Plug-in hybrid
A plug-in hybrid is a motor vehicle with a hybrid drive , the accumulator of which can be charged both via the internal combustion engine and from the power grid. Usually it has a larger battery than a pure hybrid ( full hybrid ) and is therefore closer to the electric car than the latter .
An abbreviation commonly used is PHEV (for English p lug-in h YBRID e lectric v ehicle ).
Development lines to the PHEV
The development of the plug-in hybrid started comparatively late in comparison with hybrid vehicles without an external charging facility. Basically, two development lines can be distinguished, which resulted from the further development of two different drive concepts.
Both the hybrid drives and the purely electric drives can be viewed as forerunners. In hybrid vehicles, e.g. B. Toyota Prius , it is a full hybrid , so called because in certain driving conditions (operating temperature, low speed, low power requirement) can be driven purely electrically. However, the battery must first be charged by the internal combustion engine, directly or indirectly by the regenerative braking or recuperation . If it is largely discharged, the electric drive is not released by the control.
The battery used in the prototype of the Prius PHEV is of a different type ( lithium-ion accumulator ), but its energy content is not significantly greater than in the original model. However, it can also be charged at a charging station or at home. This significantly expands the functionality of the electric drive, as the amount of energy required for electric driving does not have to be generated with the internal combustion engine while driving, but can be made available by prior charging at the socket.
The development of the PHEV with a range extender (REX) was based on a completely different motivation. Here, partly on the basis of an electric vehicle, the possibility should be created to continue the journey and, if necessary, to be able to charge the battery during a journey if the state of charge would otherwise have made it impossible to continue the journey. In the BMW i3 , the optional two-cylinder engine from a scooter can only charge the battery, but not mechanically drive the wheels, making the i3 a so-called “serial hybrid vehicle”. In the Opel Ampera , the internal combustion engine is primarily used to generate electricity for the electric drive when the battery charge is too low; the second electric motor serves as a generator. Both the second electric motor and the internal combustion engine can, if necessary, e.g. B. provide higher speeds, mechanical drive power by being coupled into the drive train via a planetary gear of the Voltec drive . The big “first” electric motor is always the main drive motor.
The difference between the two plug-in characteristics, Toyota Prius versus Opel Ampera, is essentially which energy supply is the primary and which is the secondary.
While the drive with an electric motor is defined by the term “hybrid electric”, the term leaves the type of second drive open for the time being. As a rule, however, this is a conventional combustion engine , for example in the Renault Kangoo Elect'road, which was offered from 2003 but has since been discontinued .
Plug-in hybrid vehicles combine the advantages and disadvantages of battery vehicles and combustion vehicles. On shorter journeys and with traffic restrictions for combustion engines, the car with the electric drive can drive quietly, locally emission-free and economically with electricity from the battery, while the second drive (e.g. the gasoline burner) allows the car to drive even when the battery is empty, which enables a longer range. On the other hand, there are disadvantages, especially the complexity and the high manufacturing costs. These are mostly u. a. because of the larger battery over those of a non-socket-chargeable hybrid vehicle. The integration of two largely complete drive systems also leads to increased vehicle weight. With the range extender design, the maximum continuous speed on long journeys with an empty battery is usually limited by the limited power of the range extender.
| 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stock on 1.1. | 44,419 | 66,997 | |
| newly approved plug-in hybrid (PHEV) | 29,436 | 31,442 | 45,348 |
| Deregistered plug-in hybrid (PHEV) | |||
| Increase over the previous year | +111.8% | + 50.8% |
Examples
The BYD F3DM is the world's first mass-produced plug-in hybrid. It was built by the Chinese automobile manufacturer BYD Auto between 2008 and 2013 .
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Mitsubishi presented the plug-in hybrid Outlander, the world's first plug-in hybrid all-wheel drive SUV , at the 2012 Paris Motor Show . Thanks to its lithium-ion battery with a capacity of 12 kWh, it has a purely electric range of 52 km.
The world's first van that is also produced as a plug-in hybrid is the Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid .
Other vehicles are included in the list of hybrid automobiles in series production .
Criticism and alternative solutions
Automobile manufacturers often advertise their (sometimes very sporty or very large and heavy) vehicles with unrealistically low fuel consumption. The information and calculation rules are officially prescribed by the ECE R101 standard. On the one hand, they conceal the additional electrical energy requirement and, on the other hand, the fact that the low consumption is only limited to the short distance of the NEDC test, or they hide this information in footnotes. Longer journeys and different usage profiles result in a much higher consumption. The same applies to pollutant and carbon dioxide emissions. With predominantly electric driving, fuel consumption can also be lower. It is believed that many vehicles are rarely charged, e.g. B. for company cars whose drivers can fill up for free.
In 2007, Honda's President Takeo Fukui criticized the development line of the plug-in hybrids: He viewed these vehicles as battery-powered electric vehicles that unnecessarily lug around an internal combustion engine and gas tank.
To avoid this additional load in everyday operation, where the range of the batteries is usually sufficient, there are three concepts:
- The Mindset AG under the then leadership of Murat Günak wanted to make the engine easily expandable. However, development was largely stopped in 2009.
- The US company AC Propulsion is developing a generator trailer that it calls a genset trailer . The additional weight is therefore only carried for long distances.
- In the Opel Twin prototype , either a battery and an electric drive were included, or a three-cylinder internal combustion engine for long journeys.
literature
- Chapter 3.1.3.4. Plug-in hybrids. In: Anton Karle: Electromobility: Basics and Practice , Hanser, 2nd updated edition, Munich 2017, ISBN 978-3-446-45099-8 , p. 34
- Chapter 2.4.4. Externally chargeable hybrids. In: Konrad Reif, Karl E. Noreikat, Kai Borgeest (Ed.): Motor vehicle hybrid drives: Fundamentals, components, systems, applications , Springer Vieweg, Wiesbaden 2012, ISBN 978-3-8348-0722-9 , pp. 68– 72
- Tomi Engel: Plug-In Hybrids. (PDF; 1.8 MB). Publishing house Dr. Hut, Munich, 2007, ISBN 978-3-89963-327-6 .
Web links
- Plug In America (English, interesting facts and many other links)
- EVWorld (English, central US portal for electric and hybrid vehicles)
- Johann Haag: Prius plug-in top speed. Video on YouTube , 2:01 minutes, July 15, 2015 (continuous high-speed travel on a German motorway).
Individual evidence
- ^ Roland Matthé, Ulrich Eberle: The Voltec system-Energy storage and electric propulsion . Elsevier. January 9, 2014.
- ↑ Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt - Overview of figures - Archive - Annual balance sheet of the vehicle stock on January 1, 2018. Accessed on May 17, 2019 .
- ↑ Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt - Stock - Annual balance of the vehicle stock on January 1, 2019. Retrieved on May 17, 2019 .
- ↑ Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (Ed.): Transport in Figures 2018/2019 . 2018, ISBN 978-3-00-061294-7 ( bmvi.de ).
- ↑ Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt - Overview of figures - Archive - Annual balance sheet of the vehicle stock on January 1, 2018. Accessed on May 17, 2019 .
- ↑ Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt - Stock - Annual balance of the vehicle stock on January 1, 2019. Retrieved on May 17, 2019 .
- ↑ http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1075547_byd-chin-worlds-first-plug-in-hybrid-updated-and-renamed
- ↑ heise Autos: fable value. Retrieved December 6, 2019 .
- ↑ Christoph M. Schwarzer: Dead end plug-in hybrid. In: The time . April 29, 2016, accessed January 23, 2020 .
- ↑ Electric car sales: Share in Norway and the Netherlands is growing rapidly. Retrieved December 6, 2019 .
- ↑ Electric cars: plug-in hybrids as company cars are climate offenders - SPIEGEL ONLINE. Retrieved December 10, 2019 .
- ↑ Gernot Goppel: Hybrid or electric car? Manufacturers open a new discussion. In: heise online. Heise Zeitschriften Verlag, October 24, 2007, accessed on July 26, 2012 .
- ↑ Page no longer available , search in web archives: Half-year report 2009 , Mindset Holding, September 22, 2009 (especially page 8, chapter "Continuation")
- ↑ "Money problems: Power struggles shake the mindset" ( Memento from February 21, 2010 in the Internet Archive ), Neue Luzerner Zeitung , zisch.ch, February 16, 2010, accessed on May 10, 2015.
- ↑ Page no longer available , search in web archives: "Electric cars: Mindset writes deep red numbers" , Luzerner Zeitung, zisch.ch, April 1, 2010