Marbled dwarf weevil
| Marbled dwarf weevil | ||||||||||||
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Nanophyes marmoratus |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Nanophyes marmoratus | ||||||||||||
| ( Goeze , 1777) |
Nanophyes marmoratus is a beetle that belongs to the family Nanophyidae after the fauna of Europaea. However, according to the system used in Wikipedia by Leschen, Beutel, Lawrence, this is regarded as a subfamily of the long beetles (Brentidae) and belongs to the family of weevils . The genus Nanophyes isrepresentedby six species in Europe. In Central Europe, four types are distinguished. For the species Nanophyes narmoratus 34 synonyms are given in the Fauna Europaea. Of these, the specific epithet lythri was widespread, which goes back to a later description of the species by Fabricius .
The beetle was introduced to North America for biological control of the purple loosestrife , where the plant, as a neophyte, displaces native plants. In German-speaking countries, the species is also known as the marbled dwarf weevil .
Notes on the name
The first description of Nanophyes marmoratus is the description by Goeze , who lists the beetle in 1777 under the name Curculio Marmoratus, the marbled weevil . He refers to the French Geoffroy , who describes the species as the 33rd weevil under the name Le Charanson marbré à bandes (the weevil marbled in bands) as early as 1762 , but not yet using binary nomenclature . Goeze takes the short Latin description from Geoffroy. It is Lividus; coleoptris fasciis plurimis obscuris (lively, with several dark bands on the elytra ). This explains the species name marmoratus ( Latin marmorātus, marbled). In 1826 Schönherr defined the species as a type for the genus Nanodes ( old Gr . Νανόδης, dwarfish), which he newly established . Schönherr uses Lythri as a specific epithet as described by Fabricius . Also under the name Nanodes Lythri Schönherr , the type appears in the catalog for the Dejean collection in 1833 . However, since the generic name is used twice, Schönherr himself changed the name from Nanodes to Nanophyes in 1837 . The name also refers to the small growth of the species (from ancient Greek νάνος "nános" for "dwarf" and φυή "phyé" for "shape"). Schönherr explains the name himself with a νανοφυής, pumilionis statura habens (Latin from νανοφυής, having the stature of a dwarf).
Fig. 1: Top view
Fig. 2: Front view
Fig. 3: side view
Fig. 4: underside
Fig. 5: Front leg, right colored copy
Fig. 6: Sensor
Fig. 7: Trunk side view
Fig. 8: Detail above breast shield, below wing cover
Description of the beetle
The color of the predominantly brown beetle is very variable. Usually the head, pronotum and most of the thighs are black, antennae except for the dark club, splints and tarsi are yellow-brown, and the elytra are lightly banded. However, there are transitions up to completely black or completely yellow-brown specimens. The body is a little less stocky than that of the very similar Nanophyes globiformis . The body length without the trunk is between 1.4 and 2.1 millimeters. The species is one of the larger species in the genus.
The head is wider than it is long. The eyes are large, flat and roughly faceted. They are brought closer together on the forehead (Fig. 2).
In contrast to Nanophyes globiformis , the narrow proboscis (Fig. 4) is only about as long as the pronotum in both sexes. Its central keel extends at most a little beyond the point where the antennae deflect and does not even come close to reaching the tip of the trunk. The proboscis is straight up to the point where the antennae deflect, which in females is twice the width of the proboscis from the tip of the proboscis. The short sensor pits are on the side of the trunk and run diagonally backwards and downwards.
The antennae are deflected laterally near the middle of the trunk, the antenna shaft extends to the eye, the hostage and club are together longer than the shaft. The hostage has five limbs, the three limbs of the antennae are loosely attached to one another.
The pronotum is wider than it is long, at the base as wide as the base of the wing-coverts, strongly conical towards the front to the width of the head.
The elytra are about one and a half times as long as they are together wide, they are broadest clearly behind the shoulder and narrowed towards the back in the shape of an oval. The basal margin of the elytra is designed as a finely notched ridge (Fig. 8). The long, pale bristle hairs are unevenly distributed and usually appear compressed in the form of bands. There are also shorter and finer, dark hairs on the wing covers.
The basic color of the wing covers is dark brown to black, usually a light horizontal stripe runs slightly obliquely from the outside to the wing cover seam , where it meets the transverse stripe of the other wing cover at an obtuse angle. In the back of the wing cover there are typically two or more bright spots. In addition, each wing cover often has a dark vertical line along the seam.
The legs are slim. The trochanters (Fig. 5, colored green on the right) are unusually large in the genus, with the legs attached at their tips. The fore legs (Fig. 5, colored red on the right) are imperforated.
The tarsi are equipped with two claws that have grown together at the base.
In the males, the pygidium is indented.
biology
The adults can be found from May to August on the loosestrife species Lythrum salicaria and Lythrum hyssopifolia . They feed on the still young leaves and buds. As soon as the flower buds develop, the beetles head to the upper areas of the inflorescences to mate. The females lay the eggs individually on the tips of the flower buds. One or two eggs are laid per day. The larva develops in the ovules, which they destroy in the process. The infected buds remain closed and often fall off before larval development is complete. From the food the larva forms a pupa chamber in the bottom of the bud. The development from oviposition to adult takes about a month. In August, with the appearance of the new generation of beetles, the most common beetles are found. The species overwinters in detritus as an adult . Depending on the host plants, the species is found in moist biotopes, predominantly on marshy banks or in swamps, in moors and on wet meadows, and occasionally also on moist field edges.
distribution
The beetle is known from almost all of Europe. Its occurrence in North Africa is uncertain. Its distribution area extends from the Mediterranean to the British Isles and the central areas of Scandinavia and continues east to Western Siberia. For the biological control of Lythrum salicaria the species was successfully introduced to North America in 1992. It has spread to the United States and Canada.
literature
- Heinz joy , Karl Wilhelm Harde , Gustav Adolf Lohse (ed.): The beetles of Central Europe . tape 11 . Rhynchophora (end). Goecke & Evers, Krefeld 1983, ISBN 3-87263-031-8 . P. 254
- Klaus Koch : The Beetles of Central Europe . Ed .: Heinz Freude . tape 3 : ecology . Goecke & Evers, Krefeld 1992, ISBN 3-87263-042-3 . P. 338
- Gustav Jäger (Ed.): CG üdeCalwer’s Käferbuch . K. Thienemanns, Stuttgart 1876, 3rd edition p. 504 as Nanophyes lythri
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Nanophyes marmoratus in Fauna Europaea. Retrieved October 9, 2014
- ↑ Nanophyes in Fauna Europaea. Retrieved October 9, 2014
- ↑ a b Genus Nanophyes from Coleonet [1] , accessed on October 9, 2014
- ^ Johann Christian Fabricius: Systema Eleutheratum Tomus II, Kiel 1801 p. 453 Preview in the Google book search as Rhynchaenus Lythri
- ↑ a b Johann August Ephraim Goeze Entomological contributions to the knight Linné's twelfth edition of the first part of the Leipzig nature system 1777 (Weidmanns Erben und Reich) p. 433: 413
- ↑ a b Étienne Louis Geoffroy Histoire abrégée des insectes qui se trouvent aux environs de Paris; dans laquelle ces animaux sont rangés suivant un ordre méthodique Tome premier. Paris 1762 (Durand). Pp. 325: 291
- ↑ Sigmund Schenkling: Explanation of the scientific beetle names (species)
- ^ Carl Johan Schönherr: Curculionidum Dispositio methodica cum Generum Characteribus Leipzig 1826 p. 322 Preview in the Google book search
- ↑ Catalog des Coléoptères de la Collection de M. Le Compte Dejean Paris 1833 p. 302
- ↑ a b c C.J. Schoenherr: Genera et species Curculionidum IV Volume Paris, Leipzig 1837 Description of the genus p. 780, name explanation p. 781
- ↑ Sigmund Schenkling: Explanation of the scientific beetle names (genus) in detail in the 2nd edition 1922 .
- ↑ Wolfgang Willner: Taschenlexikon der Käfer Mitteleuropas . 1st edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2013, ISBN 978-3-494-01451-7 .
- ↑ Purple loosestrife , Invasice Plants of the Eastern US American State Information Sheet loosestrife
- ↑ Nanophyes marmoratus , Montana War of Weeds American State Loosestrife Information Sheet
- ↑ Nanophyes marmoratus , Invasice Plants of the Eastern US information sheet of Minnesota
- ↑ Distribution map of Fauna Europaea distribution in Europe ( Memento of the original from November 11, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Nanophytes marmoratus in Coleoptera Poloniae [2]
- ↑ B. Blossey, D. Schroeder Host Specificity of Three Potential Biological Weed Control Agents Attacking Flowers and Seeds of Lythrum salicaria in Biological Control Vol. 5 Issue 1, March 1995 Abstract
