Manduca
Manduca | ||||||||||
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Preparation of Manduca brasiliensis , ♂ |
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Systematics | ||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||
Manduca | ||||||||||
Linnaeus , 1763 |
Manduca is a genus within the butterfly family of the swarmers (Sphingidae). The genus is relatively large and includes 66 species with numerous subspecies.
features
The moths are relatively large and strongly built. Your proboscis is well developed. Clear autapomorphies are difficult to define in the heterogeneous group. Hodges (1971) suspects this in the absence of the spurs on the rails ( tibia ) of the forelegs and the similarly shaped genitals of the males.
The eggs are spherical and are among the largest of the swarmers. The caterpillars have the typical build of the family with a conspicuous anal horn .
Way of life
The species of the genus feed on a large number of different plant families, but they often feed on the nightshade family (Solanaceae), verbena family (Verbenaceae), predatory leaf family (Boraginaceae) and trumpet tree family (Bignoniaceae). Pupation takes place several centimeters deep in the ground in a chamber. The previously known pupae have exposed proboscis sheaths that protrude strongly in many species.
Occurrence
Most of the species in the genus are common in the Neotropics . In North America, seven species are endemic. In another species, Manduca occulta , this is suspected; two species, Manduca albiplaga and Manduca lanuginosa, have only been identified as random visitors.
Systematics
72 species of the genus are known worldwide:
- Manduca afflicta ( Grote , 1865)
- Manduca albiplaga ( Walker , 1856)
- Manduca albolineata ( Gehlen , 1935)
- Manduca andicola ( Rothschild & Jordan , 1916)
- Manduca armatipes ( Rothschild & Jordan , 1916)
- Manduca aztecus ( Mooser , 1942)
- Manduca barnesi ( Clark , 1919)
- Manduca bergarmatipes ( Clark , 1927)
- Manduca bergi ( Rothschild & Jordan , 1903)
- Manduca blackburni ( Butler , 1880)
- Manduca boliviana ( Clark , 1923)
- Manduca brasilensis ( Jordan , 1911)
- Manduca brontes ( Drury , 1773)
- Manduca brunalba ( Clark , 1929)
- Manduca camposi ( Schaus , 1932)
- Manduca caribbeus ( Cary , 1952)
- Manduca chinchilla ( Gehlen , 1942)
- Manduca clarki ( Rothschild & Jordan , 1916)
- Manduca contracta ( Butler , 1875)
- Manduca corallina ( Druce , 1883)
- Manduca corumbensis ( Clark , 1920)
- Manduca dalica ( Kirby , 1877)
- Manduca diffissa ( Butler , 1871)
- Manduca dilucida ( Edwards , 1887)
- Manduca duquefi Haxaire & Vaglia , 2007
- Manduca empusa ( Kembach , 1965)
- Manduca extrema ( Gehlen , 1926)
- Manduca feronia ( Kembach , 1968)
- Manduca florestan ( Stoll , 1782)
- Manduca fosteri ( Rothschild & Jordan , 1906)
- Manduca franciscae ( Clark , 1916)
- Manduca gloriosa Eitschberger & Haxaire , 2007
- Manduca gueneei ( Clark , 1932)
- Manduca hannibal ( Cramer , 1779)
- Manduca herbini Haxaire , [2014]
- Manduca huascara ( Schaus , [1941])
- Manduca incisa ( Walker , 1956)
- Manduca janira ( Jordan , 1911)
- Manduca jasmine arum ( Gukrin-Meneville , [1832])
- Manduca johanni ( Cary , 1958)
- Manduca jordani ( Giacomelli , 1912)
- Manduca kuschei ( Clark , 1920)
- Manduca lamasi Eitschberger & Haxaire , 2007
- Manduca lanuginosa ( Edwards , 1887)
- Manduca lefeburii ( Gukrin-Mkneville , [1844])
- Manduca leucospila ( Rothschild & Jordan , 1903)
- Manduca lichenea ( Burmeister , 1855)
- Manduca lucetius ( Cramer , 1780)
- Manduca manducoides ( Rothschild , [1895])
- Manduca morelia ( Dmce , 1884)
- Manduca mossi ( Jordan , 1911)
- Manduca muscosa ( Rothschild & Jordan , 1903)
- Manduca neglecta Haxaire & Vaglia , 2006
- Manduca occulta ( Rothschild & Jordan , 1903)
- Manduca ochus ( Klug , 1836)
- Manduca pellenia ( Herrich-Schaffer , [1854])
- Manduca prestoni ( Gehlen , 1926)
- Manduca quinquemaculatus ( Haworth , 1803)
- Manduca reducta ( Gehlen , 1930)
- Manduca rustica ( Fabricius , 1775)
- Manduca schausi ( Clark , 1919)
- Manduca scutata ( Rothschild & Jordan , 1903)
- Manduca sesquiplex ( Boisduval , 1870)
- Tobacco hawk ( Manduca sexta ) ( Linnaeus , 1763)
- Manduca stuarti ( Rothschild , 1896)
- Manduca trimacula ( Rothschild & Jordan , 1903)
- Manduca tucumana ( Rothschild & Jordan , 1903)
- Manduca undata ( Rothschild & Jordan , 1903)
- Manduca vestalis ( Jordan , 1917)
- Manduca violaalba ( Clark , 1922)
- Manduca wellingi Brou , 1984
- Manduca ziva Haxaire , [2014]
supporting documents
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d James P. Tuttle: The Hawkmoths of North America, A Natural History Study of the Sphingidae of the United States and Canada The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, DC 2007, ISBN 978-0-9796633-0-7 .
- ↑ Manduca Hübner, 1807. Sphingidae Taxonomic Inventory, accessed July 1, 2015 .
literature
- James P. Tuttle: The Hawkmoths of North America, A Natural History Study of the Sphingidae of the United States and Canada. The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington DC 2007, ISBN 978-0-9796633-0-7 .