology, Soka University. (6.1 MB; PDF)
Web links
- Some Mahayana Sutras in English ( Memento from January 15, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
- Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon
- CBETA (Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association) Taishō (still incomplete, but corrected) and a. Chinese texts online
- Taishō: Taishō (texts complete .zip archives)
- Tibetan-Himalayan Digital Library
- The SAT Daizōkyō Text Database at University of Tokyo
- Bibliography of Translations from the Chinese Buddhist Canon into Western Languages ( Memento from January 4, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
- Thesaurus Literaturae Buddhicae , a multilingual presentation of Buddhist literature, University of Oslo