Childhood and Adolescence in Germany

“Our children are our future!” (“Çocular geleceğimizdir Onlari destekleyelin”); Joint information stand of the Federation of Turkish Parents' Associations in Germany ( FÖTEV , here the Lower Saxony one ) with mentor - Die Leselernhelfer Hannover;
2015 at the "Discovery Day of the Hanover Region "

This article about childhood and youth in Germany deals with the living conditions of minors in Germany today. The World Vision Children's Studies and the Shell Youth Studies, in whose conception and implementation the social researcher Klaus Hurrelmann played a key role, provide a precise empirical overview.

Demographics

In Germany (as of May 2003) there are 14.9 million underage children. According to the German microcensus of 2005, these are raised by around 8.8 million 15- to 64-year-old mothers (as of March 2004; the relevant statements of the microcensus say nothing about the fathers). The 1.7 million East German mothers with underage children most often raise an only child (50%, former Federal Republic: 37%), the corresponding 7.1 million West German mothers most often two children (45%, new federal states and Berlin: 40%) ). East and West German mothers with underage children were least likely to look after three or more children in the household, namely 18% of the corresponding West German mothers and 10% of the respective East German mothers.

Births

According to the UNICEF children's aid organization , the number of births has almost halved between 1960 and 2004. Mothers today are on average 30 years old when their first child is born, five years older than 1960.

Young people want fewer and fewer children. In 2005, 26.3% of men and 14.6% of women in Germany did not want children. UNICEF emphasized that there are three times as many cars as children in Essen, four times as many cars in Hamburg and five times as many cars as children in Munich.

The following statements were controversial from the outset, which, according to critics, resulted from the type of microcensus survey: At 35, 62% of university graduates are childless. Demographers assume that in the future half of all female academics will remain childless for life. These numbers are controversial. According to other sources, only 42% of 40-year-old female academics are childless. See also: childlessness

Law

Naming rights

According to German naming law , the child's surname is the married name of the parents or the family name of one of the parents. The child's first name is determined by the parents who have custody. The child can only effect a name change when they are of legal age and only in strictly defined exceptional cases for an important reason.

Rights and duties of children and young people

Parental care and right to a non-violent upbringing

Children (children and young people) have the right to interact with both parents. They are subject to the personal and property care of their parents or the legal guardians who take their place, who have to exercise custody for the best interests of the child . The children have a right to a non-violent upbringing. Corporal punishments , emotional injuries and other degrading measures are not permitted ( Section 1631 (2 ) BGB ), although not always punishable. Although controversy and aggression between siblings are not directly regulated by law, the parents' duty of supervision and care also applies here in the event of violent acts .

In matters of education and occupation, particular consideration must be given to the suitability and inclination of the child.

The state community monitors these requirements. The family court has to support the parents on application in the exercise of personal care in suitable cases. If it is necessary in the best interests of the child , it can limit parental custody by ordering measures to protect against violence, appointing a carer , regulating the rights of access , determining the separation of the child from the custodian and whether the child remains with one person or order the surrender of the child. Custody can also be withdrawn entirely and a guardian can be appointed. To avert a substantial self or endangerment of the child, the child may also by court decision in the light of the principle of proportionality in a facility at the cost of detention housed are ( see also: Children's Rights # children's rights in Germany ).

If the child is older than 14 years, they have their own right of application, with which they can initiate proceedings in the family court in order to protect their rights. It can request the appointment of a procedural assistant . If it is necessary to protect the interests of the child, the court appoints a procedural assistant ex officio. In addition, the custodians and the youth welfare office can initiate proceedings at the family court.

Neither parents nor underage children can consent to sterilization of the child. A ban on cosmetic surgery on minors, which is valid with a few exceptions, is under political discussion.

In Germany, many parents of Islamic or Jewish faith have their underage son's penis circumcised for religious reasons . Parents of Jewish faith often have their children circumcised on the eighth day after birth (“ Brit Mila ”). The Brit Shalom , a symbolic alternative to the Brit Mila , is less common . Muslim parents often have their sons circumcised between the ages of four and six.

In May 2012, the regional court of Cologne recognized an unlawful bodily harm in the second instance . The right to physical integrity weigh because of the finality of the intervention heavier than the right of education of parents and their religious freedom . In addition, this irreversible change runs counter to the child's interest in later being able to decide for himself about his or her religious affiliation. The German Bundestag is considering a law on this subject.

Duties

From school age, children and young people are required to attend school ; this includes completing schoolwork . According to § 1618a BGB parents and children owe each other support and consideration. According to § 1619 BGB, every child living with their parents is obliged “to serve their parents in their household and business in a manner appropriate to their abilities and position in life”; Depending on your age, this includes personal hygiene (washing, brushing your teeth) and helping with household chores, especially for your own room . These obligations do not contradict the prohibition of child labor ( § 5 JArbSchG) and are also seen as educationally important.

child protection

→ Main articles: child abuse , child protection

According to UNICEF estimates from 2003, 150,000 children in Germany are abused by their parents every year. According to police crime statistics, around 20,000 cases of sexual abuse are reported in Germany every year. The number of unreported cases is estimated four times as high.

In Germany, work by children or young people who are still subject to compulsory full-time schooling is prohibited by the Youth Labor Protection Act. However, certain exceptions stipulated in the law apply, for example for light activities for children aged 13 and over ( see: Legal assessment of child labor ).

Disabled Children's Rights

Since SGB IX 2001 and the early intervention ordinance 2003 came into force, social welfare and child and youth welfare benefits and health insurance benefits can be provided as a "complex service" by interdisciplinary early intervention centers and social pediatric centers.

Age limits

German age definitions up to 30th birthday
term	0	1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	8th	9	10	11	12	13	14th	15th	16	17th	18th	19th	20th	21st	22nd	23	24	25th	26th	27	28	29
infant	Yes	No
small child	part	Yes		part			part	No
childhood	No			early			middle				late				No
child	Yes												part		part				No
student	No						Yes										part		No
teenager	No													Yes							No
Teenager	No														Yes				part			No
Youth ( UN )	No													part		Yes					part	part				No
Youth ( shell )	No												Yes													No
Age of consent	Yes														part		part		No
Minor	Yes																		No
Child benefit	Yes																		part			part				once		No
young person	part										Yes								part							part		No
teenager	No																		Yes			No
young adult	No																		Yes									No
of legal age	No																		Yes
criminal responsibility	No												formerly		part				Yes			Yes
legally competent	No							part					part		part		part		Yes
FSK / USK	0						6th						12				16		18th

Legal capacity

Children have legal capacity from birth ; this also includes their inheritance . However, you are legally incapable of having legal capacity to a limited extent from the age of 7; full legal capacity comes into effect on reaching the age of 18. Is limited as far as the business skill that children are legal transaction by the custody claimants represented .

Maintenance claim

Children have a maintenance claim from their parents, which usually lasts until they have completed vocational training. The pocket money for children and adolescents is considered a part of the cost of living, but there is no legal entitlement to the payment of pocket money.

Marital status

Minor children are granted marriage if they have reached the age of 16, the future spouse is of legal age and if the family court grants permission. The parents can only prevent such a marriage if there is a valid reason.

The number of married minors rose sharply with the influx of over a million refugees in 2015 and 2016 . This led to a political debate on the question of how to deal with child marriages in other countries ( see: Article “Child marriage”, section “Germany” ).

Religious maturity

From the age of 14 young people can decide for themselves whether they want to belong to a religion or which religion they want to belong to. You can cancel your religion class at school without your parents' consent . From the age of 12, a child may not be brought up against his or her will in a different religious denomination than before ( Section 5 of the Law on Religious Raising of Children ).

Further age limits

See: Youth Protection Act (Germany) , age of # Germany , majority # Germany , Certificate # Germany , driver's license and license # issuing conditions , conscription # Germany

Incapacity, criminal responsibility, juvenile delinquency

According to Section 19 StGB , children up to the age of 14 are incapable of guilt .

Social situation

Family forms

→ Main article: Family forms (including single parents , multi-child families , step families )

In 2009, 19% of all children under the age of 18 in Germany, a total of 2.4 million children, grew up with a single mother or father. The World Vision Children's Studies provide a precise overview.

In May 2003 it was almost every seventh child in Germany, a total of almost 2.2 million children under the age of 18. In 1996, too, their share was 14%.

In 2009 the vast majority of these children, a total of 2.2 million, lived with their mothers.

In 2016, 81% of ten-year-old children lived with siblings in one household. This proportion is slightly higher in the west than in the east, and slightly higher in the country than in the city.

Employment of parents

In 2005, both partners were gainfully employed in over 50% of couples with children in Germany. The employment rate of fathers (in 2003) was largely independent of the number of children at around 80-90% and that of mothers, at a low overall level of around 60-70%, and from a number of three children significantly lower at around 50% . The employment of German mothers was (in 2002) significantly higher than that of foreign mothers in Germany.

Migration background

→ Main article: Migration background # Definition of the Federal Statistical Office

In Germany - compared to other countries - a high proportion of children have a migration background . Among the under 5-year-olds, people with a migration background made up a third of this population group in 2008.

Caring for loved ones

An estimated 230,000 children and adolescents nationwide look after relatives who are chronically ill or in need of care. That is about 5% of all children and young people. According to a representative survey of 1,000 of them, the vast majority (90%) help several times a week, a third (33%) even every day (as of 2016).

See also: Young Carers

Economic situation

Living situation

See: Poverty Report of the Federal Government # Housing

The German Children's Fund calls for "a networked system of child-friendly play, adventure and recreation areas in cities and municipalities" and states:

“The spaces of experience of children and young people have been completely changed or have been lost through intensive development and functionalization of the external spaces of cities and municipalities. Children and adolescents get into isolation because they are offered playgrounds as reserves or areas of inferior quality of open space on the outskirts or neighborhoods, which are difficult to reach or can be dangerous. Roads with heavy traffic form barriers that are difficult or impossible to overcome and that divide the city districts. In addition, residential streets have been almost completely lost as playgrounds for children in recent years. "

poverty

→ Main article: Child poverty in industrialized countries # Germany

According to UNICEF, child poverty rose more sharply in Germany between 1990 and 2005 than in most other industrialized countries. Children are more likely to be poor than adults. Migrant children and children of single parents are particularly often poor.

Child poverty is not just about income. Other things also limit children's chances in life, according to Unicef. There is often a lack of care, upbringing, education, healthy nutrition and exercise. “They [children from poor families] cannot concentrate in class and drop out more often. In the case of children of foreign parents, there are also language problems. They live more often in cramped housing conditions and neglected districts with poor schools and inadequate social services. "

According to the German government's family report from 2009, children of single parents, children with two or more siblings and children with a migration background grow up in a family with an income below the poverty risk threshold.

High school in Nieder-Olm , Germany

Education and out-of-home education

In March 2009, around 417,000 small children were counted in German crèches ; this is 20% of all children under 3 years of age. In the eastern federal states, daycare attendance was far more frequent than in the west. 1.9 million children (92% of all three to six year olds) attended a kindergarten .

In the German school system, schools are divided into elementary school , secondary level I and upper secondary level II . It is a structured school system with an early definition of the school career compared to other countries. In addition to Hauptschule , Realschule and Gymnasium there are comprehensive schools and other types of schools . School lessons take place half or full day , different from school to school .

According to UNICEF, children of poorly educated parents in Germany have fewer opportunities to learn to read and write than their peers. According to Unicef, children in Germany often attend a type of school that does not correspond to their actual skills and potential. As evidence of this statement, it is stated that 40% of secondary school students and 6% of secondary school students perform better in mathematics than the worst quarter of high school students.

According to the Foundation Report 2012/13 of the Federal Association of German Foundations , the use of electronic media - surfing the Internet, watching television and playing computers or games consoles - is the favorite leisure activity of the 9 to 18 year olds surveyed in Germany; every second child would also like to take part in a sports club or a music group, although the actual participation in sports and music activities depends heavily on the family's economic situation.

Media usage

The use of media by children in Germany depends heavily on gender, class, migration status and region of origin. For example, a boy from a poorly educated family with a migrant background who grows up in a northern German city consumes an average of 4 hours and 5 minutes of media consumption per school day, while a local girl from southern Germany, of whom at least one parent has a high school diploma, takes 43 minutes ( these are average values).

According to UNICEF, 39 percent of children in Germany had their own television in 2005. How often children call a game console , a television or a PC their own, as well as the length of time they use the media, depends heavily on gender, class, migration status and region of origin. Under 10-year-old children, for example, owning their own PC, a game console and a TV in their own room is systematically related to gender, class, migration status and region of origin: the presence of each of these devices is lower for girls than for boys, decreases as the parents' level of education rises, is lower for children without a migrant background than for children with a migrant background and lower for southern German cities than for northern German cities.

In 2015, practically all of the twelve to 19-year-olds surveyed for the JIM study had a cell phone (98 percent), 92 percent a smartphone and three quarters could surf online with a flat rate. A good three quarters of twelve to 19 year olds have their own computer or laptop, over half have their own MP3 player (59 percent) and television (57 percent), and half of the young people also have a game console. 47 percent have a digital camera and 29 percent have their own tablet.

The fact that in 2015 58 percent of all 14-29 year olds used smartphone apps every day outside the home indicates the possibility for children and adolescents to largely evade the control of their media consumption by parents and legal guardians.

Children who spend a lot of time consuming media have, on average, significantly lower school performance than children who spend little time with mass media such as television.

The explanatory models mentioned are that with increasing daily media consumption by children, the time for thorough completion of their schoolwork becomes scarce and that the stress that occurs when media content that is detrimental to development is very frequent has a negative effect on school performance. Some examinations provide indications of impaired concentration performance.

Longitudinal studies also show direct negative effects between television consumption and children's arithmetic, language and reading skills. Interim results of a longitudinal study by the Criminological Research Institute of Lower Saxony (KFN) indicate that a change in school performance in the fourth grade could be predicted from the media times of third graders.

The use of the Internet by 14–19 year olds is striking compared to other age groups: since 2010, practically all young people have used the Internet at least occasionally, 83.9 percent of them even daily (however, significantly lower values are only found among those over 30 Years old). The use of the Internet by young people is significantly higher than in the group of 20-25 year olds for the following purposes: chatting, online games, "just like that" surfing as well as using online communities, photo communities and instant messaging services. Adolescents use the Internet to read articles and reports and to look for information on the Internet much less often than the slightly older ones.

See also: media education and literacy and school

health

According to UNICEF, there has been a sharp increase in chronic diseases , obesity and behavioral problems in children in recent years . Around 13% of children suffer from bronchitis or neurodermatitis. 15% each are overweight or have behavioral or emotional problems.

According to UNICEF, 36% of twelve-year-olds regularly consume alcohol, 20% of German children are overweight and more and more children are mentally disturbed or have behavioral disorders. The 13th report on children and adolescents confirmed earlier findings, according to which a low level of education of the parents, a poor income situation and poor living conditions of the family as well as a migration background are associated with higher health risks for children and adolescents. In these population groups, chronic and psychosomatic illnesses are increasingly becoming apparent, which have a lot to do with lifestyle and life situation-dependent stress factors. (See also: Alcohol abuse among adolescents in Germany and child poverty and nutrition .)

Minor children of asylum seekers to whom the Asylum Seekers Benefits Act is to be applied in accordance with Section 1 AsylbLG , like their parents, receive limited health care: as a rule, they are only given medical care in accordance with Section 4 (1) AsylbLG if they have an acute illness or are in pain; For only some of them, according to § 2 AsylbLG, health aids according to SGB XII come into play. The reduced medical care for minors is perceived by Pro Asyl and the German Red Cross as a violation of Article 24 paragraph 1 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child , according to which the contracting states recognize the child's right to “the highest attainable level of health”. It endangers the best interests of the child and constitutes discrimination against these minors.

Disabled children

The data situation on the situation of families with disabled children is - at least in Germany - relatively thin. Such a study was carried out in 16 model regions - one for each federal state - in a total of almost 1,000 families with a disabled child:

With the families surveyed

there was an above-average number of single women ;
the average number of children was significantly higher than the national average;
The care and support of the handicapped child represented a very large part of the family work to be done , because on average they needed many hours more help per day than a non-handicapped child of the same age.
the distribution of tasks was still gender-specific: in most cases the mothers take on most of the family tasks;
the mothers were less often employed than the average;
the majority of the mothers were overwhelmingly satisfied with their time situation, a smaller part completely satisfied;
the majority of the mothers said they were satisfied with the amount of time they invested in looking after the other children;
When asked, the mothers expressed their wish for a more division of labor in the family; They would like to reduce the time they spend looking after the disabled child and doing housework and would like more time for leisure and employment.

Of particular importance for relieving families with disabled children are the family- relieving services of various providers, which in Germany are usually paid for by the responsible long-term care insurance as part of preventive or substitute care , provided the disabled child is at least in care level "1", since June 2008 has also been classified in the so-called care level “0”.

The former disability officer Karin Evers-Meyer sees a social risk for families with children who have a disability: "Families with children with disabilities in Germany have twice as high a risk of poverty as families with children without disabilities."

Mental health

With the study on the health of children and adolescents in Germany (KiGGS), key data on the state of health, health behavior, living conditions and health care of children and adolescents have been recorded nationwide since 2003; another study ( BELLA study ) adds data on mental and subjective health. According to the study, 9.7% of all 7 to 17-year-olds are “likely” and 12.2% “possibly” have psychological problems; in 78.1% psychological abnormalities are "unlikely". Psychological abnormalities are measured using a Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and other screening methods. The most common are (1.) Anxiety, followed by (2.) Conduct disorders, (3.) Depression and (4.) ADHD.

The commission of the 13th report on children and adolescents expressed the suspicion that the prescription of drugs with stimulants for the treatment of ADHD by doctors, especially outside the field of child and adolescent psychiatry, was too frivolous .

An early intervention as "complex performance," according to SGB IX in 2001 and early intervention regulation (see section right ) is not widespread nationwide relatively spite of high demand. The 13th report on children and young people emphasizes that a learning disorder can result in a mental disorder, which can lead to further impairments if the necessary support measures are not implemented or are implemented too late. There is an increasing number of mentally impaired young people as a result of learning problems. A sufficient range of support in schools is very important here in order to counteract the exclusion of the children and young people concerned.

No exact figures are known on the question of how many of the approximately 13 million children and adolescents in Germany grow up with mentally ill parents. According to some estimates, there are over a million children; some experts, however, speak of three million.

Culture and festivals

Seasonal and religious festivals as well as the rituals and traditions that go with them play an essential role in childhood. Children dress up at Carnival, Mardi Gras and , depending on the region, school children also take part in street parades . At Easter , children usually look for eggs hidden by the Easter bunny . In autumn, Martin's parades and Martin's singing take place on Martin's Day , with Halloween being increasingly celebrated in Germany.

In Christian tradition, Advent and Christmas are of particular importance. On St. Nicholas Day, according to Christian-childish tradition, St. Nicholas, sometimes accompanied by Knecht Ruprecht, brings the children sweets, fruit, nuts or gifts, and the Advent calendar , the baking of cookies and the candles on the Advent wreath are characteristic of the last month before Christmas .

Festivities are celebrated partly in the family and partly in school or daycare, often with the participation of parents and partly also of grandparents. In addition, individual school celebrations, but above all birthdays and mutual invitations of children to children's birthdays , play an important role in the everyday life of children.

politics

The report on children and young people shows measures that the federal government is taking to improve the situation of children and young people. Data from the Child and Youth Health Surveys (KIGGS) developed on behalf of the Federal Ministry of Health and funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research , among others, play a key role in determining the current situation of children and adolescents .

literature

Imbke Behnken, Jürgen Zinnecker: Children - Childhood - Life Story, A Handbook , Kallmeyersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Seelze-Velber 2001
German Youth Institute (DJI; publisher): What for children grew up in Germany - A manual, Kösel-Verlag , Munich 1993
13. Children and Youth Report ( PDF )
Jürgen Zinnecker, Rainer K. Silbereisen: Childhood in Germany. Current survey of children and their parents . Juventa, Weinheim / Munich 1996.

Web links

Childhood according to the rules. - Hartz IV children should be helped - but only if the social worker agrees. How much paternalism do poor families need? In: Die Zeit 35 of August 27, 2010

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b Almost every seventh child grows up with a single parent. In: Press Release No. 216. Federal Statistical Office Germany, May 12, 2004, accessed on December 22, 2009 .

↑ ^a ^b ^c Fewer and fewer mothers with underage children. In: Press release No. 201. Federal Statistical Office Germany, May 11, 2006, accessed on December 22, 2009 .

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d UNICEF: Children in Germany. Facts and figures. (PDF; 18 kB) (No longer available online.) Unicef, August 2005, formerly in the original ; Retrieved December 22, 2009 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.unicef.de In it: p. 1, section Society weaned from children
↑ Childlessness and Education ( Memento from March 14, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Download on January 18, 2008
↑ Manfred Heinrich: Parental Chastisement and Criminal Law . In: Journal for International Criminal Law Doctrine (ZIS) . Edition 5/2011. P. 437
↑ Violence among siblings in everyday family life ( memento of the original dated June 12, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , www.familienhandbuch.de, Bavarian State Ministry for Labor and Social Affairs, Family and Women @1@ 2
↑ No cosmetic surgery for minors. Union wants to protect patients , n-tv, April 12, 2012
↑ http://dejure.org/
↑ On July 19, 2012, the German Bundestag voted with a large majority for a joint motion for a resolution by the CDU / CSU, SPD and FDP, which calls on the federal government to present a bill in autumn 2012 that ensures that boys can be circumcised in a medical manner without unnecessary pain is generally permissible. "( The resolutions of the Bundestag from July 19, 2012 )

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d UNICEF: Children in Germany. Facts and figures. (PDF; 18 kB) (No longer available online.) Unicef, August 2005, formerly in the original ; Retrieved December 22, 2009 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.unicef.de In it: p. 2, section child protection
^ Police crime statistics, Deutscher Kinderschutzbund 2002. Quoted from: UNICEF: Children in Germany. Facts and figures. (PDF; 18 kB) (No longer available online.) Unicef, August 2005, formerly in the original ; Retrieved December 22, 2009 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.unicef.de In it: p. 2, section child protection .
↑ ^a ^b 13. Children and Youth Report, p. 15.
↑ In the state of Bavaria , vocational school is compulsory up to the age of 21; see BayEUG , Art. 39 .

↑ Child benefit is currently granted for disabled children in Germany without any age limit.

↑ ^a ^b Federal Statistical Office, information on 2009. Quoted from: Federal Statistical Office: Number of employed, single mothers is increasing. stern.de, July 30, 2010, accessed July 30, 2010 .

↑ The number of single parents in Germany is increasing. Welt Online, July 29, 2010, accessed July 30, 2010 .

↑ Microcensus. Quoted from:: The majority of children grow up with siblings. In: press release. Federal Statistical Office, April 9, 2018, accessed on April 9, 2018 .

↑ In more than half of the couples with children, both partners work , press release No. 199 of May 14, 2007, Federal Statistical Office Germany (accessed on December 8, 2007)

↑ Employment rates of parents , Federal Agency for Civic Education , 2005 (accessed on December 26, 2007)

↑ German mothers more frequently employed than foreign mothers , press release no.099 of March 4, 2004, Federal Statistical Office Germany (accessed December 8, 2007)

↑ Slight increase in the population with a migration background. In: Press release No. 105. Federal Statistical Office Germany, March 11, 2008, accessed on December 22, 2009 .

↑ Five percent of young people in Germany care for relatives. ZQP Foundation, October 17, 2016, accessed on January 28, 2018 .

↑ Child-friendly urban development. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on July 6, 2009 ; Retrieved June 21, 2008 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d UNICEF: Children in Germany. Facts and figures. (PDF; 18 kB) (No longer available online.) Unicef, August 2005, formerly in the original ; Retrieved December 22, 2009 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.unicef.de In it: p. 1, section child poverty
↑ Family Report 2009. Quoted from: 13. Children and Youth Report, p. 6.
↑ More and more children in Germany are attending a day nursery ( Memento of the original from March 8, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
↑ ^a ^b UNICEF: Children in Germany. Facts and figures. (PDF; 18 kB) (No longer available online.) Unicef, August 2005, formerly in the original ; Retrieved December 22, 2009 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.unicef.de In it: p. 2, section Education
↑ ^a ^b Foundation Report 2012/13 “Mission Sustainability: How Foundations Strengthen Social Cohesion”, Federal Association of German Foundations, quoted from the press release of the Federal Association of German Foundations of May 31, 2012
↑ Christian Pfeiffer u. a .: The PISA losers - victims of their media consumption. (PDF; 150 kB) (No longer available online.) Kriminologisches Institut Niedersachsen e. V., 2007, archived from the original on June 12, 2009 ; Retrieved December 22, 2009 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. P. 7. ( Memento of the original from June 12, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kfn.de @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kfn.de
↑ UNICEF: Children in Germany. Facts and figures. (PDF; 18 kB) (No longer available online.) Unicef, August 2005, formerly in the original ; Retrieved December 22, 2009 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.unicef.de In it: p. 2, section Of a hundred children in Germany ...
↑ ^a ^b Christian Pfeiffer u. a .: The PISA losers - victims of their media consumption. (PDF; 150 kB) (No longer available online.) Kriminologisches Institut Niedersachsen e. V., 2007, archived from the original on June 12, 2009 ; Retrieved December 22, 2009 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. S. 5. ( Memento of the original from June 12, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kfn.de @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kfn.de
↑ JIM study 2015: Young people prefer to be on YouTube . watch out (a joint initiative of the Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth, the telecommunications company Vodafone, the public broadcasters Das Erste and ZDF and the TV Spielfilm magazine). November 27, 2015
↑ Beate Frees / Wolfgang Koch: Media Perspektiven 9/2015 . Table 5, p. 380
↑ Christian Pfeiffer u. a .: The PISA losers - victims of their media consumption. (PDF; 150 kB) (No longer available online.) Kriminologisches Institut Niedersachsen e. V., 2007, archived from the original on June 12, 2009 ; Retrieved December 22, 2009 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kfn.de
↑ Christian Pfeiffer u. a .: The PISA losers - victims of their media consumption. (PDF; 150 kB) (No longer available online.) Kriminologisches Institut Niedersachsen e. V., 2007, archived from the original on June 12, 2009 ; Retrieved December 22, 2009 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. P. 10. ( Memento of the original dated June 12, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kfn.de @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kfn.de
↑ T. Mößle, M. Kleimann, FO Rehbein: Screen media in everyday life of children and adolescents: Problematic media usage patterns and their connection with school performance and aggressiveness. Nomos Verlag, 2007, p. 31ff. Quoted from Christian Pfeiffer u. a .: The PISA losers - victims of their media consumption. (PDF; 150 kB) (No longer available online.) Kriminologisches Institut Niedersachsen e. V., 2007, archived from the original on June 12, 2009 ; Retrieved December 22, 2009 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. P. 10. ( Memento of the original dated June 12, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kfn.de @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kfn.de
↑ Christian Pfeiffer u. a .: The PISA losers - victims of their media consumption. (PDF; 150 kB) (No longer available online.) Kriminologisches Institut Niedersachsen e. V., 2007, archived from the original on June 12, 2009 ; Retrieved December 22, 2009 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. P. 16. ( Memento of the original from June 12, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kfn.de @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kfn.de
↑ Christian Pfeiffer u. a .: The PISA losers - victims of their media consumption. (PDF; 150 kB) (No longer available online.) Kriminologisches Institut Niedersachsen e. V., 2007, archived from the original on June 12, 2009 ; Retrieved December 22, 2009 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. P. 13 ff. ( Memento of the original dated June 12, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kfn.de @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kfn.de
↑ Christian Pfeiffer u. a .: The PISA losers - victims of their media consumption. (PDF; 150 kB) (No longer available online.) Kriminologisches Institut Niedersachsen e. V., 2007, archived from the original on June 12, 2009 ; Retrieved December 22, 2009 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. P. 14. ( Memento of the original from June 12, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kfn.de @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kfn.de
↑ Beate Frees / Wolfgang Koch: Media Perspektiven 9/2015 . Table 2, p. 367
↑ Media Perspektiven 9/2015 . Table 5, p. 417
↑ ^a ^b ^c The UNICEF report on the situation of children in Germany. Summary of key results. Unicef, accessed December 22, 2009 .
↑ 13. Children and Youth Report, p. 6.
↑ ^a ^b Take children's rights for refugee children seriously! Legal change required due to the withdrawal of the reservations to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. (PDF; 2.2 MB) Pro Asyl, November 2011, accessed on April 25, 2014 . P. 29
↑ Child welfare and children's rights for underage refugees and migrants. (PDF) (No longer available online.) German Red Cross, January 2012, archived from the original on April 26, 2014 ; Retrieved April 25, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Appendix, Appendix I: Position Paper “Refugee Children in Germany - Political and Social Need for Action after Retraction of Reservations to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child”, p. 112 @1@ 2

↑ Annette Hirchert: For familial and professional situation of mothers of disabled children. (No longer available online.) September 13, 2006, formerly in the original ; Retrieved November 9, 2008 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2
↑ Heike Haarhoff: Decision on PGD: "Einstein in a wheelchair? Jobless!" . In: die tageszeitung , July 8, 2011. Accessed October 29, 2011.
↑ U. Ravens-Sieberer, N. Wille, S. Bettge, M. Erhart: Mental health of children and adolescents in Germany. In: Federal Health Gazette - Health Research - Health Protection. 50, 2007, pp. 871-878, doi : 10.1007 / s00103-007-0250-6 .
↑ 13. Children and Youth Report, p. 16.
↑ 13. Children and Youth Report, p. 17.
↑ Construction kit for the child's soul - New help for children with mentally ill parents. December 20, 2013, accessed January 22, 2014 .
↑ Mentally ill parents. Wasn't i nice FAZ, December 30, 2013, accessed on January 22, 2014 .

[destatis-2004-fast-jedes-siebte-1] Almost every seventh child grows up with a single parent. In: Press Release No. 216. Federal Statistical Office Germany, May 12, 2004, accessed on December 22, 2009 .

[destatis-2006-immer-weniger-2] Fewer and fewer mothers with underage children. In: Press release No. 201. Federal Statistical Office Germany, May 11, 2006, accessed on December 22, 2009 .