Media usage
With media use is called the use of media offerings especially the mass media . She is topic of the audience - or recipient research . The term media consumption is often used synonymously in everyday language as well as in technical language. In terms of communication theory, this is inconclusive, as media represent carriers or transmitters of information and are not economic goods that are consumed (see consumption ).
motivation
In terms of communication theory, media are used to obtain information. The user expects this to be a benefit or a reward . There are two types of rewards, immediate and deferred (Freud; Schramm 1949).
Promise an immediate reward
- Entertainment: stimulation , relaxation, aesthetic edification , sexual tension
Promise deferred reward
- Information offers: orientation, knowledge , problem solving
Media usage of all ages
Germany
Media usage in the old federal states in 1975 and 1992 and in Germany in 2005 and 2015. Average usage time per day in minutes
| year | watch TV | Radio | Daily newspapers | Books | Magazines, magazines | Records, tape (77), CD, MC (92), incl.MP3 player (05) | Weekly newspaper | Internet |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1975 | 126 minutes | 95 minutes | 27 minutes | 11 minutes | 11 minutes | 11 minutes | under daily newspapers | - |
| 1992 | 106 minutes | 96 minutes | 32 minutes | 28 minutes | 20 minutes | 18 minutes | 6 minutes | - |
| 2005 | 220 minutes | 221 minutes | 28 minutes | 25 minutes | 12 minutes | 45 minutes | 15 minutes | 80 minutes |
| 2012/2013 | 208 minutes | 184 minutes | 23 minutes | 19 minutes | 6 minutes | 24 minutes | under daily newspapers | 107 minutes |
According to the study on mass communication carried out on behalf of ARD and ZDF , media use rose by almost 90 minutes to ten hours a day between 2000 and 2005 . According to data from the Federal Statistical Office , media usage was around 183 minutes on a national average in 2012. The Internet and the daily newspaper serve primarily as information media , television as information and entertainment medium and radio as a daily companion and "mood modulator".
According to TimeBudget 12 , a long-term study of media use by SevenOne Media ( ProSiebenSat1 ), the Internet became the third most important medium in 2005 with a daily average use of 59 minutes (1999: 9 minutes). DSL users (116 min.) Lead before ISDN (45 min.) And modem users (41 min.). They also perform in the use of e-commerce, banking, auctions, web radio and online games. According to the study, the Internet is the first choice when searching for travel information. For health information, the value rose from 3 ( 1999 ) to 16 percent (2005).
A study by the Association of the German Internet Industry (eco) provides current figures: The study “Duration of media use in Germany from 2006 to 2012” shows that Germans spend an average of 70 minutes online every day. The association predicts 80 minutes for 2012.
In mid-2012 the average daily TV usage was 242 minutes, the radio usage time was 191 minutes and the internet was used on average 83 minutes per day. The data from the long-term study on mass communication show that most of the radio is now used outside of leisure time (2010: 151 min.), While television has remained relatively stable by far the most popular leisure medium since 2005 with just under 190 minutes (while its use outside of leisure time 2010 was 34 minutes). With 55 minutes in 2010, the Internet was also mainly used within leisure time (outside: 33 minutes). Across all daily media, the parallel use for the total population in 2010 was 50 minutes and thus made up around 9 percent of the gross media use. For 14 to 29 year olds, this proportion was slightly higher at 11 percent.
In September 2015, the Tagesspiegel reported the latest findings at the time: television remains ahead with a daily reach of 80 percent, followed by radio with 74 percent. Despite rampant growth and 46 percent daily reach, the Internet remains at a distance, the daily newspaper maintains 33 percent. In the daily routine, the radio continues to function as a daily companion. Television is the evening medium - despite its high reach in the afternoon. The daily newspaper is the medium for the (early) morning, while Internet usage is evenly distributed throughout the day. The thesis, popular around the turn of the millennium, that television is “obsolete” (and radio and the print media are anyway), has impressively failed to come true. The Tagesspiegel rates the extent of media use in Germany with the words: "Germans are media junkies: nine and a half hours a day they watch television, listen to the radio, use the internet, read the newspaper."
The ARD / ZDF online study 2015 mentions 44.5 million people who use the Internet every day. That is significantly more than the 46 percent that the daily mirror indicates.
As far as the use of social media is concerned, there was a survey by the industry association Bitkom in 2018. Nine out of ten Internet users are on social networks such as Facebook, Youtube & Co, and among 14 to 29 year olds it is almost 100 percent. On average, social media users are registered on three platforms, the younger respondents even on five. But the elderly are also involved: 80 percent of 50 to 64 year olds are part of at least one network.
Austria
According to a study published in 2013, 72% of Austrians aged 14 and over are active Internet users, which puts Austria in the top European field in a European comparison.
Switzerland
88 percent of the Swiss population between the ages of 16 and 74 use the Internet at least once a week (as of 2016).
United States
A survey by the Pew Research Center found that in 2008 the Internet had overtaken print media as a source of information for news for the first time in the United States. Only television ranked first on the general average at the time, ahead of the Internet. For younger people, however, the Internet had even caught up with television.
Digital divide
An important problem in connection with the development of the media is the phenomenon of the “ digital divide ”, which opens up especially between younger and older people and consists in the fact that many seniors cannot and / or cannot handle IT technology (sufficiently well) want.
The older a respondent is in studies, the lower the likelihood that he will use a PC and the Internet. This is partly because older people had little or late exposure to these media in their professional lives. As early as the first half of the 2000s, however, it became apparent that the age group of over 55 years of age does not use the PC as often as younger people, but more often than before.
While practically all 14 to 19 year olds in Germany have been using the Internet at least occasionally since 2010 (100 percent), a majority of those over 60 years old (50.4 percent) have only been doing this since 2015. In all age groups under 60, a majority use the Internet every day; among the 50-59 year olds their share is 56.1 percent.
For comparison: in 2003 92.1 percent of 14-19 year olds used the Internet at least occasionally, but only 13.3 percent of those over 60 years of age.
Obviously, the digital divide is gradually closing in Germany.
See also
Web links
- Media use studies . Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth / Vodafone / ARD / ZDF / TV SPIELFILM 2015
- ARD / ZDF online studies 1997–2015
- Psychologist on smartphone risks: "Pay attention to children" Are smartphones bad for children? Not necessarily, says Georg Milzner: 90 percent of computer problems are relationship problems. (in Die Tageszeitung (taz) of May 31, 2017, p. 13)
Individual evidence
- ^ Wilbur Schramm: The nature of news . In: Journalism Quarterly , 26, 1949, pp. 259-269. Basic questions of communication research . Munich 1970
- ↑ Christa-Maria Ridder, Bernhard Engel: Massenkommunikation 2005: Images and functions of the mass media in comparison . (PDF) MP , edition 9/2005,
- ↑ GfK Media and Communication Research, Wiesbaden: ARD / ZDF Study Mass Communication 2015. (No longer available online.) In: Mass Communication 2015. ARD / ZDF Media Commission, January 25, 2016, archived from the original on August 26, 2016 ; Retrieved August 26, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Time use survey. Activities in hours and minutes for selected groups of people . (PDF) May 18, 2015, p. 14
- ↑ TimeBudget 12 (PDF) ( Memento from June 12, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), long-term study on media use by SevenOne Media ( ProSiebenSat1 ) and special analysis on Cebit 2006 ( Memento from January 11, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ " The German Internet Industry 2009-2012 " eco, edited by statista.com
- ↑ " Overview: Data on media usage 2012 "
- ↑ Joachim Huber: 566 minutes of media consumption per day. Sex is overrated . The daily mirror . September 10, 2015
- ↑ ARD / ZDF online study 2015
- ↑ Social Media Usage Survey. Retrieved March 3, 2018 .
- ↑ ORF media research mediaresearch.orf.at ( Memento of the original from October 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Federal Statistical Office: Internet use in Switzerland.
- ^ Internet Overtakes Newspapers as News Source
- ↑ Beate Frees, Wolfgang Koch: Media Perspektiven , 9/2015. (PDF) Table 2, p. 367
