Sesame plants

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Sesame plants
Pedalium murex

Pedalium murex

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Asterids
Euasterids I
Order : Mint family (Lamiales)
Family : Sesame plants
Scientific name
Pedaliaceae
R.Br.

Sesame plants (Pedaliaceae) are a family of plants in the order of the mint family (Lamiales). The most familiar type is particularly due to the edible oil , sesame ( Sesamum indicum ).

description

Illustration from Koehler's medicinal plants of sesame ( Sesamum indicum )
Zygomorphic flower of Sesamum mulayanum
Fruit of Uncarina roeoesliana

Vegetative characteristics

They are mostly annual or perennial herbaceous plants , or rarely deciduous woody plants: trees or shrubs . Some species are xerophytes , sometimes with swollen stems. Trapella are aquatic plants .

The opposite or alternately arranged leaves in the upper area are simply and often densely covered with glandular hairs ( trichomes ). The leaf margins are smooth, lobed or serrated. The stomata are anomocytic. There are no stipules.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers are usually arranged individually in the leaf axils, less often in zymous inflorescences . The flower stalk often has extra-floral nectaries (transformed flowers).

The hermaphrodite flowers are strong zygomorph , rarely four, mostly fünfzählig double perianth (perianth). The rarely four, usually five sepals are fused. The five petals are fused into an unequal two-lipped tube. A meaty discus is present. There is only the inner circle with five stamens , of which usually four, rarely only two ( Trapella ), are fertile and at least one is reduced to a staminodium . The mutually free, clearly unequal stamens are fused with the corolla tube and inserted at its base. The two-celled pollen grains rarely have three, mostly five to fifteen apertures and are colpat. Two carpels are a mostly upper constant, rarely permanent ovary grown, which is often divided by wrong septa into four chambers. In the central angled placentation there are one ( Josephinia ) to many anatropic, unitegmic, tenuinucellate ovules per ovary chamber . The thin style ends in a bilobed scar.

Fruits and seeds

The fruits usually have wings, hooks or horns and are split (= loculicidal) capsule fruits or nuts . Each fruit compartment contains one to many seeds. The seed coat is smooth. The little embryo is straight.

ecology

The pollination is effected by insects ( Entomophilie ). The spread of the diaspores occurs through anemochory or often epichory .

Inflorescence of Ceratotheca triloba
Trapella sinensis
Rogeria longiflora
Uncarina grandidieri

Systematics and distribution

The Pedaliaceae family was set up in 1810 by Robert Brown in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae , page 519, under the name "Pedalinae". Type genus is Pedalium D.Royen ex L. Synonyms for Pedaliaceae R.Br. are: Sesamaceae Horan. , Trapellaceae Honda & Sakis.

The species of the sesame family have a mainly tropical distribution along coasts or in dry (arid) locations. The family occurs only in the Old World . Reports of some rogeria species in Brazil appear to be incorrect. There are species from the subtropics to the tropics in Africa , Madagascar , the Indian subcontinent , Southeast Asia , Malaysia and Australia .

In the sesame family (Pedaliaceae) there are about 14 genera with 62 to 85 species:

  • Ceratotheca Endl. (including Sporledera Bernh. ): The five or so species are distributed from tropical to southern Africa .
  • Dicerocaryum Bojer (including Pretrea J.Gay ): The three or so species are common in southern tropical Africa.
  • Harpagophytum DC. ex Meisn. (Including Uncaria Burch. ): The roughly two species are distributed in southern Africa and Madagascar:
  • Holubia Oliv. : It contains only one type:
  • Josephinia Vent. (Including Pretreothamnus Engl. ): The six or so species are found in Australia (three species), Malesia and northeastern Africa.
  • Linariopsis Welw. : With one to three species in tropical Africa. If there is only one species then it is Linariopsis prostrata Welw. whichoccursonly in Angola .
  • Pedaliodiscus Ihlenf. : It contains only one type:
  • Pedalium D.Royen ex L .: It contains only one species:
  • Pterodiscus Hook. (Including Pedaliophyton Engl. ): The approximately twelve species are distributed from tropical to southern Africa.
  • Rogeria J. Gay ex Delile : The three or so species are distributed from tropical to southern Africa.
  • Sesamothamnus Welw. (including Sigmatosiphon Engl. ): With about six species in tropical Africa.
  • Sesamum L .: The approximately 21 species are mainly distributed in Africa and the Indian subcontinent, for example:
    • Sesame ( Sesamum indicum L. )
  • Trapella olive. : It contains only one or two types. They are aquatic plants from Asia. If there is only one species, it is Trapella sinensis Oliv. in China, Japan, Korea and Russia's Far East .
  • Uncarina (Baill.) Stapf : The approximately 14 species only occur in Madagascar :

The genera Craniolaria L. , Holoregmia Nees and Ibicella Van Eselt, which were formerly included in this family . , Martynia L. and Proboscidea Schmidel belong to the Martyniaceae family today .

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Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f The Pedaliaceae family ( Memento of the original from October 15, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz. Last accessed on December 23, 2017 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.delta-intkey.com
  2. ↑ a b c Pedaliaceae at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  3. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  4. ↑ a b Pedaliaceae at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
  5. ^ A b Pedaliaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  6. ^ The Pedaliaceae family at APWebsite .
  7. ^ A b c David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. 3. Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  8. ↑ Werner Rauh : Uncarina, the Hakenstachlige: A genus of the Pedaliaceen that occurs only in Madagascar , In: Kakteen und other Sukkulenten , Volume 49, 9, 1998, pp. 205-209. + Flower color from pink to yellow: Second part of the article on the genus Uncarina from Madagascar , In: Kakteen und other Sukkulenten , Volume 49, 10, 1998, pp. 229-233.
  9. ↑ Pedaliaceae at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  10. ↑ JJ Midgley, N. Illing: Were Malagasy Uncarina fruits dispersed by the extinct elephant bird? , In: South African Journal of Science , Volume 105, Issue 11-12, Pretoria 2009. Full text online.

Web links

Commons : Sesame Family (Pedaliaceae)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files