Childhood and adolescence in the United States

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Children at a cultural event in Detroit

This article on childhood and adolescence in the United States discusses the living conditions of minors in the United States today.

The conditions in which children and adolescents live in the United States are marked by a sharp wealth gap. Although the USA has the highest gross domestic product in the world and the majority of children grow up in more or less wealth, child poverty is more common here than in most other industrialized countries . In 2006, 17.4% of all minors in the United States were below the poverty line. Children of single mothers as well as African American and Latin American children and adolescents were particularly affected .

Demographics

2000 (US Census)

According to the 2000 census , the United States had 72,293,812 children and adolescents 18 and under (25.7% of the total population) at that time. These included 37,059,196 boys and 35,234,616 girls, or 19,175,798 children under the age of 5 (6.8% of the total population), 20,549,505 children between the ages of 5 and 9 (7.3%), and 20,528,072 children aged 10–14 years (7.3%) and 12,040,437 young people aged 15–17 (4.3%).

The proportion of children and adolescents was particularly high among the Hispanic and Latino populations (35.0%), Alaskan Natives (34.1%), Hawaiian and Pacific Islanders (32.8%), and African Americans (31.6%). In the white and Asian populations, the proportion of minors was only 24.4% each.

2006 (estimate)

In 2006, according to the US Census Bureau, there were 73,765,143 children and adolescents under the age of 18 (24.6% of the total population). Of these, 37,748,955 were boys and 36,016,188 girls, or 20,385,773 children under 5 years of age (6.8%), 19,748,765 children aged 5–9 years (6.6%), 20,678,265 children aged 10 –14 years (6.9%) and 12,952,340 young people aged 15–17 (4.3%). 4.1% of all minors living in the United States were born abroad as migrant children and therefore did not hold American citizenship .

Law

Legal status of children born out of wedlock

Illegitimately born children are largely assimilated born illegitimate children of rights since the early 1970s. There is an exception to naturalization law, where children of American parents born out of wedlock outside the United States may have difficulty being recognized as American citizens; this is especially true if only the father is American. The US Supreme Court confirmed this practice at the highest level in 2001.

Legal status of children of illegal immigrants

Based on a 1982 ruling by the United States Supreme Court ( Plyler v. Doe ), children who are illegally in the United States are also entitled to (free) public schooling, and the constitution guarantees the right to that twelve years of schooling.

Children of illegal immigrants born in the United States are US citizens ( ius soli ). For their parents, however, the US citizenship of their underage children does not constitute a right of residence. According to a study by the Migration Policy Institute , an estimated one-fifth to one-quarter of the 3.7 million people deported between 2009 and 2013 were parents of children born in the United States.

The Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), introduced by President Barack Obama's decree in June 2012, enabled certain people who entered the United States before their 16th birthday and before June 2007 to obtain a two-year residence and work permit . The permit could be extended, but does not lead to permanent residence or naturalization. President Donald Trump ended the scheme with a six-month notice in September 2017.

For children and adolescents staying illegally in the USA there are special residence regulations in narrowly defined situations: The Special Immigrant Juvenile Status (SIJS) can be granted to those who have been abused or neglected by one or both parents.

Age limits

Maturity

States Allowing 17-Year-Olds to Use the Area Code:
States colored green will allow minors to use the area code if the person turns 18 by election day.

The age limit for coming of age is set by the federal , state, and territories in the United States . For most states and territories, and where federal law applies, it is under 18 years of age. Special regulations exist u. a. in Alabama , Arkansas , Delaware , the District of Columbia , Mississippi , Nebraska , Nevada , New York , Ohio , Tennessee , Utah , Wisconsin and Wyoming , where the age limit is sometimes 19, sometimes 21 and sometimes only when you leave the High school is reached.

The active right to vote is attained at the age of 18. However, 19 states allow 17-year-olds to vote in primary elections as long as they are 18 on election day.

Age rating of films

The Motion Picture Association of America plays a key role in the protection of minors in the media in the United States , reviewing and rating films and videos that producers voluntarily submit to it , which are mandatory for cinema operators and retailers.

Driving license

The minimum age for obtaining a driver's license in the USA is regulated by the individual states. The acquisition of a fully valid driver's license (possible from the age of 16-21 years depending on the state) always requires a learner's permit (from 14-16 years of age) and usually also a “driver's license on trial” ( restricted license ;) 14½ – 17 years old).

Minimum age for the purchase and consumption of tobacco products and alcohol

Selling cigarettes and other tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 is illegal in 47 of the 50 states in the United States. In Alabama , Alaska , Utah and the county Onondaga (18 for members of the military) and Nassau a minimum age of 19 years applies. You must be 21 or older in New York City, Suffolk , Englewood, and Hawaii Counties .

The sale and public serving of alcohol to anyone under the age of 21 is federally restricted under the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984. Under this law, any state that allows alcohol to be sold or served to under 21s is penalized with up to a 10% loss of federal highway funding. By 1984, all states had their own regulations: In 1975, 23 states had a minimum age of 18 years, 6 states had a minimum age of 19 years, 7 states had a minimum age of 18 years for low-alcohol alcoholic beverages and 21 years for High alcohol beverages, 1 state had a minimum age of 19 years for low alcoholic beverages and 21 years for high alcohol beverages, 1 state had a minimum age of 20 years, and 12 states had a minimum age of 21 years. As of 1988, all states had a uniform minimum age of 21 years, with the exception of the incorporated suburbs of the US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico , where a minimum age of 18 applies.

In 14 states and the capital district , people under the age of 21 are not allowed to consume alcohol even in private; Parents who tolerate this make themselves liable to prosecution.

Minimum age for buying and owning firearms

Federal and state laws regulate the minimum age at which individuals can legally acquire and possess firearms and related ammunition . Most states allow rifles 18 and over and handguns 21 and over.

State age restrictions:
Meaning of the background colors:
Complies with the requirements of the "National Firearms Act".
Selling terms comply with the National Firearms Act. But not the ownership regulations.
Does not meet the requirements of the "National Firearms Act".
State Minimum age to acquire handguns Minimum age to purchase rifles Minimum age for possession of handguns Minimum age to own a gun
Alabama 18th 18th 18th -
Alaska 18th 18th - -
Arizona 18th 18th - -
Arkansas 18th 18th - -
Colorado - - 18th -
Connecticut 21st 18th 21st -
Delaware 21st 18th - -
Florida 18th 18th - 18th
Georgia 18th 18th 18th -
Hawaii 21st 21st 21st 18th
Idaho 18th 18th - 18th
Illinois 21st 21st 21st 21st
Indiana - - - 18th
Iowa 21st 18th 21st 18th
California 21st 18th - -
Kansas - - 18th -
Kentucky 18th - 18th -
Louisiana 18th 18th - -
Maine 18th 16 - -
Maryland 21st 18th 21st -
Massachusetts 21st 18th 21st -
Michigan - - - 18th
Minnesota - - - 16
Mississippi 18th - - -
Missouri 18th 18th - -
Montana - - - 14th
Nebraska 21st 18th 18th -
Nevada 18th - - 18th
New Hampshire 18th - 18th -
New Jersey 21st 18th 21st 18th
New Mexico - - 19th -
new York 21st - 21st 16
North Carolina 18th 12
for use under the supervision of an adult supervisor		 18th -
North Dakota 18th - - -
Ohio 21st 18th - -
Oklahoma 18th 18th - 18th
Oregon 18th 18th - 18th
Pennsylvania 18th 18th - 18th
Rhode Island 21st 18th - 18th
South carolina 18th - - -
South Dakota 18th 18th 18th -
Tennessee 18th 18th 18th -
Texas 18th 18th - -
Utah - - - 18th
Vermont 16 16 - -
Virginia 18th - 18th -
Washington - - - 18th
Washington, DC 21st 21st 21st 21st
West Virginia - - 18th -
Wisconsin 18th 18th - 18th
Wyoming 21st 18th 21st -

Sexual contact with minors

Age of consent of the states:
  • Sexual maturity from the age of 18
  • Sexual maturity from the age of 17
  • Sexual maturity from the age of 16

    • Statutory rape , d. H. Sexual acts with persons of legal age are prosecuted as a serious criminal offense in the USA. The distinction between the sexual abuse of children and the sexual abuse of young people provided for in Germanlaw does not exist in American law. In contrast to the German law on the sexual abuse of young people, the American laws on statutory rape make sexual acts a criminal offense not only under certain conditions (e.g. if the victim is unable to sexual self-determination), but in principle. The determination of the age of consent is a matter for the states in the USA, so there is no uniform federal regulation. Special regulations for same-sex acts no longer exist today.

    State regulations:

    • Age of consent is 16 in: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Georgia, Hawaii, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Vermont, Washington, and West Virginia.
    • Age of consent is 17 years in: Colorado, Illinois, Louisiana, Missouri, New Mexico, New York, Texas and Wyoming.
    • Age of consent is 18 in: Arizona, California, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia and Wisconsin.

    Exceptions for peers:

    • Arkansas: Sexual contact with anyone aged 14 or older is permitted with anyone under the age of 18.
    • Colorado: Sexual contact is permitted from the age of 15 if the partner is no more than 4 years older, in the case of 16-year-olds the partner must be less than 10 years older.
    • Connecticut: Minors between the ages of 13 and 15 are allowed to have sexual contact with partners who are no more than 3 years older.
    • Delaware: 16- and 17-year-olds are allowed to have sexual contact with partners under the age of 30 here.
    • Florida: 16- and 17-year-olds are allowed to have sexual contact with partners under the age of 24 here.
    • Hawaii: Minors 14 years of age and older are allowed to have sexual contact with anyone less than 5 years older.
    • Indiana: Minors 14 years of age and older are allowed to have sexual contact with anyone under the age of 18.
    • Iowa: Minors 14 years of age and older are allowed to have sexual contact with anyone less than 4 years older.
    • Maine: Minors 14 years of age and older are allowed to have sexual contact with anyone less than 5 years older.
    • Minnesota: Minors under the age of 13 may have sexual contact with anyone less than 3 years older; Minors under 16 years of age are allowed to have sexual contact with people who are less than 4 years older.
    • New Hampshire: Minors 13-15 years old are allowed to have sexual contact with anyone less than 3 years older.
    • New Jersey: Minors between the ages of 13 and 15 may have sexual contact with anyone up to 4 years older.
    • North Carolina: Sexual contact with a person under the age of 16 is only permitted if the partner is no more than 4 years older, unless the persons are married to each other.
    • Ohio: Minors 13 years of age and older are allowed to have sex with anyone under the age of 18.
    • Oklahoma: Minors 14 years of age and older are allowed to have sexual intercourse with anyone under the age of 18.
    • Rhode Island: Teenagers under the age of 18 are allowed to have sexual intercourse with someone who is 14 or 15 years old.
    • Tennessee: Minors between the ages of 13 and 17 are allowed to have sexual relations with anyone who is 4 years or older.
    • Utah: Adolescents 16 years of age and older are allowed to have sexual relations with anyone who is 7 years or older.
    • Virginia: Teenagers aged 15 and over are allowed to have sexual intercourse with anyone under the age of 18.

    Minimum age to join the United States Armed Forces

    The United States Armed Forces are a professional army ; a conscription no longer exists since the 1973rd The minimum age for joining the armed forces is regulated by Section 505 of the General Military Law . It's 18 years old; 17-year-olds are allowed to join the armed forces if their parents agree.

    Corporal punishment and child abuse

    Corporal punishment

    Corporal Punishment Law in the United States:
  • Allowed in schools and at home
  • Allowed at home only

    • The only state where parents and foster parents are criminally liable for physically punishing their children is Minnesota . In all other states, they are only liable to prosecution if they break the state laws on child abuse. In 23 states, public and private school teachers are also not criminal offenses for physically punishing students. Corporal punishment against students is not uncommon, especially in Texas, Florida, Mississippi, Indiana , Arkansas, Louisiana, and South Carolina .

    Child abuse

    According to estimates by the US Department of Health & Human Services , 899,000 children were victims of child abuse in 2005 ; that was 1.2% of all minors; 62.8% of those affected were neglected , 16.6% suffered acts of physical violence, 9.3% were sexually abused and 7.1% were emotionally or psychologically abused. Around 1,460 children died in 2005 as a result of abuse.

    A 2011 National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV) study on experiences of violence and abuse was carried out among 4503 children and adolescents from 0 to 17 years of age and was largely based on telephone surveys as well as randomly on questionnaires and interviews, with 0 to 9 -Year-old one adult caregiver was interviewed. This study came to different results: it showed physical violence in the last year for 41.2%, i.e. for slightly more than two fifths of the minors included in the survey, for 37.1% of women and 45.2% of male minors, with the highest rate for 6 to 9 year olds (49.2% of all 6 to 9 year olds). A total of 10.1% suffered an injury, i.e. slightly more than a tenth of the minors (10.1% of the male minors, 7.1% of the female minors), with the rate for 14 to 17 year olds at 16.6 % was highest. Experiences of sexual violence or abuse in the past year were reported for 7.5% of female and 3.8% of male minors, with the highest rate for 14- to 17-year-olds (22.8% of female and 10.3% of male 14 to 17 year olds). Compared with the 2008 NatSCEV study, there was a slight decrease in most forms of violence and abuse against children and adolescents in the period from 2008–2011. The authors of the study emphasized that no regular, reliable surveys have so far been carried out in the USA.

    Criminal responsibility

    The beginning of criminal responsibility in the USA is determined by the federal states and is - depending on the state - between the ages of 6 and 12.

    To young offenders institutions of juvenile justice to perform - their job in a better rehabilitation than is the punishment by deprivation of liberty - is in American law since the late 19th century next to the term minor , the term juvenile ( "youth") used . In most states, this term refers to someone who is under 18 years of age. In some states ( Connecticut , New York, North Carolina ) only persons under the age of 17 are considered juveniles , in still others even only persons under the age of 16 ( Georgia , Illinois , Louisiana, Massachusetts , Michigan, Missouri , South Carolina, Texas).

    Some states (e.g. Indiana, Massachusetts ) have special juvenile courts ; in others juvenile justice cases are dealt with alongside ordinary criminal proceedings. Their punishment serving juvenile offenders with community service ( community service ) or in special detention centers ( youth detention centers ), more rarely in boot camps .

    Juvenile delinquency

    In 2004, around 6.66 million young people were tried in American juvenile courts. Most frequently had these dishes with cases of abuse ( simple assault , 284,300 cases), theft (278,300), obstruction of justice (216,500), violations of drug laws (193,700), harassment of the general public ( disorderly conduct , 121,600), vandalism (96,300) , Burglary (95,500), trespassing (50,700), armed attack ( aggravated assault ; 44,600 ), gun abuse (41,000), vehicle theft ( 33,900), alcohol violations (29,000) and robbery (21,100). Cases of homicides (1,700), rape (4,200), sexual assault (15,800) and non-violent violations of sexual penal laws (including statutory rape ; 13,900) were heard far less often.

    Minors in custody

    At the time of the 2000 census, there were 133,610 people under the age of 18 in detention centers and juvenile detention centers in the United States, including a disproportionately large number of African Americans. 26,650 of those under the age of 18 were girls. 76,890 young people between the ages of 15 and 17 were in juvenile prisons and 21,130 in regular prisons. 35,590 children and young people under the age of 15 lived in juvenile detention centers. Another figure is available for 2003, when 96,655 people under the age of 18 were housed in juvenile detention centers. Children under the age of 11 were housed in 117 juvenile detention centers. In 2005, 1,403,555 people under the age of 18 were arrested in the United States .

    A study commissioned by the House Committee on Government Reform in 2004 found that in 2003 around 15,000 mentally ill children and adolescents were housed in American juvenile prisons only because they had no access to adequate treatment. In 33 states it was possible to detain mentally ill children and adolescents who had not violated criminal law.

    With his decision in the Roper v. Simmons , the US Supreme Court found in 2005 that it was unconstitutional, an offender who was with exercise indeed younger than 18 years to execute . At that time, death sentences could still be carried out in 19 states for those who had committed the crime under the age of 18.

    Bootcamps for juvenile criminal offenders have been used in the US since the early 1990s as an alternative to serving prison sentences. There are also bootcamps to which children and young people are sent by their parents if there are educational difficulties. It is also about making the children or young people compliant. According to a 2007 Justice Department report, thousands of cases of abuse and multiple deaths occurred between 1990 and 2007.

    Missing children and young people

    From 1997 to 1999, an average of 797,500 children and young people were reported missing every year. Of these, 203,900 were classified as abducted by relatives, 58,200 as by non-relatives and 115 as abducted by a total stranger . A total of 33,706 people under the age of 18 were missing at the end of 2016.

    Social situation

    Family forms

    Living Conditions of American Children, Family Forms 2004

    According to a study by the United States Census Bureau , there were 73.2 million children and adolescents under the age of 18 in American households in 2004. 44.5 million (60.8%) of these children lived with both biological parents, 0.7 million (0.9%) with adoptive parents and 5.3 million (7.2%) in stepfamilies .

    26.4% (19.3 million) only lived with one parent: 22.6% (16.6 million) with the biological mother, 3.1% (2.3 million) with the biological father and 0.5% (0.4 million) with a step-parent or adoptive parent. 1.6 million children (2.2%) lived without parents with their grandparents and 0.6 million (0.9%) with other relatives.

    Living together with a couple

    The 2004 study showed that living in a nuclear family was more a matter of course for white children than e.g. B. for African American children. 66.7% of all white children lived with both biological parents, but only 31.2% of all black children. The proportion of children who lived with both biological parents was noticeably high, including among children of Asian descent (81.8%).

    Of all family forms, living together with two married parents offered the greatest economic security. Only 10% of all children who lived with two married parents lived below the poverty line. For children of unmarried parents living together, this proportion was already 31.4%.

    In 2006, 41.3 million children under the age of 15 lived together with two parents who were married. 27.6% of these children were looked after by an inactive mother ( stay-at-home mother ), 0.7% by an inactivated father ( stay-at-home father ).

    single parents

    For African-American children, living together with the mother (with the father absent) was the most common form of family. 48.8% of all black children (5.5 million) lived with their biological mother without a father, 1.6% (0.2 million) with their step-mother or adoptive mother. The proportion of children who lived with their father without a mother was comparably low for all ethnic groups (2.0–3.5%). 36.5% of children who only lived with an unmarried mother lived below the poverty line. In the case of children who lived alone with an unmarried father, this proportion was only 16.6%.

    Stepfamilies

    7.6% of the children (5.5 million) lived with at least one stepparent; 5.7% (4.1 million) with the biological mother and a stepfather, 1.5% (1.1 million) with the biological father and a stepmother; the rest lived alone with the step-parent. White children (8.5%) were more likely than Asian children (2.5%), African American children (6.1%), and Hispanic children (6.6%) to have a stepparent.

    Adoptive families

    2.1% of all children (1.5 million) had at least one adoptive parent. The largest group of these children lived with an adoptive couple (0.7 million; 44.4% of all adoptive children), the second largest with a biological and an adoptive parent (0.5 million; 30.3%) and the third largest with only one Adoptive parents (0.3 million; 19.8%), the latter far more often with an adoptive mother (17.2%) than with an adoptive father (2.6%). A small group of adopted children (5.5%) lived in still other circumstances, e.g. B. with a step-parent and an adoptive parent. Many states also allow same-sex couples to adopt children.

    Foster families

    According to an estimate of US family authority AFCARS early 2000, lived in the United States approximately 520,000 children in foster care ( foster parents ). 117,000 of these met the requirements for adoption. The placement of social and complete orphans in homes and orphanages only occurs occasionally in the USA today.

    siblings

    Number of siblings with whom children live in the United States (as of 2004)

    79% of all children lived with at least one sibling . 64% lived with one or two siblings, 10% with three siblings and 5% with four or more siblings. 12% of all children lived with at least one half-sibling .

    Teenage mothers

    The teenage birth rate peaked in 1991 and has declined since then, but is still higher than most other affluent countries. In 2002, 0.43 percent of all girls between the ages of 15 and 19 in the United States had a child (1991: 0.62 percent). 0.22 percent had an abortion (1988: 0.44 percent). Abortions (0.67 percent) and births (0.49 percent) were more common in African-American girls than, for example, B. in non-Hispanic white girls (0.42 and 0.39 percent, respectively).

    Teenage marriages

    In most states, marriage is reached when you turn 18. For younger people, if the parents or a judge agree to the marriage, there are many exemptions that make it possible in individual cases for a 13-year-old to marry.

    In the 2000 census, 0.3% of 15 to 17 year olds (8,292 boys / 33,433 girls) lived with their spouse. 0.1% (8,108 / 7,955) had separated from their spouse but were still married; 1.3% (96,173 / 69,983) were not separated from their spouse, but did not live with them either. 0.1% (4,675 / 4,240) were widowed, 0.1% (5,208 / 4,570) divorced.

    Economic situation

    Living situation

    In 2006, 66.5% of all families with children lived in their own home; 33.5% had rented an apartment or a house. Families in which the parents lived together married lived more often (78.2%) in their own home than families with single fathers (53.8%) or single mothers (38.1%).

    According to a report by the National Center on Family Homelessness , over 2.5 million children (every 30th child) were homeless in 2013 . This is 8% more than in the previous year.

    Family income

    The median household income ( median ) for families with their own children was $ 56,319 in 2006. In families where the parents were married ($ 72,948), the income was significantly higher than that of single fathers ($ 35,884) or single mothers ($ 23,008).

    According to a study by the US Census, 17.4% of all minors lived below the poverty line in 2006 (18–64 year olds: 10.8%). Non-Hispanic White (10.0%) and Asian-born children and adolescents (12.2%) were less likely to be poor than Latinos (26.9%) and African Americans (30.2%) of the same age. 18.8% of all minors lived in households that took advantage of the Food Stamp Program , social benefits such as Supplemental Security Income or similar. This was particularly common in households with single mothers (42.2%). According to the Washington, DC- based Urban Institute , two-thirds of the nearly 11 million fathers who are separated from their children pay no child support.

    There is no state family support through financial benefits such as child benefit or parental benefit in the USA. Families with children, however, pay less income tax than childless households.

    → see also: Child poverty in industrialized countries

    Child labor

    A 12-year-old woman worker in a Vermont spinning mill (photographed by Lewis Hine in 1910)

    In the USA there is still no general ban on child labor . A nationwide ban on many forms of child labor was first created in the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act . With a few exceptions, the law does not allow employment until the age of 15. Beyond the legal exceptions, illegal child labor is still widespread, especially in agriculture, sweatshops , retail and manufacturing. In the 1990s Senator Tom Harkin ( D ) repeatedly submitted the draft of a Child Labor Deterrence Act to the US Congress , which, however, has not yet been passed. The National Child Labor Committee, a non-profit organization founded in 1904, also advocates the general abolition of child labor .

    Employment of young people

    In 2006, 45.4% of all 16 to 19 year olds were gainfully employed. The proportion of unemployed in this age group was significantly higher than in the total population (21.7%; total population: 6.4%).

    Education and extra-family education

    Education

    The design of the school system in the USA is a matter for the federal states and the school districts ( school districts ), so that the regulations can differ greatly from region to region. The compulsory education starts depending on the state of the completion of the 5th, 6th, 7th or 8th year of life and ends with the completion of the 16th, 17th or 18th year. A special feature of the American school system is the kindergarten , a grade upstream of the 1st grade, which is voluntary in most countries, but in which 5-year-olds are taught after a normal primary school routine. According to an estimate by the U.S. Department of Education, there were 48.7 million students enrolled in public schools and 6.4 million in private schools in 2007 . Attending public schools (including kindergarten) is free; the private schools, the majority of which are denominational , charge fees ( tuition ) averaging $ 4,689 per school year. In most school districts, students of different age groups attend special school levels ( elementary school , middle school or junior high school , high school ), but gifted children are generally taught in the same schools as less gifted ones. For gifted children there are usually special educational enrichment programs ( educational enrichment , from the middle school onwards: honors programs ) available within the general schools . On the basis of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), children with disabilities and learning difficulties have also been integrated into general schools since 1975.

    American society - especially the middle class - is characterized by a high degree of spatial mobility and an equally high degree of selectivity in terms of residence. In many middle-class families, the decisive factor for choosing a place of residence is whether the district belongs to a particular school district. Since the level of school taxes, which are levied via property tax in many school districts , is decided locally by voter vote, the financial resources and thus ultimately the quality of the public schools can differ drastically from school district to school district.

    The school education ends with the acquisition of the high school diploma , which is acquired with the completion of the 12th grade and the graduates to attend a secondary school, e.g. B. a college . In most states, upper-grade high school students are no longer required to attend school and can drop out before they graduate. In 2005, the proportion of school dropouts ( dropouts ) was 9.4%. Young Latinos (22.5%) and African Americans (10.8%) were far more likely to drop out of school than non-Hispanic whites (6.0%) and Asians (2.8%). Visiting a school can in the US through home schooling ( homeschooling ) are replaced; In 2003 around 1.1 million schoolchildren (around 2.2% of all school-age children) made use of this option.

    Military schools

    A special feature of American education are Military boarding schools and private boarding schools with a military character (a sort of cadet schools ) in which traditionally mainly children with behavioral problems and young people are housed; Formally, these schools should of course prepare for studying at a military academy or for joining the American armed forces. The offer is aimed at children and young people between the ages of 12 and 15, but some facilities already look after 7-year-olds. Around half of the schools only accept boys, the rest are co-educational .

    Extra-family education and care

    In the United States, parenting periods beyond maternity leave are not supported by the state or employer. In 2003, 54% of all mothers of babies were employed. Of the mothers with children under 6 years of age, 62.8% went to work, of the mothers with children of school age (6-17 years) 77.9%. The proportion of employed persons is particularly high among divorced (84%), separated (77.3%) and unmarried mothers (73%).

    Preschoolers

    Forms of care for children under 5 with working mothers (as of 2002)

    Families in which both parents work full-time job, can choose between different forms of the US day care ( child day care ). Above all, high earners make use of the day care centers ; These are service-oriented private school-like facilities in which children between the ages of 3 months and 5 years are looked after and taught in small groups all day. Family day care facilities offer a cheaper alternative , i. H. Care programs organized by child minders in private households .

    At the age of 5, most children start primary school kindergarten (see above ). Since knowledge of letters and numbers is required at this point in time, the preschool children also pay much more attention to academic support than in Germany, for example. In 2005, two thirds of 4 year olds and more than 40% of 3 year olds attended either a day care center or pre- school. Pre-school programs ( preschool , nursery school ) that only offer part-time care are mostly run by churches and other private institutions and are subject to a charge. An exception is the state program Head Start , which is specially geared towards children from socially disadvantaged families.

    2008 1.302.000 were in the United States nannies ( nannies ) busy. In 48,750,000 households with children under the age of 12, there was 1 nanny in every 37th such household.

    School children

    The public schools do not run their own after-school care programs . However, many elementary schools make their premises available to non-profit organizations , which use them to organize paid childcare programs before and after school that families can book as required.

    In many families there are gaps in childcare due to the school holidays. During this time, children from families in which both parents are employed often attend paid holiday programs ( camps ), which are also organized by many non-profit organizations.

    Private lessons

    Religious instruction

    A 2001 survey by the City University of New York found that at this point in time, 52% of the adults surveyed identified themselves as Protestant , 24.5% as Roman Catholic and 0.3% as Orthodox . In a 2004 study, 43% of respondents said they went to church at least once a week. Since there is no religious education in public schools , the majority of Christian children attend some form of Sunday school in addition to school . Children of devout Jews (1.4% of the adult population) receive their religious instruction in the Hebrew school .

    The concept of religious maturity , as it is formulated in Germany in the law on religious child rearing , has no equivalent in American law. Parents determine the religious upbringing of their children until they reach the age of majority.

    Sports
    Lacrosse is a particularly popular sport among girls .

    Although physical education is provided in schools, around 20 million children and young people in the United States participate in some form of extracurricular sport. Non-Hispanic White teenagers (43.3%) participate in extracurricular exercise more often than their African American peers (29.5%). The most common sports among 12-17 year olds in the United States are: bicycling (42.7%), swimming (42.6%), basketball (36.3%), American football (22.6%) ), Volleyball (19.3%), baseball (18.9%), softball (16.3%) and soccer (16.1%).

    Music and instrumental lessons

    Singing and instrumental instruction is a traditional part of music education in American schools from elementary school . Since one-to-one tuition is not possible at the school, playing the recorder (up to 4th grade) and wind instruments is preferred in instrumental lessons, and less often string instruments such as the violin . Many elementary schools and most middle schools and high schools have a choir and orchestra. Participation is voluntary and is more popular among girls than boys. In a 2003 Gallup survey, 37% of (adult) respondents said they played an instrument. 64% of these had started class between the ages of 5-11. 30% had their first instrumental lesson in school, 26% with a private teacher; the rest were self-taught. The most common beginner instruments studied by private tutors are piano , violin, guitar , saxophone and clarinet . Many teenagers also take singing lessons .

    health

    Health insurance

    In the American health system there is neither a compulsory insurance , nor is there a general statutory health insurance , so that the health insurance sector mainly in the hands of HMOs is and for-profit insurance companies. The state health insurance program Medicaid is similar to social assistance and can only be used by people and families with low incomes. The proportion of children and adolescents aged 17 and under who were eligible for Medicaid benefits in 2002 was 24.5%. However, only the poorest qualify for Medicaid, and many families with incomes just above the ceiling are not eligible for Medicaid benefits, nor can they afford health insurance for their children . The State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) sponsored by Edward Kennedy , Orrin Hatch and Hillary Clinton has been available for this group of people since 1997 . Nevertheless, 5.5 million children and adolescents (7% of all persons up to 18 years of age) from families with low incomes were without health insurance cover in the years 2004–2006. The proportion of uninsured children was particularly high in the states of Texas (14%), Arizona , New Mexico (11.6% each), Mississippi (10.8%) and Florida (10.7%).

    In 2001/2002, 12% of all children and adolescents up to 18 years of age did not visit a doctor or hospital in the past 12 months. This was more common in Latino (18.7%) and African-American children (13.5%) than in non-Hispanic white children (9.7%), and more often in poor children (17.2%) than in children Families with sufficient income (9.5%).

    On February 4, 2009, President Barack Obama signed the Children's Health Insurance Reauthorization Act of 2009 (CHIPRA), on the basis of which SCHIP is intended to benefit 4 million additional children and pregnant women.

    Health risks and problems

    Obesity

    Proportion of Overweight Children in the United States (1999-2002)

    A survey by the National Center for Health Statistics from 1999–2002 found that 15.8% of 6–11 year olds and 16.1% of 12–19 year olds were overweight during this period .

    In 2010, First Lady Michelle Obama initiated the Let's Move initiative to tackle child obesity in the United States.

    Smoke

    Due to the high legal minimum age for buyers of tobacco products (see: Age limits ) and the social stigmatization, smoking among children and adolescents ( underage smoking ) is relatively rare. According to an international HBSC comparative study by the WHO, the USA has the lowest rate of youth smoking of all industrialized countries. A national study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2011 showed that 18.11% of 14–18 year olds (grades 9–12) had consumed tobacco at least once in the month before the survey. 10.8% of the students in the top grade 12 smoked at least 20 days a month; white students approximately 3 times more likely than black and Hispanics. Young people from lower social classes smoked significantly more often than those from higher social classes. According to an estimate by the US Department of Health and Human Services , there were 22 million 3 to 11 year olds and 18 million 12 to 19 year olds as passive smokers in the United States in 2000 .

    In the following years, the consumption of cigarettes shifted to electronic steam devices. In 2019, five million teenagers in the United States were using e-cigarettes on a regular basis, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration .

    Alcohol abuse

    Although the sale and serving of alcohol to children and adolescents is strictly regulated by law (see: Age Limits ), according to a study by Columbia University from 2003, children and adolescents from 12 to 20 years of age still drink 19.7 percent of all alcohol that is consumed in sold in the United States. A CDC study from the same year, in which 14–18 year old students were interviewed, showed, among other things, a. that only every second person in this age group did not drink alcohol at all and that every fourth person practiced binge drinking .

    People under the age of 21 who are found at the wheel with a blood alcohol concentration of more than 0.1 per mille automatically lose their driver's license according to a nationwide uniform regulation. According to the CDC study, 12.1% of the students surveyed had driven a car while under the influence of alcohol at least once within the month prior to the survey, and 30.2% had been taken by an alcoholic driver during this period. Car accidents involving alcohol abuse are a leading cause of death among American teenagers. In 2003, 3,571 drivers between the ages of 16 and 20 died in road accidents; around 32% of them had drunk alcohol.

    Substance abuse

    Illicit drug abuse is similar to that of smoking among children and adolescents in the United States. According to statistics from the Forum on Child and Family Statistics , in 2006, 8.1% of grade 8 students, 16.8% of grade 10 students and 21.5% of grade 12 had illegal activities in the 30 days prior to the survey Drugs used. The illicit drugs most commonly used by adolescents are: marijuana , ecstasy , heroin ( mainly inhaled ) and crack cocaine . Many parents use over -the- counter drug testing kits to monitor their children .

    In the wake of the opioid epidemic , the proportion of newborns with opioid withdrawal syndrome rose to 27,000 cases in 2013, five times as many as ten years earlier.

    Chronic diseases

    The most common chronic illnesses in children and adolescents in the United States include allergies (34% of all children and adolescents up to 18 years of age), asthma (9% of those under 18), and migraines (5–10% of 5 to 18 year olds) ), Epilepsy (approx. 0.8% of the 5–14 year olds), rheumatism (0.4% of the under 18 year olds) and diabetes (0.22% of the under 21 year olds). 10–20% of all infants develop neurodermatitis , but as adults they are mostly symptom-free.

    According to an estimate by the US health authorities, there were 3,927 children living with HIV or AIDS in the USA in 2004 , including a disproportionately large number of African-American children.

    Surgical interventions

    The most common surgical procedure performed on children is circumcision , which is routinely performed on male newborns the day after birth. The literature gives very different information about the spread of this practice; they range from 55.9% to 79%. Starting in California, where activists called for a ban on routine circumcision in the fall of 2010, a nationwide public debate on the issue has since emerged.

    Disabilities and learning disabilities

    Statistics on learning disabilities and mental disorders in school children in the United States have been made easier to access since the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) made the integration of disabled children in public schools nationwide. Since then, the number of children diagnosed with autism has risen sharply .

    The most common problems diagnosed in school children are specific learning disabilities such as B. dyslexia (number of children with such a problem who were given integrative education in public schools in 2005: 2.6 million), speech disorders ( 1.5 million), intellectual disabilities (0.5 million), emotional disorders ( 0.4 million), developmental disorders (0.3 million; especially among preschool children), autism (0.2 million) and multiple disabilities (0.1 million). In 2001/02, 7.2% of 3 to 17-year-olds were diagnosed with attention deficit disorder, ADHD , far more frequently in boys than girls.

    mortality

    Leading Causes of Child Death in the United States (as of 2002)

    According to an estimate by the CIA World Factbook , infant mortality , i. H. mortality within the first year of life was 0.64% in the USA in 2007. The infant mortality d. H. the mortality within the first five years of life was 0.8% in 2003 (estimate).

    The most common causes of death in infants are hereditary diseases (20.1%), premature birth (16.5%), sudden infant death (8.2%) and maternal pregnancy complications (6.1%). In children over the age of one, accidents are the leading cause of death, although the nature of the accidents changes with the age of the children. While children are less likely to drown, burn or suffocate as they get older, car accidents are an increasingly common cause of death (1–4 year olds: 11%; 5–9 year olds: 20.6%; 10–14 year olds: 21, 2%; 15–19 year olds: 40%). As a pedestrian or cyclist, children only occasionally have an accident in the USA. In teenagers over 15 years of age, poisoning accidents (mainly from alcohol or other drugs) also play a role (3.5%).

    The most frequent cause of death after the accidents are malignant tumors (among 1–19 year olds: 8.5%). 4.6% die from hereditary diseases, 3.2% from heart disease, 1.1% from chronic lung diseases, 1.1% from influenza or pneumonia . Other common causes of death are sepsis , strokes ( cerebrovascular disease ) and benign tumors .

    10.6% of all children and adolescents in the US who die before the age of 19 are homicides . It mainly affects young people aged 15 and over (13.7%), but also small children (8.7%). In the 10 to 19 year olds, suicide is another common cause of death (9.9%). Fatal accidents involving firearms are not unusual in the USA, but they take a back seat in the statistics (among 5–19 year olds: 0.7%).

    politics

    Child and youth welfare

    The authority responsible for children and adolescents in the United States is the Administration for Children and Families (ACF; German: "Authority for Children and Families"), a division within the US Department of Health . The programs this agency oversees include social benefits, alimony recovery, adoption, foster care, and child care programs, and measures to combat child abuse and abuse.

    Many programs are based on the work of mentors who volunteer to look after young people with problematic social backgrounds. The Administration for Children and Families' Family and Youth Services Bureau (FYSB) has been organizing and funding mentoring programs since 2003. B. a program to care for children of imprisoned parents.

    UN Convention on the Rights of the Child

    The USA is the only member of the United Nations that has not yet ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child , which was passed in 1989 . The country has signed the convention through Foreign Minister Madeleine Albright , but has not yet completed the ratification process. President Bill Clinton supported the convention but failed to submit it to the opposition-dominated Senate . The administration of George W. Bush and many politically conservative groups then explicitly rejected the convention because, in their opinion, it could a. is incompatible with the sovereignty and federalism of the USA. Other conservative and religious groups fear that Article 29 of the Convention would also restrict the freedom of homeschooling and private schools . However, paragraph 2 of Article 29 of the Convention expressly states that such an interpretation of Articles 29 (and 28) is not permitted.

    The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child is also in conflict with the laws of those federal states that allow minors without probation to be sentenced to life imprisonment .

    Children's rights organizations

    A number of organizations are dedicated to child advocacy . Marion Wright Edelman founded the donated Children's Defense Fund in 1973 , which lobbies with the federal government and in the United States under the slogan Leave no child behind (German: "let no child (disadvantaged) behind"). The Child advocacy 360 network, founded in 2007 , campaigns against child abuse, abuse and neglect.

    The Global Fund for Children, founded in 1994, works primarily for the rights of children in poor countries .

    Children's charities

    The supraregional children's charities that work within the US include the Android Roddick Foundation, The Glass Slipper Project, Varietyl and the Young Entrepreneurs Alliance. Many children 's charities are grouped under the umbrella organization Children's Charities of America .

    Of the American aid organizations that care for children in poor countries, a particularly large number are active in Vietnam , including the Far East Help Foundation, the Global Village Foundation, the Humanitarian Services for Children of Vietnam, the Saigon Children's Charity, the Viet Blind Children Foundation and the Vietnam Children's Fund. The children's aid organization Baaldan is active in India . The Amerasian Network operates both domestically and abroad.

    References

    See also

    General
    education
    Economy and Politics

    literature

    Reference books:

    • Rickie Sanders, Mark T. Mattson: Growing Up in America: An Atlas of Youth in the USA , MacMillan Reference Books, New York 1997, ISBN 0-02-897262-7

    History (general):

    History (individual periods):

    • Sarah E. Chinn: Inventing Modern Adolescence: The Children of Immigrants in Turn-op-the-Century America , Rutgers University Press, 2008, ISBN 0-8135-4310-X
    • John A. Clausen: American Lives: Looking Back at the Children of the Great Depression , University of California Press, New Brunswick 1995, ISBN 0-520-20149-3
    • Jr. Glen H. Elder: Children of the Great Depression , Westview Press, Boulder 1998, ISBN 0-8133-3342-3
    • James Marten, Philip J. Greven: Children in Colonial America , NYU Press, New York 2006, ISBN 0-8147-5715-4
    • Karen L. Riley: Schools Behind Barbed Wire: The Untold Story of Wartime Internment and the Children of Arrested Enemy Aliens , Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham 2002, ISBN 0-7425-0171-X
    • Emmy E. Werner: Pioneer Children on the Journey West , Westview Press, Boulder 1996, ISBN 0-8133-2027-5

    History (special topics):

    • Barbara Beatty: Preschool Education in America. The Culture of Young Children from the Colonial Era to the Present , Yale University Press, New Haven 1997, ISBN 0-300-07273-2
    • Carl Husemoller Nightingale: On the Edge: A History of Poor Black Children and Their American Dreams , Basic Books, Jackson 1995, ISBN 0-465-05219-3
    • Gay Pitman Zieger: For the Good of the Children: A History of the Boys and Girls Republic , Wayne State University Press, Detroit 2003, ISBN 0-8143-3086-X

    Child labor:

    • Hugh D. Hindman: Child Labor: An American History , ME Sharpe, Armonk 2002, ISBN 0-7656-0936-3

    bless you:

    • Philip L Safford, Elizabeth J. Safford (eds.): Children with Disabilities in America: A Historical Handbook and Guide , Greenwood Press, Westport 2005, ISBN 0-313-33146-4
    • Alexandra Minna Stern, Howard Markel: Formative Years: Children's Health in the United States, 1880-2000 , University of Michigan Press, Detroit 2004, ISBN 0-472-08980-3

    Web links

    Wikibooks: Moving from Germany to the USA: Children  - learning and teaching materials
    Wikibooks: Exchange student etiquette for the USA: Sex, Drugs, Rock 'n Roll  - learning and teaching materials

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2006 (pdf; 6.6 MB)
    2. ↑ US Census
    3. ↑ US Census: White ( Memento of the original from November 27, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; African American  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Indian  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Asians  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Hawaiians  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as broken. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Latinos  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Excel files) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.census.gov@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.census.gov  @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.census.gov  @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.census.gov  @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.census.gov  @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.census.gov  
    4. ^ ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2006 ; Children Characteristics ( Memento of the original from April 20, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.factfinder.census.gov
    5. ↑ Acquisition of US Citizenship By a Child Born Abroad ( Memento of the original from October 9, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / travel.state.gov
    6. ↑ Tuan Anh Nguyen et al. v. Immigration and Naturalization Service
    7. ↑ Plyler v. Doe . Quoted from: Holk Stobbe, Undocumented Migration in Germany and the United States: Internal Migration Controls and the Scope of Action by Sans Papiers , Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2004, ISBN 978-3-930457-69-4 . P. 185 .
    8. ↑ Heather Koball et al. a .: Health and Social Service Needs of US-Citizen Children with Detained or Deported Immigrant Parents. Migration Policy Institute, September 2015, accessed October 4, 2016 .
    9. ↑ Thorsten Denkler: How Trump Destroys the Dreams of Dreamer. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2017 .
    10. ↑ Bill to lower voting age to 17 goes to House floor ( Memento of July 10, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
    11. ↑ Alabama Act 97-42: Youth Access to Tobacco Products - CHAPTER 11
    12. ^ Retailer Guide Summary of Alaska Tobacco Sales Laws
    13. ↑ UTAH Tobacco Laws: 76-10-104. and 76-10-105.
    14. ^ FYI: Starting today, you must be 19 to buy cigarettes in Onondaga County
    15. ↑ Tobacco Sales To Minors - Health Department ( Memento of the original dated November 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nassaucountyny.gov
    16. ^ Suffolk County raises tobacco purchase age to 21 with support from many veteran smokers
    17. ^ Englewood, NJ Raises Tobacco Purchase Age To 21
    18. ^ Tobacco Prevention & Education Program - Department of Health
    19. ↑ The 1984 National Minimum Drinking Age Act ( Memento of the original from October 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov
    20. ↑ Wyoming Finally Raises Its Drinking Age
    21. ↑ The 1984 National Minimum Drinking Age Act ( Memento of the original from January 13, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; to Minimum Age of 21 for Consumption of Alcohol  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov  
    22. ↑ Minimum Age to Purchase & Possess Firearms Policy Summary http://smartgunlaws.org/ - collection of laws governing the age restrictions of the respective states
    23. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az Roberto A. Ferdman and Christopher Ingraham: In 30 states, a child can still legally own a rifle or shotgun. washingtonpost.com, August 27, 2014, accessed January 31, 2015 .
    24. ↑ Worldwide ages of consent ; Rape and Sexual Assault ( Memento of the original from June 5, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kopple-wolf.com
    25. ↑ Age of consent - List of federal states ( Memento of the original from April 17, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.age-of-consent.info
    26. ↑ 2010 Arkansas Code Title 5 - Criminal Offenses Subtitle 2 - Offenses Against The Person Chapter 14 - Sexual Offenses Subchapter 1 - General Provisions § 5-14-127 - Sexual assault in the fourth degree.
    27. ↑ CRS 18-3-405.3 ( Memento of the original from November 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.denversexcrimesattorney.com
    28. ↑ 2005 Connecticut Code - Sec. 46b-127. (Formerly Sec. 51-308). Transfer of child charged with a felony to the regular criminal docket.
    29. ↑ Title 11 § 761. Definitions generally applicable to sexual offenses ( Memento of the original of January 24, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.delcode.state.de.us
    30. ↑ A.Statutory Rape Criminal Offenses
    31. ↑ PART V. SEXUAL OFFENSES
    32. ↑ IC 35-42-4-9
    33. ↑ Iowa Code 709.4
    34. ↑ §254. Sexual abuse of minors
    35. ↑ 609,345 Criminal Sexual Conduct in the Fourth Degree
    36. ↑ TITLE LXII CRIMINAL CODE CHAPTER 632-A SEXUAL ASSAULT AND RELATED OFFENSES Section 632-A: 3
    37. ↑ TITLE LXII CRIMINAL CODE CHAPTER 632-A SEXUAL ASSAULT AND RELATED OFFENSES Section 632-A: 2
    38. ↑ TITLE 2C - THE NEW JERSEY CODE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / lis.njleg.state.nj.us  
    39. ↑ § 14-27.7A. Statutory rape or sexual offense of person who is 13, 14, or 15 years old.
    40. ↑ 2907.04 Unlawful sexual conduct with minor.
    41. ↑ [webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us/os/os%5F21%2D1111.rtf "Oklahoma Statutes §21-1112. Age limitation on conviction for rape".]
    42. ↑ TITLE 11 Criminal Offenses CHAPTER 11-37 Sexual Assault SECTION 11-37-8.1
    43. ↑ Article 39-13-506. Statutory rape
    44. ↑ Title 76 - Utah Criminal Code - Chapter 5: Offenses Against the Person Section 401.2 Unlawful sexual conduct with a 16- or 17-year-old.
    45. ↑ § 18.2-63. Carnal knowledge of child between thirteen and fifteen years of age.
    46. ↑ United States Military Enlistment Standards ; US Code collection, Subtitle A, $ 505  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / usmilitary.about.com  
    47. ↑ Corporal Punishment ( Memento of the original from May 10, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.childadvocate.org
    48. ↑ Child Maltreatment 2005 ( Memento of the original from May 15, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.acf.dhhs.gov
    49. ↑ David Finkelhor, Heather A. Turner, Anne Shattuck, Sherry L. Hamby: Violence, Crime, and Abuse Exposure in a National Sample of Children and Youth. An Update , JAMA Pediatrics , July 2013, Vol. 167, No. 7, doi : 10.1001 / jamapediatrics.2013.42 (English; PDF , 153 kB)
    50. ↑ Old enough to be a ctriminal?
    51. ↑ Juvenile Arrests 1995
    52. ↑ Massachusetts: About Our Legal System: Juvenile Courts ( Memento of the original from April 6, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.masslawhelp.org
    53. ↑ Delinquency Cases in Juvenile Courts, 2004 (pdf)
    54. ↑ Population in Group Quarters by Type, Sex and Age (Excel file; 43 kB); Positive Youth Development, Juvenile Justice, and Delinquency Prevention ( Memento of the original from September 27, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Report: Juvenile jails being substituted for mental hospitals @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cwla.org
    55. ↑ Kaiser Daily Health Policy Report ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Report: Juvenile jails being substituted for mental hospitals @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kaisernetwork.org
    56. ↑ Roper vs. Simmons (pdf); see also en: Capital punishment in the United States # Ages of condemned prisoners
    57. ↑ Florian Gathmann: Boot Camps in the USA: The Failure of the Drill Machine. Spiegel online, January 3, 2008, accessed December 29, 2015 .
    58. ↑ Katja Gelinsky: American boot camps: education, exercise - abuse. FAZ, October 13, 2007, accessed on December 29, 2015 .
    59. ↑ "Off to Hell - Children's Boat Camps in the USA": N24 documentation about re-education camps for children. N24, May 26, 2015, accessed December 30, 2015 .
    60. ↑ Missing Children Fast Facts. CNN, April 23, 2017, accessed September 27, 2017 .
    61. ↑ a b c d e f g Survey of Income and Program Participation: Living Arrangements of Children: 2004 (pdf; 1.3 MB)
    62. ↑ Parents and children in stay-at-home parent family groups ( MS Excel ; 22 kB)
    63. ↑ Where is Gay Adoption Legal?
    64. ↑ Foster Care 1999 ( Memento of the original dated December 3, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / statistics.adoption.com
    65. ↑ Births per 1000 women (15-19 ys) ( Memento of the original from July 13, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; US Teenage Pregnancy Statistics (PDF; 161 kB) ( Memento of the original from April 5, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / globalis.gvu.unu.edu @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.guttmacher.org
    66. ^ Marital status of the Population 15 and older
    67. ↑ a b Children Characteristics ( Memento of the original from January 19, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.factfinder.census.gov
    68. ↑ Child Poverty in America: More than 2.5 million homeless children in the United States. Wirtschaftswoche, November 18, 2014, accessed on February 22, 2015 .
    69. ↑ America's youngest outcasts. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on February 21, 2015 ; accessed on February 22, 2015 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.homelesschildrenamerica.org
    70. ^ Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2006 (pdf; 6.6 MB); Children Characteristics ( Memento of the original from January 19, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Poor Dads Who Don't Pay Child Support @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.factfinder.census.gov
    71. ↑ Is there child labor in the United States? ; The Youngest Workers ; Pending Federal Legislation on Child Labor ( Memento of the original from July 5, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; National Child Labor Committee website @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.stopchildlabor.org
    72. ↑ Employment Status ( Memento of October 9, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
    73. ↑ Public and Private Schools: Fast Facts ; Private Schools: Facts and Studies
    74. ↑ High School Dropout Rates ( Memento of the original from May 17, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.childtrendsdatabank.org
    75. ↑ 1.1 Million Homeschooled Students in the United States in 2003
    76. ↑ Military Schools for Troubled Teenagers ( Memento of the original from May 13, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Military school ; Military Schools @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.militaryschooloptions.com
    77. ^ P. McGovern, B. Dowd, D. Gjerdingen, CR Gross, S. Kenney, L. Ukestad, D. McCaffrey, U. Lundberg: Postpartum health of employed mothers 5 weeks after childbirth. In: Annals of family medicine. Volume 4, Number 2, 2006 Mar-Apr, pp. 159-167, ISSN  1544-1717 . doi : 10.1370 / afm.519 . PMID 16569720 . PMC 1467019 (free full text).
    78. ↑ Maternity Leave Policies and Women's Employment after Childbirth (pdf; 138 kB); Working Mothers and Child Care ( Memento of the original dated August 20, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Child Care ( Memento of the original from May 11, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / mchb.hrsa.gov @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.policyalmanac.org
    79. ↑ Who Goes to Preschool and Why Does it Matter? ( Memento of the original from July 23, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 2.4 MB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / nieer.org
    80. ^ Nanny: Career Information
    81. ↑ America's Families and Living Arrangements: 2008 (see Table C1: Household Relationship and Family Status of Children Under 18 Years, by Age and Sex: 2008 ; MS Excel ; 20 kB)
    82. ↑ American Religious Identification Survey ; How many North Americans attend religious services (and how many lie about going)?
    83. ↑ % 26unc% 3D Gratitude and Parents' Rights over their Children's Religious Upbringing  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / 64.233.169.104  
    84. ↑ Sports Injury Statistics ( Memento of the original from May 17, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education ( Memento of the original from October 31, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Sports participation @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.childrenshospital.org @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.jbhe.com
    85. ↑ American Attitudes Toward Music ( Memento of the original from October 16, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.amc-music.com
    86. ↑ US-Census: Health Insurance ( Memento of the original from March 23, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Health, United States, 2004 (pdf; 3.8 MB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.census.gov
    87. ↑ a b Health, United States, 2004 (pdf; 3.8 MB)
    88. ↑ Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2009 (CHIPRA)
    89. ↑ Data for the year 2000. Quoted from: The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke , archived version from the Internet Archive , archived from the original on October 1, 2011.
    90. ↑ Katharina Kort: "This is where the students hide their juuls": The vaping epidemic has broken out in the USA. In: handelsblatt.com. February 1, 2020, accessed on February 8, 2020 .
    91. ^ Underage drinking
    92. ↑ underage drinking ; The Toll of Underage Drinking ( Memento of the original from February 16, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / camy.org
    93. ↑ Illicit Drug Use ( Memento of the original from May 12, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Drug Statistics ; Drug-test kits a big hit with parents @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.childstats.gov
    94. ↑ Theodor Schaarschmidt: drug epidemic: 5 Facts about opioid crisis in the US. In: www.spektrum.de. August 29, 2019. Retrieved August 29, 2019 .
    95. ↑ Summary Health Statistics for US Children (pdf; 1.1 MB); Influenza Vaccination Coverage Among Children with Asthma ; ren / article_em.htm Migraine Headache in Children  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Epilepsy and Seizure Statistics ; National Diabetes Statistics ; Atopic Dermatitis ( Memento of the original from May 18, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.emedicinehealth.com   @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.childrenshospital.org
    96. ↑ Pediatric HIV / AIDS in the United States ( Memento of the original from December 9, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / hab.hrsa.gov
    97. ↑ National Hospital Discharge Survey (pdf; 8.7 MB)
    98. ^ Prevalence of circumcision in men in the United States
    99. ↑ Efforts to Ban Circumcision Gain Traction in California New York Times, June 5, 2011
    100. ↑ Children and students served under IDEA
    101. ↑ Children and students served under IDEA ; Health, United States, 2004 (pdf; 3.8 MB)
    102. ↑ CIA World Factbook
    103. ↑ Under-five mortality rates (Excel file; 189 kB)
    104. ↑ Leading Causes of Death - Infant ; Toddler ; Kids ; Younger Teens ; Older teens
    105. ^ Website of the Administration for Children and Families
    106. ↑ Fact Sheet: Mentoring Children of Prisoners Program ( Memento of the original from May 13, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.acf.hhs.gov
    107. ↑ http://www.parentalrights.org/ Proposed Parental Rights Amendment; Harvard Human Rights Journal: Suffer the Children? : A Call for United States Ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child; ParentalRightsOrg, AmericanFamilyRights association AFRa ( Memento of the original dated February 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. : "a raging, insane piece of COMMUNIST trash" @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / familyrights.us
    108. ↑ Juveniles and life imprisonment
    109. ↑ For the history of children's rights in the United States, see: en: Timeline of children's rights in the United States

    Unless otherwise stated, all sources are in English.