Traffic turnaround

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hermann Knoflacher criticized the car-friendly city decades ago . With his walking gear, he caricatures the enormous space requirements of motorized individual transport.

As a transport revolution is the process, transport and mobility on sustainable energy , sustainable mobility use and networking of various forms of individual traffic and public transport switch. It also involves a cultural shift , a redistribution of public space and a diversion of money flows . A traffic turnaround also includes freight traffic .

motivation

The main motivation for a traffic turnaround is to reduce traffic-related environmental and personal damage .

An important goal is to reduce CO 2 emissions . In order to achieve the goal agreed in the Paris Agreement of limiting global warming to well below 2 ° C, the combustion of petroleum products must cease by around 2040. Since the CO 2 emissions from transport in Germany have to drop to practically zero, the measures taken in the transport sector to date are not sufficient to achieve the climate protection targets set.

A traffic turnaround also serves health purposes in metropolitan regions and large cities and is intended in particular to counteract massive air pollution . For example, traffic in Germany in 2015 caused around 38% of human nitrogen oxide emissions . Around 164,000 people died in 2010 from air pollution from onshore traffic alone; in Germany there were a good 6,900 people. A more recent study by the same lead author comes to the conclusion that air pollution from road traffic in Germany causes 11,000 deaths each year, which could potentially be avoided. That number is 3.5 times the death toll from accidents. Other motives are the desire for less noise, streets with a pleasant atmosphere and lower accident risks (see also Vision Zero ). According to estimates by the European Environment Agency , 113 million people in Europe are affected by road noise at an unhealthy level. A traffic turnaround therefore also serves to increase the quality of life.

Another driver of the traffic turnaround is the increasing stagnation in traffic jams on the streets. In order to solve the congestion problem, classic transport policy mostly relies on the expansion of roads. From a global perspective, there are two important factors for the increasing traffic jams: more and more people are moving to the cities in the course of urbanization, and with increasing prosperity, more automobiles (also as status symbols ) are bought. It can be assumed that the expansion of public and non-motorized transport will again play a greater role in the future. In addition to the environmental organizations also sit in the June 2018 German Association of Cities and the mayor in the bicycle city of Münster Markus Lewe for a reorientation in the transport of the cities one. With the volume of traffic and the number of commuters increasing, many citizens wanted more attractive opportunities to stay in public spaces.

Criticism of the “automotive society” is not new. As early as 1975, the traffic planner Hermann Knoflacher wanted to promote bicycle traffic in Vienna. He caricatured the space requirements of automobiles with a walking gear he invented .

concept

Classic urban mobility using the example of Aachen : privately owned automobiles shape the streetscape.

The Duden defines the traffic turnaround as a "fundamental change in public transport [especially with ecological objectives]".

According to a theses paper by Agora Verkehrswende , the aim of a traffic turnaround in Germany is to ensure that traffic is climate-neutral by the year 2050. It must be based on two pillars:

  1. Mobility turnaround: the goal is significant energy savings . The mobility turnaround is intended tobring abouta qualitative change in traffic behavior, in particular avoiding and shifting traffic. An efficient design of the transport system without restricting mobility is to be achieved.
  2. Energy transition in transport: To decarbonise transport, it is considered necessary to switch the energy supply for transport to renewable energies .

A traffic turnaround also includes a cultural change and in particular a reassessment of “the street”. Currently, the primary purpose of the road is to guide car traffic through the city as undisturbed as possible. In the future, the dominance of the car will give way to equality of modes of transport.

In an extended definition, the traffic turnaround is distinguished from a pure drive turn on the one hand and a fundamental mobility turn on the other:

  1. Drive turnaround : Gradual replacement of internal combustion engines by ones that are powered by hydrogen, fuel cells or battery-electric
  2. Turnaround in traffic : private car traffic is reduced or replaced by other modes. In large cities and metropolitan regions in particular, there is increasing emphasis on establishing and spreading alternative means of transport - from expanding public transport to promoting so-called active traffic (foot and bicycle traffic), the approval of new electrified micro vehicles such as e-scooters and the range of different ones Mobility services (the so-called MaaS, "mobility as a service").
  3. Mobility turnaround : In this perspective, not only the distances covered and the means of transport used for this purpose are taken into account, but also the socio-economic, cultural and spatial dynamics and constraints that make it necessary to overcome distance. These include, for example, settlement and transport policies, housing and labor markets, social policy and migration. The need to overcome distances quickly is not understood as an invariant property of people, but as part and prerequisite of the current, growth-oriented capitalist social formation.
Electric cars in car sharing as part of mobility chains

A change in traffic is sometimes also presented as a paradigm shift in the “understanding of property”. Collective use of means of transport makes it possible to use means of transport that are “adapted to specific needs” (see also: car sharing , private car sharing , bicycle rental system ) and to combine different means of transport on a route to be covered. Electric vehicles could make better use of their advantages in connection with other means of transport. Electric vehicles adapted to the respective use can be small or large depending on the application and do not have to be designed for long journeys. A suitable charging infrastructure is required. In such an environment it may no longer be necessary to have private means of transport for personal use.

The traffic turnaround in Germany can be compared to the Federal Transport Infrastructure Plan 2030 . The traffic turnaround focuses on avoiding traffic and shifting it to the railways, while the traffic route plan focuses on the construction and expansion of highways in Germany. Transport scientist Heiner Monheim classifies the turnaround as a "turning away from car funding through billions in the road network expansion". He sees a decisive change in the priorities of transport policy as a necessary condition for this .

Changes in behavior in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

As part of the COVID-19 pandemic, it became clear that work and traffic can be organized differently in a comparatively short time. With an increased focus on working from home (home office), millions of tons of greenhouse gas could be saved.

Measures in passenger transport

overview

Cycle expressway F35 in Enschede , the Netherlands

Various measures are proposed by different sides to achieve a traffic turnaround.

The think tank Agora Verkehrswende describes in a thesis paper how a climate-neutral conversion of traffic is possible by 2050 without sacrificing mobility. In addition to technological innovations, there are new transport concepts, regulatory measures and a cultural change . Multi-link transport chains ( intermodal transport ) are considered. In November 2019, Spiegel online reported on an investigation by VCD and Heinrich Böll Foundation on the subject.

Traffic turnaround

Various measures are proposed to achieve the traffic turnaround - in particular a significant reduction in energy requirements and a change in traffic behavior:

Big changes can be achieved with the help of avoiding traffic and shifting traffic to bicycles, rails and local public transport . On average, a person covers 3.4 distances a day with an average length of twelve kilometers. Private cars are parked for an average of 23 hours a day. For a majority of these routes, short-range electric cars, bicycles, electric bicycles , pedelecs , cargo bikes and, more recently, e-scooters are mostly well suited. The joint use of automobiles in car sharing could increase the utilization of the vehicles and result in fewer cars being required overall. This could also reduce the space required by parking spaces and free up space for other uses. Vehicles in Germany are occupied by an average of 1.5 people. One means of using cars efficiently is to create car pools and use car sharing agencies . A need-based use of low-energy vehicles can also serve to reduce fuel consumption. The latter measures would lead to an increase in energy and vehicle efficiency.

Numerous regulatory measures for control are possible, for example a city ​​center toll , taxation of air traffic, reform of company car taxation, parking space management or an expansion of emissions trading to include road traffic. The introduction of a speed limit would also have an impact on CO 2 emissions (see article Maximum speed limit ). Cars use a disproportionately large amount of fuel at high speeds. In addition, emission-reducing secondary effects of a speed limit can occur, but there are still considerable uncertainties about them: Lower maximum speeds and longer travel times can contribute to shifting traffic to rail and promoting vehicles with lower engine power.

In air traffic, a shift to other modes of transport or a switch from short-haul air traffic to high-speed trains is proposed.

In the area of urban planning there are concepts for pedestrian friendliness , see also city ​​of short distances , new pedestrianism and car-free living . In the research policy there are receivables, the consequences of motorized transport in the form of a practical and solution-oriented research to take greater account.

Drive and energy transition in transport

In order to achieve the energy transition in transport, it is considered necessary to refrain from burning petroleum-based fuel and to use more climate-friendly drive technologies and fuels. Electricity from renewable energies or e-fuels or biofuels produced from green electricity can serve as a substitute for gasoline and diesel fuel

Since the overall efficiency of e-fuels is far lower than direct electrification via electric cars , the Advisory Council on Environmental Issues recommends limiting the use of electricity-based synthetic fuels to air and shipping traffic in particular, in order not to let electricity consumption rise too much. For example, hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicles require more than twice as much energy per kilometer as battery-powered vehicles, and vehicles with internal combustion engines powered by power-to-liquid fuels even between four and six times as much. Battery vehicles are therefore significantly more energy efficient than vehicles that run on e-fuels. In general, the consumption of electric cars is around 12 to 15 kWh of electrical energy per 100 km, while conventionally powered cars have an energy consumption of around 50 kWh per 100 kilometers. At the same time, there is also no need for energy for the production, transport and distribution of fuels such as gasoline or diesel. In China in particular , for health reasons (to avoid smog), the switch from internal combustion engines to electromobility is being promoted in order to counteract massive air pollution in cities.

The drive turnaround can thus also become a central component of the energy turnaround . While the switch to renewable energies is already underway around the world, the energy transition in transport, especially with the switch from oil to sustainable energy sources, is becoming more difficult. Disruptive technologies (such as the development of more powerful and cheaper batteries or innovations in the field of autonomous driving ) and new business models (especially in the field of digitization ) can, however, also lead to unpredictable, rapid and far-reaching changes in mobility.

Measures in freight transport

In the road haulage sector , some transport companies are proposing new technologies such as trolley trucks , electric trucks or electric transport bikes. Courier express parcel services are experimenting with new concepts in intelligent logistics. Overhead line trucks with an additional battery offer the possibility of low-emission long-distance truck transport, which is also more energy-efficient than battery-powered trucks pure battery operation would be covered. At the same time, overhead line trucks would be a cost-effective way of making freight transport climate-friendly, since the electrification of motorways with costs of 3 million euros / km does not represent too much financial expense. Regional food production is also seen as a strategy for avoiding traffic .

The use of alternative modes of transport such as inland waterways and freight railways is another option: According to data from the Federal Environment Agency , a truck emits an average of 101 grams of carbon dioxide per tonne-kilometer (g / tkm) in the reference year 2014 in order to cover its energy requirements for transport. A freight train achieves 24 g / tkm and an inland vessel 31 g / tkm. This means that both modes of transport are significantly more energy efficient. With increasing containerization , the so-called modal shift is easier to manage; in so-called multimodal traffic or combined traffic , the truck only has to cover the last mile between the port or rail terminal and the customer.

Although the European Union and its member states are in some cases heavily promoting combined transport financially, with goods traffic increasing for years, only trucks have developed positively, ships and railways are stagnating or recording declines. For 2016, the Federal Statistical Office reported a decrease in transport performance of 3.7 percent for inland waterways, a decrease of 0.5 percent for the railways and a growth of 2.8 percent for the truck. In 2015 there was a growing transport volume of 1 .1 percent an increase of 1.9 percent for the road, a decrease of 1 percent for the rail and a decrease of 3.2 percent for the inland waterway. In total, 71 percent of the transport performance is accounted for by trucks.

Examples

Bicycle traffic in Münster : the mobile station links bus and bicycle.

Some possible concrete building blocks for a traffic turnaround are named below:

passenger traffic

  • The attractiveness of public transport can be controlled by lowering the price of an annual ticket: In Vienna , you can travel on public transport for 1 euro per day with a subscription. Between 2012 and 2018, the number of annual ticket holders rose from 373,000 to 780,000. At the same time as the changeover, the city began to invest more in local transport. In July 2018, some cities announced that they would be based on the Vienna model and reduce the prices for annual tickets. Alternatively, a citizen ticket is being discussed in some municipalities as a new way of financing and using local public transport . It should be financed through a fee for all citizens of a municipality and function as a kind of flat rate for buses and trains. As of March 1, 2020, state-operated public transport in Luxembourg should in principle be free of charge for everyone and the tariff system should be adjusted accordingly. The Grand Duchy will be the first state in the world to introduce this. This does not apply to the publicly operated local public transport or the use of 1st class on the railroad.
  • A sales ban for internal combustion engines from 2030 is being discussed in Germany. Norway, on the other hand, would like no cars with petrol or diesel engines to be allowed from 2025, and ships and ferries only without fossil fuels from 2030, and is therefore considered a leading nation in electromobility. The Netherlands are also planning a ban on the approval of conventional drives in cars from 2025. In China, all automotive companies are obliged to meet a quota for the production and sale of all-electric or plug-in hybrid drives.
  • Since electric cars also cause traffic jams, it is also a question of changing general traffic behavior.
Critical Mass in Budapest (2007)
  • There are numerous projects on electromobility, see model regions electromobility in Germany and BeMobility . The German Association of Towns and Municipalities sees the towns and municipalities as drivers and designers of a traffic turnaround and also supports some projects.
  • There are campaigns called Critical Mass in several cities . When traveling together through city centers, cyclists draw attention to cycling as a form of individual transport and demand a change in traffic and, in particular, more rights for cyclists, better cycling networks and infrastructure, and more space for non-motorized traffic. The first "Critical Mass" took place in September 1992 in San Francisco.
  • A spin-off from RWTH Aachen University is building an e.GO Life electric car with a range of 100 to 130 km, which was specially designed for short distances.
  • Environmental zones are increasingly being set up in Europe to improve air quality . A progressive approach is the French Certificat qualité de l'air , which provides for different restrictions depending on the air pollution. The valid prohibitions can be viewed on the Internet or via the app . Electric vehicles or hydrogen-powered vehicles receive category 0 (green vignette) and can always drive. Diesel driving bans have also been issued in Germany .
  • Instead of a company car , individual companies offer their employees a mobility budget that can be used to use different modes of transport.
  • The city-state of Singapore has not allowed any additional private cars since February 1, 2018. This is intended to promote the switch to other means of transport. The state only gives permission for a new car if another car disappears beforehand.
  • With its Congestion Charge, London has had an inner city toll since 2003 , which drivers have to pay in central London. From October 2017, the Toxicity charge is an additional, new fee for older and more polluting cars and delivery vans.
  • In many cities in Germany there are citizens' initiatives which, following the example of the bicycle referendum initiative in Berlin, advocate a traffic turnaround and “cycling laws”. In June 2018, the Berlin Mobility Act to promote cycling was passed in Berlin, also based on a successful petition for a referendum.
  • In Japan, a car buyer has to provide proof of having a parking space for the car. The state tries to encourage people to buy small cars with small engines (see also: Kei-Car ) or to motivate them to switch to public transport by means of regulation .

Freight transport

  • The port of Rotterdam, for example, has set a quota for the modal split of the hinterland transport modes: the truck share is to decrease from 47 to 35 percent, while the railways instead of 13 in the future should provide 20 percent, and inland waterway vessels 45 instead of 40 percent of the transport volume.
  • Instead of burdening highways with the transport of heavy goods such as industrial plants or components for wind turbines, the electronic process management portal for large and heavy transports (VEMAGS) must be used to check whether alternative transport routes such as ship and rail are available.
  • In inland shipping, various approaches for energy efficiency and air pollution reduction are being tested and researched: These include drive configurations such as the father-son concept, diesel-electric hybrid drives, hydrodynamic optimization, fuel-water emulsion injection, SCR catalysts , particle filters , and gas-to-liquid -Fuels (GTL) or Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), some of which can also be used in combination and are suitable for retrofitting existing systems.
  • With an engine funding program, the Federal Ministry of Transport supports inland shipping companies with the installation and retrofitting of low-emission engines or other emission-reducing technologies. The funding rate is up to 70 percent.
  • With the funding of handling facilities for combined transport, the German federal government supports the shift of traffic to inland waterways and rail freight.
  • The IHK Niederrhein, the Schifferbörse Duisburg and the Development Center for Ship Technology and Transport Systems (DST) in Duisburg are jointly offering an additional course. Trainee freight forwarding and logistics clerks should gain knowledge of the advantages of alternative modes of transport, rail and inland waterway, and integrate them more easily into their everyday work. Often only road freight transport and additionally sea freight or air transport are on the curriculum during training.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

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