Cycle
The term cycling - also cycling or cycling , in Swiss cycling - refers to getting around on a bicycle , be it as a means of transport or also as a means of transport , in cycling or as a sport , which is used as a leisure activity , to maintain health or as a sporting competition up to competitive sport is operated.
dynamics
Without intervention by the driver, a wheel would fall over within a very short time. The rider keeps the bicycle / rider system in balance with small steering angles .
Speeds
Average cycling speeds are usually 10 to 25 km / h . A bicycle with limited pedal assistance ("Pedelec") supports the rider up to a speed of 25 km / h, certain models even up to 45 km / h (S-Pedelec). In the Tour de France , the highest average speed of a driver is 41 km / h. When going downhill, speeds of over 100 km / h are sometimes reached. Higher average speeds are achieved without differences in altitude: the hourly world record for normal bicycles has been 50 km / h since 2005, and 56 km / h for particularly aerodynamic bikes. The world speed record, which was reached downhill on a specially made mountain bike without an auxiliary drive, is 223.3 km / h.
The general hour record for vehicles operated exclusively with their own muscle power is well above the record with a classic racing bike. The French Barbara Buatois rode a fully faired recumbent bike on July 19, 2009 in Romeo, USA, a distance of 84.02 km, making her the first woman to cover a distance of more than 80 km in one hour on a recumbent bike. The current world hour record for men is held by the Swiss Francesco Russo ; On June 26, 2016, he drove 92.43 km in Klettwitz, Germany .
Advantages over walking and running
In most cases, cycling is more bioenergetically efficient than walking and running to transport your own body weight . However, a technical aid is required: the bicycle. Another difference is based on the way in which the muscles are used. In these types of locomotion, the leg muscles must hold the entire body in an upright position, raise and lower it, and accelerate and decelerate the thighs. In contrast, cyclists largely save this energy. Basically, only the knees and thighs move back and forth, the feet usually rotate at a constant pace. The accelerations and decelerations associated with these movements are very effective. The leg that is moving up in each case does not have to be lifted, but is pushed up by the leg moving down using the cranks. This is initially a purely energetically based comparison. However, this may neglect other important aspects. For example, cycling on uneven surfaces is only possible to a certain extent, which limits the range of motion. Walking and running are more effective under natural conditions, for example large bumps, steep terrain or loose ground. One advantage over walking and running is that your own body weight is rolled and not carried to move around while cycling.
When comparing the transport costs with other technical systems, the bicycle is clearly superior - if modern means of mass transport such as railroad trains and the like are excluded.
Medical aspects
In recent years, with the increase in cycling, the medical aspects of cycling have also been increasingly studied. In general, cycling is considered very healthy (cardiovascular training) and gentle on the joints. However, it is important to establish good ergonomics for the entire body. Not all types of cycling achieve this in the same way. Studies by the ADFC , among others, have shown that the posture on the so-called touring bike with the correct frame size and the correct saddle is the posture that best suits the human anatomy. When cycling, it is important to achieve as uniform a load as possible on the contact points of the rider with the bicycle in accordance with the natural human anatomy.
Naturally, the foot with the pedal contact point bears the largest part of the body weight, and the foot is also designed by nature to carry the body load. In order to achieve the most ergonomic back posture, the sitting posture should ideally be such that the imaginary line between the shoulder blade and the highest point of the pedal is vertical. In order to achieve optimal care of the feet and the least possible strain on the knees, the saddle height should be adjusted so that the leg is still slightly angled at the lowest point when pedaling.
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The second largest stress zone is the contact between the buttocks and the saddle . This point of contact can be problematic in particular because the human pelvis with its ischial tuberosities and the pubic bone (or the pubic runners, also called the pubic crest) has an impact on the bending of the entire spine due to the tilt angle of the pelvis. An incorrect pelvic posture (e.g. to avoid discomfort due to the saddle) can put a lot of strain on the spine. An incorrect pelvic angle on the saddle is also problematic for the entire pelvic area, as this area is heavily permeated with blood and nerve tracts that lie on the inside of the thighs and that have to supply the lower limbs. If these supply channels are narrowed or even squeezed for a long time by the pubic bone or the pubic runners / ridge resting on the saddle, this can damage the corresponding vessels and supply channels. It is therefore necessary to place the main load on this contact point on the seat humps and exert as little pressure as possible on the area of the pubic runners, the perineum , the genitals and the uppermost parts of the thighs.
Finally, the hands with the handlebars form the third point of contact between the cyclist and the bike. Here, too, medical aspects must be observed in order to ensure an optimal blood and nerve supply to the hands and fingers. The distance between the handlebars and the buttocks is just as important as the shape of the handlebars (bend) and the height of the handlebars. The arms should not be stretched but should be slightly bent in order to better cushion uneven floors. The distance between both hands (measured from the little finger of one hand to the little finger of the other hand) should only marginally exceed the distance between the shoulder blades. The hand should form the straight extension of the forearm and should not be bent up or down in order to ensure a permanent and unimpeded blood supply to the entire hand through the wrist. If the weight is evenly distributed over the three contact points, an additional pressure point is created on the spine between the shoulders, where the arms start.
As a rough guideline, the imaginary lines connecting the three contact points and the shoulder blade should be a diamond, the sides of which should be roughly the same length.
See also
- Bike culture
- Bicycle tourism , cycling , City Cycling
- Critical Mass as a form of action for the traffic turnaround
literature
- Michael Gressmann: Bicycle physics and biomechanics - technology, formulas, laws . Delius Klasing Verlag, Bielefeld 2017, ISBN 978-3-667-11108-1 .
- Sebastian Herrmann: Instructions for use for cycling . Piper, Munich 2017, ISBN 978-3-492-27692-4 .
- J. Ilundáin-Agurruza et al. (Ed.): The philosophy of cycling . Mairisch Verlag, Hamburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-938539-26-2 .
- Michael Klonovsky: cycling . dtv-Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-423-34289-7 .
- Hans Joachim Schlichting: On the balance problem when cycling. In: technic-didact. 9/4, 1984, p. 257. (Download 57 kB pdf)
- Roger Erb: On the problem of stability when cycling. In: MNU. 5/54, 2001, pp. 279-284. (on-line)
Web links
- Adjust the bike correctly at fahrradmonteur.de
- Bicycle physics, at Bike Physics
Individual evidence
- ↑ New world record: Eric Barone drives 223.3 km / h with his MTB on snow. In: MTB News. March 30, 2015, accessed November 20, 2015.
- Jump up ↑ Land - Menś 1 hour standing start (single rider). World Human Powered Vehicle Association, accessed September 13, 2016 .
- ↑ https://www.uni-muenster.de/imperia/md/content/fachbereich_physik/didaktik_physik/publikationen/fahrradautovergleich.pdf
- ↑ a b c V. Huang, R. Munarriz, I. Goldstein: Bicycle riding and erectile dysfunction: an increase in interest (and concern). In: J Sex Med. 2 (5), September 2005, pp. 596-604. PMID 16422816
- ↑ a b Cycling until the soul rejoices. ( Memento from April 22, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) at: orthopaede.com
- ↑ Bicycle and Health. on: mcgesund.de
- ↑ a b c d Sitting correctly. to: fa-technik.adfc.de
- ↑ a b Healthy exercise: cycling. on: ahano.de