Martis (people)

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The Martis were a group of Indians who lived in northern California on both the east and west sides of the Sierra Nevada . The Martis culture lasted from 2000 BC. BC to AD 500 and falls in the Middle Archaic Era . Evidence of Martis settlements has been found from the Carson River and Reno, Nevada in the east to Auburn, California and Oroville, California in the west. The name Martis refers to the geographic region on Martis Creek which makes up Nevada Countyand includes Placer County , California.

Martis Creek Lake and Dam in southern Nevada County near Truckee

Culture

In loosely held groups, the Martis moved to lower altitudes in winter and higher altitudes in summer. They lived in base camps on the edges of valleys, often near thermal springs . In winter they lived in pit houses with herds , storage pits and occasionally burial places. It is believed that extended families lived together. The summer camps were often set up near springs or streams.

One thing in common was all Martis z. B. the manufacture of stone tools from basalt , the use of mortars and pestles, and hunting with spear throwers and spears. Martis were part of an economic system of hunters and gatherers . They processed seeds and hunted big game such as argalis , antelopes , deer , bison and elk .

Descendants

Moratto noted that the Martis were not related to the Washoe , but could have been related to the Maidu . However, other researchers (Robert G. Elston and Catherine S. Fowler) suggest that the Martis culture had cultural and geographical interfaces with the Kings Beach culture of the Washoe ancestors.

Sites

The Meadow Lake petroglyphs , prehistoric rock art attributed to the Martis , are on the National Register of Historic Places . Another notable archaeological site ( Martis Archaeological Complex ) is located in the Grouse Lakes Area in Nevada County and is classified as a Style 7 rock image. Other sites are the thermal springs of Truckee Meadows , Bordertown and Hallelujah Junction (California) .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Elston, 141, 143
  2. ↑ Sharon K. Brauman: North fork petroglyphs . ucnrs.org. October 6, 2004. Archived from the original on July 24, 2008. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved August 15, 2008. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / sagehen.ucnrs.org
  3. ↑ David L. Durham: California's Gold Country: Includes Mariposa, Tuolumne, Calaveras, Amador, El Dorado, Placer, Sierra & Nevada Counties . Quill Driver Books, Clovis (California) 2000, ISBN 1-884995-25-X , p. 203 (accessed August 15, 2008).
  4. ↑ John Robbins: Action: Native American human remains and associated funerary objects: . thefederalregister.com. December 14, 2000. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved on August 15, 2008.
  5. ↑ a b Elston, 143
  6. ^ Bill Drake: Ancient petroglyph makers of the Northern Sierra . sierrarockart.org. 2000. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved August 15, 2008.
  7. ^ Prehistoric Context . In: Idaho-Maryland Mine Project, Master Environmental Assessment . cityofgrassvalley.com. June 2006. Archived from the original on July 5, 2010. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved August 15, 2008. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cityofgrassvalley.com
  8. ↑ Elston, 142, 145
  9. ↑ MJ Moratto: California Archeology . Academic Press, San Francisco 1984, ISBN 0-12-506182-X (Retrieved August 15, 2008).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.cityofgrassvalley.com
  10. ↑ Meadow Lake Petroglyphs ** (added 1971 - Site - # 71000169) . nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com. Retrieved August 15, 2008.
  11. ^ Report on Potential Grouse Lakes Wilderness . forestissuesgroup.org. Archived from the original on January 5, 2009. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved August 15, 2008. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.forestissuesgroup.org

swell

  • D'Azevedo, Warren L. "Washoe." Handbook of North American Indians: Great Basin, Volume 11. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1986. ISBN 978-0-16-004581-3 .
  • Elston, Robert G., “Prehistory of the Western Area.” Handbook of North American Indians: Great Basin, Volume 11. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1986. ISBN 978-0-16-004581-3 .

See also

  • Foster, DG, Betts, J., & Sandelin, LC (1998). The association of Style 7 rock art and the Martis Complex in the northern Sierra Nevada of California . Sacramento: California Dept. of Forestry and Fire Protection. OCLC 42732872
  • Gortner, WA, & Elsasser, AB (1986). The Martis Indians: ancient tribe of the Sierra Nevada . Woodside, Calif: Portola Press. ISBN 0-936559-01-2
  • Mires, PB, Kautz, R., Botti, N., & Scott, E. (1992). Archaeological testing of nine locations along the Tahoe reach, Martis to Squaw Valley 120 kv transmission line project, Placer County, California . Nevada City, Calif: Forest Archaeologist, Tahoe National Forest. OCLC 44879837