Trumpet trees

Trumpet trees
Trumpet Tree ( Catalpa bignonioides )
Systematics
Eudicotyledons Nuclear eudicotyledons Asterids Euasterids I Order : Mint family (Lamiales) Family : Trumpet trees
Scientific name
Bignoniaceae
Yuss.

Tribus Bignonieae: Illustration of Adenocalymma comosum

The trumpet tree family (Bignoniaceae) are a family of plants within the order of the mint family (Lamiales).

description

Tribus Crescentieae: Illustration from Flore médicale des Antilles, ou, Traité des plantes usuelles , plate 182 from Amphitecna latifolia

Tribe Tecomeae: unpaired pinnate leaves of Pajanelia longifolia

Tribe Tecomeae: Illustration of a zygomorphic flower of Tecoma stans

Vegetative characteristics

The types of the trumpet tree plants are mostly woody plants. They grow as trees or lianas with heights of up to 30 meters, occasionally as shrubs or rarely as annual and perennial herbaceous plants .

The hair ( indument ) consists of various simple, forked, star-shaped, tree-shaped and thick-stalked trichomes , within the family there are also fine scales and glands, which are an important taxonomic characteristic. However, the hairiness can also be developed differently on different parts of a plant, so that only the type of hairiness, but not the sole presence or density of the hairiness, is taxonomically relevant.

Wood

In the woody species, the heterogeneous to homogeneously created wood rays are only one to eight cells wide. The structure of the conductive tissue within the tribe Bignonieae is usually very noticeable: Due to abnormal secondary growth in thickness , in which the secondary xylem is not further developed in some areas, while the phloem continues to grow to a normal degree, deep furrows are formed in the phloem or the phloem in Divided Wedges. This creates a xylem cylinder with a 4 to 32 fold lobed or furrowed cross section. The bark of the lianas in particular has different cork pores depending on the genus or species ; In the tree genus, the species in dry locations are usually provided with a longitudinally ribbed bark, while species that prefer more humid locations usually have thinner, smoother and flaky bark.

The branches are predominantly massive within the family, only rarely are they hollow, as in the genus Stizophyllum . In some genera, such as Catophractes , Rhigozum , Sphingiphila and Parmentiera , spines appear.

Foliage leaves

The leaves are mostly opposite, occasionally whorled or rarely alternate. The leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The leaf blades are usually pinnate or hand-shaped or occasionally simple. The foliage leaves of the genera of the Old World are usually pinnate or simply derived from them, those of the genera of the New World are usually composed of hand-shaped or simply derived from them. Compound leaves often consist of two to three partial leaves. The partial leaves can in turn be composed, in the genus Oroxylum partial leaves are formed up to the fourth order. In the case of the lianas, the front partial leaf or the front partial leaves are often transformed into a single or two or more divided tendril . The tip of the vines in some species of the genera Amphilophium to prison discs , in others, such Dolichandra transformed into Cat's claw-like hooks. The leaves of the Malagasy genus Phyllarthron are greatly reduced, originally pinnate leaves, of which only a winged rachis has been preserved, giving the appearance of strung together segments.

There are no stipules, but in the tribe Bignonieae stipule-like bud scales are formed, which are called pseudo-stipules. These can be herbaceous, awl-like or vertically two to three rows. Also in the tribe Bignonieae there are often glandular areas or ribs between the leaf stalks of a node .

Tribe Tecomeae: flower of Tabebuia elliptica

Tribe Tecomeae: flower of Zeyheria montana

Tribus Jacarandeae: fruits of Jacaranda mimosifolia

Tribus Coleeae: fruits of the liver sausage tree ( Kigelia africana )

Tribe Tecomeae: fruits of Zeyheria tuberculosa

Tribe Tecomeae: seeds of the African tulip tree ( Spathodea campanulata )

Inflorescences

The terminal or lateral inflorescences are cymes , thyrses or grapes . In particular in the genera of the tribe Coleeae and Crescentieae, which are specialized in pollination by bats , twig and stem-flowered ( cauliflora ) cymes and grapes also occur. Both cymes and grapes can be reduced to single-flowered inflorescences. Lateral inflorescences can also contain young, reduced leaves, so that they can also be interpreted as terminal inflorescences on incompletely developed branches. The thyrsi and grapes usually contain bracts , the individual flowers are rarely accompanied by leaves.

blossoms

The flowers are often relatively large and noticeable. The hermaphrodite flowers are more or less strongly zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope .

Perianth

The five sepals are mostly fused cup-shaped. Often, however, the calyx is also cut off, with five calyx teeth - in some genera thread-like - calyx teeth, double-lobed or flower-sheath-like. In some genera there appears to be a double calyx: In species of the genus Amphilophium this consists of a thin ring-shaped rim that is located below the actual calyx rim; In Delostoma , in addition to an inner, two-lobed calyx, five irregular calyx teeth are formed below the edge. Often the chalice is already open in the bud.

The length of the crown varies widely within the family. In many species of the genus Tynanthus it only reaches 0.4 cm, while Tanaecium jaroba has crowns up to 35 cm long. The five petals are usually fused tube-shaped to tube-bell-shaped. Usually the crown is zygomorphic , occasionally the zygomorphism is very pronounced, rarely the crown is almost radially symmetrical. In most cases, the crowns are slightly divided into two, with a pair of longitudinal ribs being formed on the underside of the corolla tube and the upper two corolla lobes being slightly smaller than the lower three. The corolla lobes are at most as long as the corolla tube. The genus Sphingiphila is the only genus in the family that has radial symmetry flowers with only four corolla lobes. In most genera a basic color of the crown can be determined, which is either pink or purple or yellow. In both cases, however, there can also be species whose crown color turns towards white.

Stamens and pollen

Most trumpet tree plants have four fertile stamens that occur in two pairs of different lengths. Exceptions are, for example, the genus of the trumpet trees ( Catalpa ) and some species of the genus Tanaecium with only two fertile stamens and Oroxylum , Rhigozum , Catophractes , as well as some species of the genus Nyctocalos and a species of the genus Rhodocolea with five fertile stamens. The fifth stamen is stunted in most genera to a small, rudimentary staminodium , in genera with two fertile stamens three staminodes can occur. In some genera and species even this stunted staminodium is missing, in the genera Jacarandra and Digomphia, however , the staminodium is greatly elongated so that it even protrudes beyond the fertile stamens. In some species of Digomphia the staminodium is bifurcated one or more times. The stamens are free from each other, but are partly fused with the corolla tube and alternate with the petals. Within the genus Sphingiphila , the stamens are reduced, so that the flowers have anthers attached to them. The dust bags have two counters that are parallel, divergent or spread apart. Only in some species of the genus Jacaranda do the anthers consist of a single theca. They open through longitudinal slits.

The shape of the pollen grains is very variable within the family; it is assumed that tricolpate (with three germinal folds) and finely reticulated pollen grains represent the original shape. Derived from this, there are also apertureless pollen grains or such different arrangements of one, four or five germinal folds. The pollen grain surface can be subdivided into a network, smooth, prickly or cellular.

stamp

Two carpels have become a top permanent ovary grown. Usually the ovaries are divided into two separate fruit chambers by a septum, the arrangement of the ovules is central angular in many genera. Often there are two longitudinal placentas in each chamber , on which the ovules are in one row in many genera, but there are also genera with multi-row ovules. In a few genera there is a further but incomplete subdivision in the fruit chambers at right angles to the actual septum, so that the impression of a four-chamber ovary can arise. For example in Crescentia the ovary is not divided into several compartments, the four placentas are only incompletely developed. The shape of the ovary can often be used to identify the shape of the fruit: wide and elliptical ovaries indicate round fruits, linear ovaries indicate such fruits.

In most trumpet trees , the base of the ovary is surrounded by a conspicuous, nectar-bearing flower base . Only in some species of the genus Bignonia this is absent, in Lundia and Tynanthus only a dense ring of glandular, nectar-releasing trichomes is present. Melloa has a constriction in the middle of the flower base, giving the impression of a double flower base.

The stylus ends in a two-lobed to capitate stigma . In some genera, such as Incarvillea , Bignonia , Tecoma and Catalpa , the scar flaps are sensitive to touch. They fold up when the inner, fertile surface is touched and unfold again after a while. This feature occurs only rarely in a few families of the mint family (Lamiales), but there it has probably developed several times independently of one another.

Fruits and seeds

The fruits are mostly capsule fruits , which open via two diaphragmatic or fissured flaps. In the tribe Crescentieae and Coleeae, non-popping fruits are formed in which the seeds are surrounded by pulp. Completely fleshy berries are formed in the genera from the tribe Coleeae .

The seeds are usually flattened and often winged. Only a few genera with non-popping fruits have seeds with stunted or undeveloped wings. In the other genera, the wings consist of overgrown, fine hair or a thin membrane. Usually they are divided into two parts, in some genera such as Anemopaegma or Jacaranda the wing extends completely around the seed.

ecology

Tribus Crescentieae: Cauliflora : flowers of Amphitecna macrophylla

Pollination ecology

Within the family there are different adaptations of both the flower shape and the flowering time to potential pollinators. Due to different flowering times and durations, representatives who share the same type of flower shape and location can benefit from the same pollinators.

Originally within the family are probably flowers that are exclusively adapted for pollination by bees ( melittophilia ). These have a wide, open crown throat and can be short and membranous, but also longer and thicker in texture. Rather smaller, shorter and strongly fragrant flowers, which are often distinctly bilobed and have an open crown throat and anthers that protrude slightly above the crown, are adapted to pollination by bees and butterflies.

Wood bees ( Xylocopa ), which often visit the trumpet tree family, but are often predatory, require another form of adaptation: the flowers are particularly thick and have a thickened rib at the level of the stamens' attachment points, which is also very hairy. The outside of the crowns is also often very hairy, the corolla tube often has a curve in the middle of its length. The calyxes of this type of flower are also often thick and protective of the flower. Another type of flower, probably derived from this type, occurs in the genera Amphilophium and Glaziovia . This is where the thickest crowns appear within the family, ants and wasps are attracted by the apparently double calyx as protectors and the crowns are not open even when they are in full bloom, so that the pollen can only be reached by large bees that cover the lips of the crown can push apart.

Also adapted to pollination by bees are flowers whose corolla tubes are narrowed from the back to the ventral side (dorso-ventral) so that the corolla throat is slightly closed or very narrow. This type of flower often has noticeable furrows that conduct nectar. Usually these furrows consist of more or less parallel, magenta or brick-red colored longitudinal lines on the lower two folds of the corolla tube. The crown itself is usually evenly funnel-shaped in these flowers.

Night owls occur as pollinators of trumpet tree blossoms, which have relatively thick, rigid, white, strongly scented crowns with a narrow and greatly elongated corolla tube ( sphingophilia ). The anthers of these flowers protrude more or less strongly over the crown, their counters are long and movable.

Odorless flowers with bright red-orange or dark purple crowns with a thick texture, an open crown throat and anthers that often protrude beyond the crown are adapted to pollination by hummingbirds ( ornithophilia ). The corolla tube of these flowers is usually narrow, only in the case of the flowers of the genus Martinella the front part of the corolla tube is greatly enlarged to accommodate the entire head and not just the beak of the pollinating bird. Another form of adaptation to pollination by birds occurs in some genera such as Spathodea or Fernandoa : In the areas of distribution of these genera in the ancient world, there are no birds that can hover in front of the flowers like hummingbirds, so either the enlarged calyx or the flower stalk serves as a seat for the birds and from there they can reach into the flowers, whose crown throat is open at the side. These so adapted flowers are odorless and bright orange in color.

Trumpet trees in the Old and New World have adapted differently to pollination by bats ( chiropterophilia ). Old-world representatives, such as the liver sausage tree ( Kigelia ), Oroxylum or Haplophragma are inconspicuously colored, relatively large-flowered and stand on long, leafless, hanging inflorescences or in dense, pincushion-like, thick-stemmed inflorescences that protrude from the treetop. In the Neotropic , the flowers adapted to pollination by bats are white or greenish in color, broadly bell-shaped, thick-walled and usually provided with a transverse fold on the crown throat, so that a bulge forms in which the nectar collects. The anthers and scars protrude slightly above the crown.

The flowering time and the flowering period are also adapted to the pollinators. There are members of the family in which only a few flowers open on an inflorescence every day, so that the plants bloom evenly over a long period. In this way, they can benefit from bees that fly the same routes every day in their search for food. In contrast, there are species that bloom only briefly in one or more annual bursts, with all individuals in a stock blooming almost at the same time. Most members of the family, however, bloom over a period of several weeks or months, with the number of flowers that open at first gradually increasing until a maximum is reached and then gradually decreasing again.

Propagation Strategies

The most common seed dispersal strategy found within the family is seed dispersal by the wind . The broad wings on the seeds and the fruits that pop open contribute to this. A deviation from this that occurs several times within the family is an adaptation to the spread of the seeds in the water . The wings of the seeds are then usually reduced or missing entirely, the seeds themselves are thicker and corky. A second variation within the family allows it to spread through mammals . The fruits of these representatives are not leaping and fleshy, with some of these representatives the wings of the seeds are not completely regressed.

Botanical history

Linneian time

Since the trumpet trees were hardly known in Europe, the first references to plants of the family come from botanists who received the first plants from travelers to Asia, Africa and America. The name Bignonia was used for the first time in 1719 by Joseph Pitton de Tournefort , who used this name to describe all the plants known to him that roughly correspond to the size of the current family Bignoniaceae. Carl von Linné took over this genus in his Species Plantarum (1753) and the 5th edition of Genera Plantarum (1754) and assigned 13 species to it. Except for the genus Crescentia , which he described as a monotype, with the only species Crescentia cujete , he initially did not list any other species that today belong to the trumpet tree family. In later publications he assigned both the Bignonia and the Crescentia to other species.

Post-Linnaeus period

In 1789, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu described the bignones as one of his natural orders. Along the perimeter of today's family, they also still contained today's family of Pedaliaceae , the Martyniaceae and the genus of sign flowers ( Chelone the long time broomrape plants assigned (Scrophulariaceae), today Plantain Family (Plantaginaceae)); However , he placed the genus Crescentia in the Solanes . Jussieu also described several new genera within his Bignones, such as the Incarvillea , Sesamum , Tourretia , Millingtonia , Jacaranda , Catalpa and Tecoma . Up until the beginning of the 19th century, a large number of new tropical species were described, primarily by Jussieu, Vahl and Aublet.

Important contributors to the family in the following period were Robert Brown (1810), Karl Sigismund Kunth (1818, 1819), Wenceslas Bojer (1837) and George Don (1838). These adaptations differ mainly in the scope of the family and in the subdivision of the genres within the family. Above all, Bojer introduced the properties of the chalice as an important characteristic for differentiating the genera in his processing.

De Candolle

The works of Augustin-Pyrame de Candolle (1838, 1845) correspond most closely to today's understanding of the family in comparison with other works from this period, but the separation of the genres is very different. In "Revue Sommaire de la Famille Bignoniacées" (1838) he lists a total of 357 species, which he divides into two tribes, the Bignonieae with 336 and the Crescentieae with 21 species. Based on the characteristics of the fruits, he further subdivided the two tribes: The Bignonieae are divided into three sub-tribus, the Crescentieae into two sub-tribus. Of nine other species that cannot be classified in the two tribes, which de Candolles placed in monotypical genera, only Rhigozum is now counted among the trumpet tree family.

The treatment of the family published after de Candolles death in “Prodomus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis” (1845) differs only slightly in the systematic subdivision of the family from the “Revue Sommaire de la Famille Bignoniacées”: Except for one genus, the non-classifiable ones were not classified Genera removed from the family, as well as the subtribe Gelsemieae; the tribe Catalpeae were divided into two additional sub-tribus. In total, de Candolle differentiates between 50 genera with 525 species - apart from the genera Bravaisia and Platycarpum and the independently managed Schlegeliaceae family , this is also the scope of the family as it is understood today.

Late 19th century

In the late 19th century, the family was studied by many scientists who, especially in European countries, worked independently of one another, which led to a large number of different concepts and synonymous names. In England, especially Berthold Carl Seemann , John Miers , George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker , William Botting Hemsley , and John Lindley worked on ; in Holland Frederik Louis Splitgerber and Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel ; in France Louis Édouard Bureau and Henri Ernest Baillon and in Germany Ludolf Karl Adelbert von Chamisso , Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal , August Heinrich Rudolf Grisebach , Ignatz Urban and Karl Moritz Schumann the family.

The most important systematic approaches of this period include the systematics of Bentham and Hooker (1876) and that of Schumann (1894), both of which are based on characteristics of the fruit. The former divide the family into Crescentieae, Bignonieae, Tecomeae and Jacarandeae. Schumann based himself on the work of Bureau and Baillon and recognizes the Eccremocarpeae and Tourrettieae in addition to the Crescentieae, Bignonieae and Tecomeae.

Editing since the first half of the 20th century

In the first half of the 20th century, Thomas Archibald Sprague and Noel Yvri Sandwith in particular shaped the processing of the New World trumpet trees, while Cornelis Gijsbert Gerrit Jan van Steenis mainly studied the old-world representatives of the genus. She and other editors introduced further features to delimit the genera, which, however, led to further different taxonomic views. Sandwith's work was very careful, but his work is divided into many smaller contributions in taxonomic literature without being able to create a comprehensive monograph before his death. In addition, there was often a lack of experience from field work, so that he made subdivisions without knowledge of the variations within populations and species and often on the basis of phylogenetically unimportant characteristics.

After Sandwith's death, Alwyn Gentry was the first to study the family in more detail. Its family subdivision includes the Crescentieae, Bignonieae, Tecomeae, Eccremocarpeae, Torrettieae, Coleeae, Schlegelieae, and Oroxyleae. In 1980 he began to create a monograph for the "Flora Neotropica", of which 1980 and 1992 a part appeared. A final planned volume was never completed, however, as Gentry was killed in a plane crash in 1993. In 2009, however, a volume of the Flora de Colombia appeared from his estate, revised and completed by a team of authors , which dealt with 50 genera with around 200 species.

With the introduction of molecular biological methods, the inter- and infrafamilial relationships of the Bignoniaceae family could be better understood. The team led by Richard Olmstead was in 1992 demonstrate that the classifications by Arthur Cronquist and Armen Takhtajan guided order of Braunwurz-like (Scrophulariales) of the family were assigned Bignoniaceae, together with the Lippenblütlerartigen (Lamiales) a monophyletic taxon form, individually but are not monophyletic. In the systematics of the Bedecktsamer according to APG , both orders were combined to the order of the mint species. In 1999 Russel Spangler and Richard Olmstead proved that the genera Paulownia and Schlegelia do not belong to the family Bignoniaceae and that the tribe Bignonieae, Crescentieae and Coleeae are monophyletic, but the tribe Tecomeae is paraphyletic. Other important molecular biological work that improves the understanding of the family relationships, especially between genera and species, comes from Michelle Zjhra et al. (2004), Shaotian Chen et al. (2005), Lucia Lohmann (2006) and Susan Grose and Richard Olmstead (2007).

Alwyn Gentry divides the family in his work into seven or eight tribes: Tecomeae, Oroxyleae, Bignonieae, Eccremocarpeae, Tourretieae, Coleeae (1976 as independent, 1980 counting to the Crescentieae), Crescentieae and Schlegelieae. It could be proven that the family forms a monophyletic taxon after the Schlegelieae have been excluded . The monophyly of the tribe Crescentieae (without Coleeae), Bignonieae and Coleeae could also be detected, but the Tecomeae were shown to be strongly paraphyletic . The delimitation of the genera made by Gentry also leads to some paraphyletic genera.

Current systematics and distribution

The main distribution of the family Bignoniaceae is in the tropics and subtropics . They are particularly numerous in Central and South America, so that their center of development is assumed there.

The family Bignoniaceae is classified in the order of the mint-like family and belongs to the families of the mint family (Lamiaceae), water hose family (Lentibulariaceae), juggler flower family (Phrymaceae), Schlegeliaceae , verbena family (Verbenaceae) and Acanthus family.

A taxonomic treatment that only contains monophyletic genera is being prepared by Lucia Lohmann ; the genera and species contained therein are already available via an internet database) in 2009 only 82 genera were recognized. At Fischer 2012 104 genera are listed.

Since Olmstead et al. In 2009 the Bignoniaceae family was divided into eight tribes.

use

Wood

Some species of the Tabebuia genus are of economic importance as suppliers of hard, fungus-resistant wood (so-called Ipé wood ). Paratecoma peroba also provides valuable wood .

Ornamental plants

Tribus Jacarandeae: rosewood tree ( Jacaranda mimosifolia )

Tribe Tecomeae: African tulip tree ( Spathodea campanulata )

Because of its striking flowers, the orange-red flowering African tulip tree ( Spathodea campanulata , Spathodea nilotica ) and the blue-violet flowering rosewood tree ( Jacaranda mimosifolia ) are particularly planted in the tropics and subtropics . In Spathodea and Jacaranda also the wood can be used.

Catalpa bignonioides, a species of the genus trumpet trees ( Catalpa ) , can sometimes be found in Central European parks .

Serve as ornamental plants u. a. also species of the genera Incarvillea (partly herbaceous), Campsis , Bignonia , Podranea , Tecoma and Eccremocarpus .

Other possible uses

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

Tribus Crescentieae: calabash tree ( Crescentia cujete )

The calabash tree ( Crescentia cujete ) comes from Central America , the fruits of which are used as drinking vessels or rumba rattles.

The fruits of the liver sausage tree ( Kigelia pinnata ), which occurs in tropical Africa , gave the tree its name because of their shape and length (about 60 cm). They are used in folk medicine, for example against snakebites.

The root bark of the small tree Oroxylum indicum , which grows in Southeast Asia, is there u. a. used against diarrhea.

Numerous species of the Bignoniaceen are ascribed an effect as aphrodisiac .

The medicinal tea used is Lapacho , which is obtained from the bark of the tree of the same name, Tabebuia impetiginosa, which is native to all of South America .

swell

• The Bignoniaceae family on the AP website . (Sections systematics and description)
• The Bignoniaceae family at DELTA by L. Watson and MJDallwitz. (Section description)

literature

• E. Fischer, I. Theisen, LG Lohmann: Bignoniaceae . In: Klaus Kubitzki, Joachim W. Kadereit (Eds.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants . Flowering Plants - Dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae) . tape 7 . Springer Science & Business Media, 2012, ISBN 978-3-642-18617-2 , p. 9–38 ( Bignoniaceae on p. 9 in the Google book search).
• Alwyn H. Gentry: Bignoniaceae: Part I (Crescentieae and Tourrettieae). In: Flora Neotropica , Volume 25, Part 1. New York Botanical Garden Press, September 19, 1980, ISBN 0-89327-222-1 .
• Alwyn H. Gentry: Bignoniaceae. Part II. (Tribe Tecomeae). In: Flora Neotropica , Volume 25, Part 2. New York Botanical Garden Press, April 11, 1992 ISBN 0-89327-368-6 .

Individual evidence

Most of the information in this article has been taken from the sources given under literature; the following sources are also cited:

1. ↑ ^{a b} The Bignoniaceae family at DELTA by L. Watson and MJDallwitz.
2. ↑ Peter K. Endress, Brigitta Steiner-Gafner: Diversity and Evolutionary Biology of Tropical Flowers. Cambridge University Press, 1996, ISBN 978-0-521-56510-3 , pp. 346 ( Bignoniaceae on p. 346 in the Google book search).
3. ↑ Alwyn H. Gentry: Bignoniaceae. In: Flora de Colombia , Volume 25, 2009, pp. 3-5.
4. ↑ Russel E. Spangler, Richard G. Olmstead: Phylogenetic Analysis of Bignoniaceae based on the cpDNA Gene Sequences rbcL and ndhF. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 86, 1999, pp. 33-46.
5. ↑ Michelle L. Zjhra, KJ Sytsma, Richard G. Olmstead: Delimitation of Malagasy tribe Coleeae and implications for fruit evolution in Bignoniaceae inferred from a chloroplast DNA phylogeny. In: Plant Systematics and Evolution , Volume 245, 2004, pp. 55-67. doi: 10.1007 / s00606-003-0025-y
6. ↑ Shaotian Chen et al .: Molecular Phylogeny of Incarvillea (Bignoniaceae) based on ITS and trnL-F Sequences. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 92, Issue 4, 2005. pp. 625-633.
7. ^ Lúcia G. Lohmann: Untangling the Phylogeny of Neotropical Lianas (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae). In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 93, Issue 2, 2006, pp. 304-318.
8. ^ Susan O. Grose, Richard G. Olmstead: Evolution of a charismatic neotropical tree: Molecular phylogeny of Tabebuia sl and allied genera (Bignoniaceae). In: Systematic Botany , Volume 32, 2007., pp. 650-659.
9. ↑ Lucia G. Lohmann C. Ulloa Ulloa: Bignoniaceae. In: iPlants prototype Checklist (Retrieved from www.iplants.org last accessed on February 14, 2009
10. ^ ^{A b c d} E. Fischer, I. Theisen, LG Lohmann: Bignoniaceae . In: Klaus Kubitzki, Joachim W. Kadereit (Eds.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants . Flowering Plants - Dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae) . tape 7 . Springer Science & Business Media, 2004, ISBN 978-3-642-18617-2 , p. 9–38 ( Bignoniaceae on p. 9 in the Google book search).
11. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} Richard G. Olmstead, Michelle L. Zjhra, Lúcia G. Lohmann, Susan O. Grose, Andrew J. Eckert: A molecular phylogeny and classification of Bignoniaceae. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 96, Issue 9, 2009, pp. 1731-1743. doi: 10.3732 / ajb.0900004
12. ↑ Bignoniaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
13. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u} Lúcia G. Lohmann, Charlotte M. Taylor: A New Generic Classification of Tribe Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae). In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 99, Number 3, 2014, pp. 348-489. doi: 10.3417 / 2003187
14. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce} Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Bignoniaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved December 17, 2018.
15. ↑ R. Udulutsch, MA Assis, P. Dias: Taxonomic update of Adenocalymma (Bignoniaceae) emendations, new synonyms, typifications, and status change. In: Turkish Journal of Botany , Volume 37, 2013, pp. 630–643.
16. ↑ ^{a b} Martin Wilhelm Callmander, Peter B. Phillipson, Gregory Michael Plunkett, Edwards, Sven Buerki: Generic delimitations, biogeography and evolution in the tribe Coleeae (Bignoniaceae), endemic to Madagascar and the smaller islands of the western Indian Ocean. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , Volume 96, 2015, pp. 178-186, figs: 2. doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2015.11.016
17. ^ Andres Ernesto Ortiz-Rodriguez, Carlos Manuel Burelo Ramos, Héctor Gomez-Dominguez: A new species of Amphitecna (Bignoniaceae) endemic to Chiapas, Mexico. In: PhytoKeys , Volume 65, June 2016, pp. 15-23. doi : 10.3897 / phytokeys.65.8454

Web links

Commons : Trumpet Tree Family (Bignoniaceae)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Bignoniaceae at Plants of the World online from Kew with all genera and many photos.
• Richard Olmstead: Lamiales - Synoptical classification , Version 2.6.2 (in prog.) Updated: April 12, 2016. A Synoptical Classification of the Lamiales. PDF. Retrieved December 17, 2019.

further reading

• Rosane G. Collevatti, Marcelo C. Dornelas: Clues to the evolution of genome size and chromosome number in Tabebuia alliance (Bignoniaceae). In: Plant Systematic and Evolution , Volume 302, 2016, pp. 601-607. doi : 10.1007 / s00606-016-1280-z
• Martin W. Callmander, Peter Phillipson, Gregory M. Plunkett, Molly B. Edwards, Sven Buerki: Generic delimitations, biogeography and evolution in the tribe Coleeae (Bignoniaceae), endemic to Madagascar and the smaller islands of the western Indian Ocean. In: Molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 2016.
• Marianela Piazzano, M. Laura Las Peñas, Franco Chiarini & Gabriel Bernardello: Karyotypes and DNA content in Bignoniaceae. In: Caryologia , Volume 68, Issue 3, May 2015, pp. 175-183. doi : 10.1080 / 00087114.2015.1032606
• Milene Maria Da Silva-Castro: A new species of Jacaranda (Bignoniaceae) from the Chapada Diamantina (Bahia, Brazil). In: Phytotaxa , Volume 295, Issue 3, pp. 287-291. doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.295.3.10
• Usama K. Abdel-Hameed: Morphological phylogenetics of Bignoniaceae Juss. In: Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences , Volume 3, Issue 3, September 2014, pp. 172–177. doi : 10.1016 / j.bjbas.2014.09.001

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